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Phytoecdysteroids: biological aspects
Abstract
Phytoecdysteroids are a family of about 200 plant steroids related in structure to the invertebrate steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone. Typically, they are C27, C28 or C29 compounds possessing a 14alpha-hydroxy-7-en-6-one chromophore and A/B-cis ring fusion (5beta-H). In the present review, the distribution, biosynthesis, biological significance and potential applications of phytoecdysteroids are summarised.
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“research results suggest that only around 6% of plant species contain detectable levels of PEs [6,8,9,10].”
From Ecdysterone and Turkesterone—Compounds with Prominent Potential in Sport and Healthy Nutrition (2024) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“However, variations exist regarding the levels of 20HE in spinach, with some reporting lower amounts, such as 50 μg/g dry mass, 10.3 and 16.8 μg/g in different spinach accessions, and 0.44 mg% dry weight [8,156,160].”
From Ecdysterone and Turkesterone—Compounds with Prominent Potential in Sport and Healthy Nutrition (2024) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“The biosynthetic pathway(s) in plants, just like that in arthropods, has not yet been fully elucidated, but the biosynthesis appears to differ mechanistically from that in animals (Figure 7), and maybe also differ within types of plant (e.g., between angiosperms and ferns; [3,35])”
From Ecdysteroids (2021) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“The huge diversity of phytoecdysteroid molecular structures indicates that biosynthesis in plants occurs as a combinatorial system of a network of enzymes without strong substrate specificity, which could result in over 1000 possible permutations of structure from a small number of early intermediates (14α-hydroxy-6-oxo-7-ene C 27/28/29sterols [35]).”
From Ecdysteroids (2021) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“It has been shown in several ecdysteroid-accumulating species that ecdysteroid levels are additionally influenced by environmental factors (e.g., temperature, nutritional factors, invertebrate predation [35]).”
From Ecdysteroids (2021) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“Both E and 20E exist in plants to play roles in the plants or participate in the defense of plants against insects [73].”
From G protein-coupled receptors function as cell membrane receptors for the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (2020) · cites this paper as [73]
In the citing paper
“A series of evidence suggests that PEs do not accumulate in the majority of plant species as the expression of the biosynthetic pathways in plants is downregulated6.”
From The Phytochemical, Biological, and Medicinal Attributes of Phytoecdysteroids: An Updated Review (2021) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“a survey indicates that only ∼6% of all plants contain detectable levels of ecdysteroids6.”
From The Phytochemical, Biological, and Medicinal Attributes of Phytoecdysteroids: An Updated Review (2021) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“PEs have several beneficial effects on mammals: they play roles in anabolic, adaptogenic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, antimicrobial, and anti-arthritic activity. They also act as hepatoprotectors and immunomodulators [3,8,12,15,155].”
From Phytoecdysteroids: Distribution, Structural Diversity, Biosynthesis, Activity, and Crosstalk with Phytohormones (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“PE treatment negatively affects invertebrate growth, development, and reproduction, but PEs do not exhibit toxicity in mammals [3].”
From Phytoecdysteroids: Distribution, Structural Diversity, Biosynthesis, Activity, and Crosstalk with Phytohormones (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Ecdysteroids exhibit interesting pharmacological effects on mammals, such as the stimulation of protein synthesis, antidiabetic activity, and antirheumatic activity [5,6,7].”
In the citing paper
“Ecdysteroids are a,b-unsaturated 6-ketosteroids that occur in a wide range of plant species; as analogs of the insect molting hormone ecdysone, these compounds possess several biological functions in the flora and the fauna [11,12].”
From Nitrogen-containing ecdysteroid derivatives vs. multi-drug resistance in cancer: Preparation and antitumor activity of oximes, oxime ethers and a lactam (2018) · cites this paper as [11]
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“Phytoecdysteroids (Figure 3) represent a group of plant compounds that mimic insect hormones, ecdysteroids (including ecdyson), and interfere with the regulation of the periodical molting process (40).”
BackgroundPlant cholesterol biosynthetic pathway overlaps with phytosterol metabolism
Sonawane, P. D., Pollier, J., Panda, S., Szymański, J., Massalha, H., Yona, M., Unger, T., Malitsky, S., Arendt, P., Pauwels, L., et al. (2016) · Nature Plants · doi:10.1038/nplants.2016.205 · Cited by 336
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“It has been suggested that cholesterol serves as a precursor of glycoalkaloids (Bergenstråhle et al., 1996) and ecdysteroids (Dinan, 2001) in these plants.”
BackgroundSteroids in aquatic invertebrates
Lafont, R., & Mathieu, M. (2007) · Ecotoxicology · doi:10.1007/s10646-006-0113-1 · Cited by 284
“This function appears similar to that of phytoecdysteroids used as a plant protection against phytophagous insects (Dinan 2001) and has also been found in an insect, Chrysolina carnifex (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) as a protection against spiders (Laurent et al.”
