The DOI matches its Crossref record; 16 of the 16 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Frequency and the conference of referential validity
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“However, repeating myths might contribute to increasing their acceptance due to their perceived familiarity [22, 23, 24].”
From Misinformation lingers in memory: Failure of three pro-vaccination strategies (2017) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“Familiarity appears as a key determinant of this effect; indeed, when something seems familiar is easier to process and one is more inclined to believe it [24], regardless of whether the statement is factually true or false [22, 47] or was initially rated as credible or questionable [48].”
From Misinformation lingers in memory: Failure of three pro-vaccination strategies (2017) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“This happens, at least partly, because people tend to mistake repetition for truth, a phenomenon known as the “illusory truth” effect [22, 23].”
From Misinformation lingers in memory: Failure of three pro-vaccination strategies (2017) · cites this paper as [22]
Citations
Cites
Attitudinal Effects of Mere Exposure
Zajonc, R. B. (1968) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0025848 · Cited by 6,745
The abstraction of linguistic ideas
Bransford, J. D., & Franks, J. J. (1971) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(71)90019-3 · Cited by 1,281
Melton, A. W. (1964) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2013-0-12392-6 · Cited by 985
Melton, A. W. (1964) · Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) · Cited by 501
Wortman, C. B., Rosenthal, R., & Rosnow, R. L. (1976) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1421418 · Cited by 428
The cognitive side of probability learning.
Estes, W. K. (1976) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.83.1.37 · Cited by 326
A frequency theory of verbal-discrimination learning.
Ekstrand, B. R., Wallace, W. P., & Underwood, B. J. (1966) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0023876 · Cited by 261
Communication and Affect: Language and Thought
Pliner, P. P., Krames, L., Alloway, T. M., & Craik, F. I. M. (1973) · Cited by 239
Psychological probability as a function of experienced frequency.
Attneave, F. (1953) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0057955 · Cited by 197
Effects of "mere exposure" on learning and affect.
Stang, D. J. (1975) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0076165 · Cited by 158
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 912
The rule of three: How the third event signals the emergence of a streak
Carlson, K. A., & Shu, S. B. (2007) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2007.03.004 · Cited by 123
Investor Reaction to Celebrity Analysts: The Case of Earnings Forecast Revisions
BONNER, S. E., Hugon, A., & Walther, B. R. (2007) · Journal of Accounting Research · doi:10.1111/j.1475-679x.2007.00245.x · Cited by 120
Improving the contingent valuation method: A psychological perspective
Harris, C. C., Driver, B. L., & McLaughlin, W. J. (1989) · Journal of Environmental Economics and Management · doi:10.1016/0095-0696(89)90017-x · Cited by 119
A multinomial modeling approach to dissociate different components of the truth effect
Unkelbach, C., & Stahl, C. (2008) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2008.09.006 · Cited by 121
Koo, M., Algoe, S. B., Wilson, T. D., & Gilbert, D. T. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013316 · Cited by 118
The Validity Effect: A Search for Mediating Variables
Boehm, L. E. (1994) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167294203006 · Cited by 116
The Recognition Heuristic: A Review of Theory and Tests
Pachur, T., Todd, P. M., Gigerenzer, G., Schooler, L. J., & Goldstein, D. G. (2011) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00147 · Cited by 127
Self-citationEvolving Informational Credentials: The (Mis)Attribution of Believable Facts to Credible Sources
Fragale, A. R., & Heath, C. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167203259933 · Cited by 114
Bankrupt Rhetoric: How Misleading Information Affects Knowledge about Social Security
Jerit, J., & Barabas, J. (2006) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfl010 · Cited by 113
Resistance to Change: A Social Psychological Perspective
Jost, J. T. (2015) · Social Research: An International Quarterly · doi:10.1353/sor.2015.0035 · Cited by 112
On Known Unknowns: Fluency and the Neural Mechanisms of Illusory Truth
Wang, W., Brashier, N. M., Wing, E. A., Marsh, E. J., & Cabeza, R. E. L. (2016) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00923 · Cited by 111
Ruffo, G., Semeraro, A., Giachanou, A., & Rosso, P. (2022) · Computer Science Review · doi:10.1016/j.cosrev.2022.100531 · Cited by 130
Bernstein, D. M., Loftus, E. F., & Whittlesea, B. W. A. (2002) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03194943 · Cited by 110
Fluency, familiarity, aging, and the illusion of truth
Parks, C. M., & Toth, J. P. (2006) · Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition · doi:10.1080/138255890968691 · Cited by 109
The Emerging Science of Content Labeling: Contextualizing Social Media Content Moderation
Morrow, G., Swire‐Thompson, B., Polny, J. M., Kopec, M., & Wihbey, J. (2020) · Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.24637 · Cited by 124
Yaniv, I., Choshen-Hillel, S., & Milyavsky, M. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/a0014589 · Cited by 108
I knew it all along: or, did I?
