Phytoecdysteroids: biological aspects

In the citing paper

“research results suggest that only around 6% of plant species contain detectable levels of PEs [6,8,9,10].”

In the citing paper

“However, variations exist regarding the levels of 20HE in spinach, with some reporting lower amounts, such as 50 μg/g dry mass, 10.3 and 16.8 μg/g in different spinach accessions, and 0.44 mg% dry weight [8,156,160].”

In the citing paper

“The biosynthetic pathway(s) in plants, just like that in arthropods, has not yet been fully elucidated, but the biosynthesis appears to differ mechanistically from that in animals (Figure 7), and maybe also differ within types of plant (e.g., between angiosperms and ferns; [3,35])”

In the citing paper

“The huge diversity of phytoecdysteroid molecular structures indicates that biosynthesis in plants occurs as a combinatorial system of a network of enzymes without strong substrate specificity, which could result in over 1000 possible permutations of structure from a small number of early intermediates (14α-hydroxy-6-oxo-7-ene C 27/28/29sterols [35]).”

In the citing paper

“It has been shown in several ecdysteroid-accumulating species that ecdysteroid levels are additionally influenced by environmental factors (e.g., temperature, nutritional factors, invertebrate predation [35]).”

In the citing paper

“Both E and 20E exist in plants to play roles in the plants or participate in the defense of plants against insects [73].”

In the citing paper

“A series of evidence suggests that PEs do not accumulate in the majority of plant species as the expression of the biosynthetic pathways in plants is downregulated6.”

In the citing paper

“a survey indicates that only ∼6% of all plants contain detectable levels of ecdysteroids6.”

In the citing paper

“PEs have several beneficial effects on mammals: they play roles in anabolic, adaptogenic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, antimicrobial, and anti-arthritic activity. They also act as hepatoprotectors and immunomodulators [3,8,12,15,155].”

In the citing paper

“PE treatment negatively affects invertebrate growth, development, and reproduction, but PEs do not exhibit toxicity in mammals [3].”

In the citing paper

“Ecdysteroids exhibit interesting pharmacological effects on mammals, such as the stimulation of protein synthesis, antidiabetic activity, and antirheumatic activity [5,6,7].”

In the citing paper

“Ecdysteroids are a,b-unsaturated 6-ketosteroids that occur in a wide range of plant species; as analogs of the insect molting hormone ecdysone, these compounds possess several biological functions in the flora and the fauna [11,12].”