BackgroundArthropod nuclear receptors and their role in molting
Nakagawa, Y., & Henrich, V. C. (2009) · FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07347.x · Cited by 259
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“These may be supligand binding domain showing the presence of a largeplemented by phytoecdysteroids that can enter the anihydrophobic pocket that can be occupied by lipophilicmal through its diet (Riddiford, 1996; Dinan, 2001; Gilbert ligands (Billas et al., 2001; Clayton et al., 2001).”
BackgroundPlants versus pathogens: an evolutionary arms race
Anderson, J. P., Gleason, C., Foley, R. C., Thrall, P. H., Burdon, J. J., & Singh, K. B. (2010) · Functional Plant Biology · doi:10.1071/fp09304 · Cited by 234
“Plants may also interfere with growth and development of insects and nematodes through the production of hormone mimics (phytoecdysteroids) that interfere with moulting and metamorphosis (Dinan 2001; Soriano et al. 2004).”
BackgroundEffects and applications of arthropod steroid hormones (ecdysteroids) in mammals
Dinan, L., & Lafont, R. (2006) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.1.06900 · Cited by 200
“Ecdysteroids are also present in 5–6% of plant species (Dinan 1995a), generally at far higher concentrations than those typically found in arthropods, where they are regarded as contributing to the deterrence of invertebrate predators (Lafont et al. 1991, Dinan 2001).”
Self-citationPractical uses for ecdysteroids in mammals including humans: and update
Lafont, R., & Dinan, L. (2003) · Journal of Insect Science · doi:10.1093/jis/3.1.7 · Cited by 196
“Although they have been detected in ca. 6% of plant species analysed so far (Dinan, 2001), phytoecdysteroids are not so frequent in plant species used as human food (with the noticeable exception of spinach; Bathory et al., 1982; Grebenok et al., 1991).”
BackgroundInfluentialPractical uses for ecdysteroids in mammals including humans: And update
Lafont, R., & Dinan, L. (2003) · Journal of Insect Science · doi:10.1673/031.003.0701 · Cited by 196
“Although they have been detected in ca. 6% of plant species analysed so far (Dinan, 2001), phytoecdysteroids are not so frequent in plant species used as human food (with the noticeable exception of spinach; Bathory et al., 1982; Grebenok et al., 1991).”
InfluentialSelf-citationEcdysteroid Chemistry and Biochemistry
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“Addition of ecdy - sone , 20E , or ponasterone A to the diets of different in - sect species can interfere with a range of ecdysteroid - regulated developmental responses , causing defects such as growth inhibition , supernumerary larval instars , and premature pupariation ( Dinan 2001 ) .”
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“(Celastraceae) during the larval stage store a large quantity of a bitter-tasting cyanoglucoside, sarmentosin (34), in the adult body tissues from the larval hosts.”
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“Among them, ecdysteroids are main steroids which are insect moulting hormones and protect plants against non-adapted insects and nematodes [21].”
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“Moreover, it was assumed with respect to insects that insect resistance, on the base of ecdysteroid receptor complex (EcR), may be due to particular steroidal saponins, which have resemblance with 20-hydroxyecdysone (molting hormone) [227,228].”
BackgroundEcdysteroid Chemistry and Biochemistry
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“One of the most important applications of 20E is in the agriculture-based sericulture industry to significantly elevate the yield of silk obtaining from the cocoon (Chou and Lu 1980; Ninagi and Maruyama 1996; Dinan 2001).”
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Self-citationPhytoecdysteroids: A novel defense against plant-parasitic nematodes
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“Phytoecdysteroids induce abnormal molting in many arthropods with lethal effect (Robbins et al., 1970; Bergamasco and Horn, 1983; Kubo et al., 1983; Lafont et al., 1991; Dinan, 2001).”
BackgroundInfluential20-Hydroxyecdysone decreases weight and hyperglycemia in a diet-induced obesity mice model
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“Among these, 20-Hydroxyecdysone is the primary bioactive constituent in A. bracteosa extract and is reported as anti-microbial, antitumor, anti-inflammatory and insect anti-feedant agent (Dinan 2001).”
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“with cis-A/B-ring junctions, a D-double bond, a 6-keto group, a full 8-carbon side-chain and a 7-en-6-one or a 8(9)-en-6-hydroxy moiety (as in our case) should not have activity (Dinan, 2001).”
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“A comparison of the reversed-phase (RP)-HPLC profiles of the 90% and 98% 20E preparations is shown in the inset to Figure 11.”
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“There are nevertheless major and minor ecdysteroids, and 20E is by far the predominant one, as in most other ecdysteroid-producing plants (Dinan, 2001).”
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“Plants are renewable sources of a large variety of natural products [1].”