Hasher, L., Attig, M. S., & Alba, J. W. (1981) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(81)90323-6 · Cited by 106
Self-citationHow online word‐of‐mouth impacts receivers
Moore, S. G., & Lafreniere, K. C. (2019) · Consumer Psychology Review · doi:10.1002/arcp.1055 · Cited by 117
Gigerenzer, G. (2002) · DIAL (Catholic University of Leuven) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195153729.001.0001 · Cited by 110
Repetition and Rated Truth Value of Statements
Schwartz, M. (1982) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1422132 · Cited by 104
Validity judgments of rumors heard multiple times: the shape of the truth effect
DiFonzo, N., Beckstead, J., Stupak, N., & Walders, K. (2016) · Social Influence · doi:10.1080/15534510.2015.1137224 · Cited by 93
Temporal phenomenology: phenomenological illusion versus cognitive error
Miller, K., Holcombe, A. O., & Latham, A. J. (2018) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-018-1730-y · Cited by 107
Isidro, H., & Marques, A. C. (2014) · European Accounting Review · doi:10.1080/09638180.2014.894928 · Cited by 103
What impacts the impact of rare events
Erev, I., Glozman, I., & Hertwig, R. (2008) · Journal of Risk and Uncertainty · doi:10.1007/s11166-008-9035-z · Cited by 101
Frequency processing: a twenty-five year perspective
Zacks, R. T., & Hasher, L. (2002) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198508632.003.0002 · Cited by 104
Self-citationNadarevic, L., Reber, R., Helmecke, A. J., & Köse, D. (2020) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-020-00251-4 · Cited by 119
The Dynamics of Risk Perception: How Does Perceived Risk Respond to Risk Events?
Rogers, G. O. (1997) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1997.tb01280.x · Cited by 102
How to Make Cognitive Illusions Disappear
Gigerenzer, G. (2002) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195153729.003.0012 · Cited by 101
External validity of laboratory experiments: the frequency-validity relationship
Gigerenzer, G. (1984) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1422594 · Cited by 98
Discovering Memories of Abuse in the Light of Meta-Awareness
Schooler, J. W. (2001) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1300/j146v04n02_06 · Cited by 100
Turning lies into truths: Referential validation of falsehoods.
Brown, A. S., & Nix, L. A. (1996) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.22.5.1088 · Cited by 100
Temporal distance and ease of retrieval
Herzog, S. M., Hansen, J., & Wänke, M. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.05.008 · Cited by 94
Wänke, M., & Hansen, J. (2015) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721414561766 · Cited by 93
Making up History: False Memories of Fake News Stories
Polage, D. C. (2012) · Europe’s Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.v8i2.456 · Cited by 92
Subjective confidence in perceptual judgments: A test of the self-consistency model.
Koriat, A. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0022171 · Cited by 95
Mix me a list: Context moderates the truth effect and the mere-exposure effect
Dechêne, A., Stahl, C., Hansen, J., & Wänke, M. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.06.019 · Cited by 97
Heß, T., Strough, J., & Löckenhoff, C. E. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2013-0-05180-8 · Cited by 91
On cognitive preferences and the plausibility of rule-based models
Fürnkranz, J., Kliegr, T., & Paulheim, H. (2019) · Machine Learning · doi:10.1007/s10994-019-05856-5 · Cited by 96
A framework for understanding reasoning errors: From fake news to climate change and beyond
Pennycook, G. (2022) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2022.11.003 · Cited by 95
Reber, R., & Greifeneder, R. (2017) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2016.1258173 · Cited by 87
The illusory truth effect: A review of how repetition increases belief in misinformation
Udry, J., & Barber, S. J. (2024) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101736 · Cited by 87
Cognition, Persuasion and Decision Making in Older Consumers
Yoon, C., Laurent, G., Fung, H. H.-L., Gonzalez, R., Gutchess, A. H., Hedden, T., Lambert-Pandraud, R., Mather, M., Park, D. C., Peters, E. M., et al. (2005) · Marketing Letters · doi:10.1007/s11002-005-5903-3 · Cited by 87
Greifeneder, R., Jaffé, M. E., Newman, E. J., & Schwarz, N. (2020) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429295379 · Cited by 114
Designing for fake news literacy training: A problem-based undergraduate online-course