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Vardanega, R., Muzio, A., Silva, E., Prata, A. S., & Meireles, M. (2019) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2018.09.030 · Cited by 51
Muñoz, E., Lamilla, C., Marín, J. C., Alarcón, J., & Céspedes, C. L. (2012) · Industrial Crops and Products · doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.05.014 · Cited by 52
Effect of Ecdysterone on Glucose Metabolism in vitro
Chen, Q., Xia, Y., & Qiu, Z. (2006) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2005.06.031 · Cited by 51
General Mechanisms of Plant Defense and Plant Toxins
Mithöfer, A., & Maffei, M. E. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6728-7_21-1 · Cited by 51
Lafont, R., Balducci, C., & Dinan, L. (2021) · Encyclopedia · doi:10.3390/encyclopedia1040096 · Cited by 49
Self-citationArif, Y., Singh, P., Bajguz, A., & Hayat, S. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23158664 · Cited by 50
“ECs are steroidal hormones initially found in animals that control insect molting or ecdysis and other important metamorphotic processes in arthropods [3].”
BackgroundEcdysteroids from Vitex Species: Distribution and Compilation of Their 13C‐NMR Spectral Data
Filho, J. G. D. S., Duringer, J. M., Maia, G. L. D. A., Tavares, J. F., Xavier, H. S., da Silva, M. S., da Cunha, E. V. L., & Barbosa‐Filho, J. M. (2008) · Chemistry & Biodiversity · doi:10.1002/cbdv.200890067 · Cited by 48
Ecdysteroids in Plants and their Pharmacological Effects in Vertebrates and Humans
(2015) · Studies in Natural Products Chemistry · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-63473-3.00005-8 · Cited by 48
DROSOPHILA NUTRIGENOMICS CAN PROVIDE CLUES TO HUMAN GENE-NUTRIENT INTERACTIONS
Ruden, D. M., Luca, M. D., Garfinkel, M. D., Bynum, K. L., & Lu, X. (2005) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.25.050304.092708 · Cited by 46
“Reviews of the literature indicate relatively little mammalian toxicity (32, 33).”
BackgroundKumpun, S., Girault, J.-P., Dinan, L., Blais, C., Maria, A., Dauphin-Villemant, C., Yingyongnarongkul, B., Suksamrarn, A., & Lafont, R. (2011) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.03.016 · Cited by 45
Self-citationEcdysteroids from the medicinal fern Microsorum scolopendria (Burm. f.)
Snogan, E., Vahirua‐Lechat, I., Ho, R., Bertho, G., Girault, J., Ortiga, S., Maria, A., & Lafont, R. (2007) · Phytochemical Analysis · doi:10.1002/pca.1000 · Cited by 46
Stevens, J. F., Reed, R. L., & Morré, J. T. (2008) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf800211k · Cited by 46
“of the molting process, leading to death (2).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAntioxidative and free radical scavenging effects of ecdysteroids from Serratula strangulata
Cai, Y.-J., Dai, J.-Q., Fang, J.-G., Ma, L.-P., Hou, L.-F., Yang, L., & Liu, Z.-L. (2002) · Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1139/y02-152 · Cited by 43
“Ecdysteroids were initially recognized as steroidal hormones controlling moulting and metamorphosis in insects, and it was realized recently that these steroids are present in all stages of insect development, regulating many biochemical and physiological processes (Dinan 2001).”
BackgroundAjuga remota Benth.: From ethnopharmacology to phytomedical perspective in the treatment of malaria
Cocquyt, K., Cos, P., Herdewijn, P. A., Maes, L. J. R. M., den Steen, P. E. V., & Laekeman, G. (2011) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2011.08.063 · Cited by 43
Céspedes, C. L., Molina, S. C., Muñoz, E., Lamilla, C., Alarcón, J., Palacios, S. M., Carpinella, M. C., & Ávila, J. G. (2012) · Industrial Crops and Products · doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.05.002 · Cited by 42
New insights into the bioactivity of cucurbitacins
Rı́os, J. L., Escandell, J. M., & Recio, M. C. (2005) · Studies in natural products chemistry · doi:10.1016/s1572-5995(05)80062-6 · Cited by 42
Angulo‐Preckler, C., Cid, C., Oliva, F., & Àvila, C. (2015) · Marine Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.02.001 · Cited by 41
“Phytoecdysteroids appear in many plants mostly as protection agents (toxins or antifeedants) against herbivore insects (Dinan, 2001).”
BackgroundGeneral Mechanisms of Plant Defense and Plant Toxins
Mithöfer, A., & Maffei, M. E. (2017) · Toxinology · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6464-4_21 · Cited by 41
Trianthema portulacastrum linn. (bishkhapra)
Shivhare, M., Singour, P. K., Chaurasiya, P., & Pawar, R. S. (2012) · Pharmacognosy Reviews/Bioinformatics Trends/Pharmacognosy review · doi:10.4103/0973-7847.99947 · Cited by 40
“[20] There are possibilities of utilizing insect molting hormone as third-generation insecticide.”