Scheibenzuber, C., Hofer, S. I., & Nistor, N. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.106796 · Cited by 98
Processing fluency affects subjective claims of recollection
Kurilla, B. P., & Westerman, D. L. (2008) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/mc.36.1.82 · Cited by 85
Bias, Fairness, and Validity in Graduate-School Admissions: A Psychometric Perspective
Woo, S. E., LeBreton, J. M., Keith, M. G., & Tay, L. (2022) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916211055374 · Cited by 94
The illusory truth effect leads to the spread of misinformation
Vellani, V., Zheng, S., Ercelik, D., & Sharot, T. (2023) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105421 · Cited by 83
Vraga, E. K., & Jacobsen, K. H. (2020) · World Medical & Health Policy · doi:10.1002/wmh3.359 · Cited by 100
Fabb, N. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511736575 · Cited by 83
Huang, Y., Li, C., Wu, J., & Lin, Z. (2016) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2017.10.003 · Cited by 82
CoVerifi: A COVID-19 news verification system
Kolluri, N. L., & Murthy, D. (2021) · Online Social Networks and Media · doi:10.1016/j.osnem.2021.100123 · Cited by 84
An empirical approach to understanding users' fake news identification on social media
Aoun Barakat, K., Dabbous, A., & Tarhini, A. (2021) · Online Information Review · doi:10.1108/oir-08-2020-0333 · Cited by 80
Consumer skepticism towards CSR messages
Zhang, L., & Hanks, L. (2017) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-11-2015-0666 · Cited by 79
The science of belief: A progress report
Porot, N., & Mandelbaum, E. (2020) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.1539 · Cited by 89
Predatory and Exploitative Behaviour in Academic Publishing: An Assessment
Teixeira da Silva, J. A., Dobránszki, J., Tsigaris, P., & Al-Khatib, A. (2019) · The Journal of Academic Librarianship · doi:10.1016/j.acalib.2019.102071 · Cited by 77
Factors that May Affect the Difficulty of Uncovering Hidden Profiles
Swol, L. M. V., Savadori, L., & Sniezek, J. A. (2003) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302030063005 · Cited by 79
Social and Cognitive Aspects of the Vulnerability to Political Misinformation
Pantazi, M., Hale, S. A., & Klein, O. (2021) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12797 · Cited by 81
The impact of repetition-induced familiarity on agreement with weak and strong arguments.
Moons, W. G., Mackie, D. M., & Garcia‐Marques, T. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013461 · Cited by 76
Truth, Lies, and Automation: How Language Models Could Change Disinformation
Center for Security and Emerging Technology, Buchanan, B., Lohn, A., Musser, M., & Sedova, K. (2021) · doi:10.51593/2021ca003 · Cited by 74
Repetition Increases Perceived Truth Even for Known Falsehoods
Fazio, L. K. (2020) · Collabra Psychology · doi:10.1525/collabra.347 · Cited by 87
Unveiling the truth: warnings reduce the repetition-based truth effect
Nadarevic, L., & Aßfalg, A. (2016) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-016-0777-y · Cited by 78
The effect of processing fluency on impressions of familiarity and liking.
Westerman, D. L., Lanska, M., & Olds, J. M. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/a0038356 · Cited by 71
Dougherty, M. R. P. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037//0096-3445.130.4.579 · Cited by 73
A Description–Experience Framework of the Psychology of Risk
Hertwig, R., & Wulff, D. U. (2021) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916211026896 · Cited by 73
The effects of repeating false and misleading information on belief
Pillai, R. M., & Fazio, L. K. (2021) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.1573 · Cited by 81
The Philosophy of Online Manipulation
Jongepier, F., & Klenk, M. (2022) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003205425 · Cited by 75
Wyer, R. S., Adaval, R., & Colcombe, S. J. (2002) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(02)80005-3 · Cited by 70
Hameleers, M., van der Meer, T. G. L. A., & Dobber, T. (2022) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/20563051221116346 · Cited by 67
Wahlheim, C. N., Alexander, T. R., & Peske, C. D. (2020) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797620952797 · Cited by 67
Failures of memory and the fate of forgotten memories
Miller, R. R. (2021) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107426 · Cited by 70
Amazeen, M. A., Krishna, A., & Eschmann, R. (2022) · Science Communication · doi:10.1177/10755470221111558 · Cited by 69
False fame prevented: Avoiding fluency effects without judgmental correction.
Topolinski, S., & Strack, F. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019260 · Cited by 68
Perceived Source Variability Versus Familiarity: Testing Competing Explanations for the Truth Effect
Roggeveen, A. L., & Johar, G. V. (2002) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15327663jcp1202_02 · Cited by 67
Hameleers, M., van der Meer, T. G. L. A., & Dobber, T. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2023.108096 · Cited by 86
Deep Learning Based Social Bot Detection on Twitter
Arın, E., & Kutlu, M. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security · doi:10.1109/tifs.2023.3254429 · Cited by 66
Meaning in Context: Metacognitive Experiences
Schwarz, N. (2010) · Cited by 65
Truthiness, the illusory truth effect, and the role of need for cognition
Newman, E. J., Jalbert, M. C., Schwarz, N., & Ly, D. P. (2020) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2019.102866 · Cited by 64
Kelton, A. S., & Montague, N. R. (2017) · Accounting Organizations and Society · doi:10.1016/j.aos.2017.10.001 · Cited by 64
DiFonzo, N., Bourgeois, M. J., Suls, J., Homan, C., Stupak, N., Brooks, B. P., Ross, D. S., & Bordia, P. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2012.12.010 · Cited by 76
Memory distortions in coerced false confessions: a source monitoring framework analysis
Henkel, L. A., & Coffman, K. (2004) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.1026 · Cited by 63
How to Improve Bayesian Reasoning without Instruction
Gigerenzer, G. (2002) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195153729.003.0006 · Cited by 63
A hybrid approach to fake news detection on social media
Okoro, E. M., Abara, B. A., Umagba, A. O., Ajonye, A. A., & Isa, Z. S. (2018) · Nigerian Journal of Technology · doi:10.4314/njt.v37i2.22 · Cited by 62
What Makes a “Bad” Ad? User Perceptions of Problematic Online Advertising
Zeng, E., Kohno, T., & Roesner, F. (2021) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3411764.3445459 · Cited by 61
The Trajectory of Truth: A Longitudinal Study of the Illusory Truth Effect
Henderson, E. L., Simons, D. J., & Barr, D. J. (2021) · Journal of Cognition · doi:10.5334/joc.161 · Cited by 65
Topolinski, S., & Reber, R. (2010) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2009.09.009 · Cited by 61
Aging and consumer decision making
Carpenter, S. M., & Yoon, C. (2011) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06390.x · Cited by 68
Hearing a statement now and believing the opposite later
Garcia‐Marques, T., Silva, R. R., Reber, R., & Unkelbach, C. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2014.09.015 · Cited by 60
Transfer-Appropriate Processing, Response Fluency, and the Mere Measurement Effect
Janiszewski, C., & Chandon, E. (2007) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1509/jmkr.44.2.309 · Cited by 65
Juanchich, M., Sirota, M., Jolles, D., & Whiley, L. A. (2021) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2796 · Cited by 70
Pictures and repeated exposure increase perceived accuracy of news headlines
Smelter, T. J., & Calvillo, D. P. (2020) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3684 · Cited by 58
Repetition increases both the perceived truth and fakeness of information: An ecological account
Corneille, O., Mierop, A., & Unkelbach, C. (2020) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104470 · Cited by 57
A reproducible systematic map of research on the illusory truth effect
Henderson, E. L., Westwood, S. J., & Simons, D. J. (2021) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-021-01995-w · Cited by 68
Bridging the Gap: A Survey on Integrating (Human) Feedback for Natural Language Generation
Fernandes, P., Madaan, A., Liu, E., Farinhas, A., Martins, P. H., Bertsch, A., de Souza, J. G. C., Zhou, S., Wu, T., Neubig, G., et al. (2023) · Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics · doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00626 · Cited by 94
People with Easier to Pronounce Names Promote Truthiness of Claims
Newman, E. J., Sanson, M., Miller, E. K., Quigley‐McBride, A., Foster, J. L., Bernstein, D. M., & Garry, M. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088671 · Cited by 66
The Modularity of Social Intelligence
Gigerenzer, G. (2002) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195153729.003.0011 · Cited by 57
Commuting by car or public transportation? A social dilemma analysis of travel mode judgements
van Vugt, M., Lange, P. A. M. V., & Meertens, R. M. (1996) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0992(199605)26:3 · Cited by 180
Sparks, G. G., Nelson, C. L., & Campbell, R. G. (1997) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838159709364412 · Cited by 56
The Mere Exposure Phenomenon: A Lingering Melody by Robert Zajonc
Moreland, R. L., & Topolinski, S. (2010) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073910375479 · Cited by 59
Silva, R. R., Garcia‐Marques, T., & Reber, R. (2017) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2017.02.016 · Cited by 59
Memorial consequences of answering SAT II questions.
Marsh, E. J., Agarwal, P. K., & Roediger, H. L. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied · doi:10.1037/a0014721 · Cited by 55
Metadata
- Authors
- Hasher, L., Goldstein, D., & Toppino, T.
- Affiliations
- Temple University (US)
- Villanova University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hasher, Lynn
- ORCID
- Toppino, Thomas
- Venue
- Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1977-02
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 107-112
- ISSN
- 0022-5371 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2034532433
- Cited by
- 920
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 76 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 76 · 2023: 75 · 2022: 83 · 2021: 76 · 2020: 75 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 1.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Epistemology, Ethics, and Metaphysics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- frequency of occurrence, confidence ratings
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review