Genetically Modified Baculoviruses for Pest Insect Control ☆
Kamita, S. G., Kang, K., İnceoğlu, B., & Hammock, B. D. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809633-8.04074-7 · Cited by 39
Targeting the administration of ecdysterone in doping control samples
Parr, M. K., Ambrosio, G., Wuest, B., Mazzarino, M., de la Torre, X., Sibilia, F., Joseph, J. F., Diel, P., & Botrè, F. (2020) · Forensic Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s11419-019-00504-y · Cited by 38
“Growth promoting and anabolic effects in various animal species including humans have been reported [1-18].”
BackgroundSterol and Steroid Biosynthesis and Metabolism in Plants and Microorganisms
Schaller, H. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-008045382-8.00008-3 · Cited by 38
Metabolic signatures altered by in vitro temperature stress in Ajuga bracteosa Wall. ex. Benth.
Rani, R., Khan, M. A., Kayani, W. K., Ullah, S., Naeem, I., & Mirza, B. (2017) · Acta Physiologiae Plantarum · doi:10.1007/s11738-017-2394-9 · Cited by 38
Ecdysteroid Agonists and Antagonists
Dinan, L. N., & Hormann, R. E. (2005) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-44-451924-6/00036-3 · Cited by 38
Gholipour, P., Komaki, A., Ramezani, M., & Parsa, H. (2022) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113817 · Cited by 37
Vágvölgyi, M., Martins, A., Kulmány, Á., Zupkó, I., Gáti, T., Simon, A., Tóth, G., & Hunyadi, A. (2018) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.12.032 · Cited by 37
The phytoecdysteroid profiles of 7 species of Silene (Caryophyllaceae)
Zibareva, L. N., Yeriomina, V. I., Munkhjargal, N., Girault, J., Dinan, L. N., & Lafont, R. (2009) · Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology · doi:10.1002/arch.20331 · Cited by 37
Ali, H., Khan, M. A., Kayani, W. K., Dilshad, E., Rani, R., & Khan, R. S. (2019) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.02.010 · Cited by 37
Dissecting cholesterol and phytosterol biosynthesis via mutants and inhibitors
Vriese, K. D., Pollier, J., Goossens, A., Beeckman, T., & Vanneste, S. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Botany · doi:10.1093/jxb/eraa429 · Cited by 38
New Triterpenoid Saponins from the Roots of Sinocrassula asclepiadea
Zhao, J., Nakamura, N., Hattori, M., Yang, X., Komatsu, K., & Qiu, M. (2004) · Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin · doi:10.1248/cpb.52.230 · Cited by 36
Buniam, J., Chukijrungroat, N., Rattanavichit, Y., Surapongchai, J., Weerachayaphorn, J., Bupha-Intr, T., & Saengsirisuwan, V. (2020) · BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies · doi:10.1186/s12906-020-02936-1 · Cited by 35
Ecdysteroid Structure-Activity Relationships
(2003) · Studies in natural products chemistry · doi:10.1016/s1572-5995(03)80004-2 · Cited by 35
Natural compounds with important medical potential found in Helleborus sp.
Maior, M. C., & DOBROTA, C. T. (2013) · Open Life Sciences · doi:10.2478/s11535-013-0129-x · Cited by 41
Bajkacz, S., Rusin, K., Wolny, A., Adamek, J., Erfurt, K., & Chrobok, A. (2020) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules25204736 · Cited by 34
Pulsed Odors from Maize or Spinach Elicit Orientation in European Corn Borer Neonate Larvae
Piesik, D., Rochat, D., van der Pers, J. N. C., & Marion‐Poll, F. (2009) · Journal of Chemical Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10886-009-9676-7 · Cited by 33
“PEs are generally toxic to insects because they interfere with ecdysone signaling (Dinan 2001).”
BackgroundDual-action inhibitors of HIF prolyl hydroxylases that induce binding of a second iron ion
Yeoh, K. K., Chan, M. C., Thalhammer, A., Demetriades, M., Chowdhury, R., Tian, Y., Stolze, I. P., McNeill, L. A., Lee, M. K., Woon, E. C. Y., et al. (2012) · Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry · doi:10.1039/c2ob26648b · Cited by 34
Diversity of detoxification pathways of ingested ecdysteroids among phytophagous insects
Rharrabe, K., Alla, S., Maria, A., Sayah, F., & Lafont, R. (2007) · Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology · doi:10.1002/arch.20191 · Cited by 35
“Analogues of insect moulting hormones (ecdysteroids) are widely distributed in plants where they can reach concentrations up to 3% of their dry weight (Lafont, 1997; Dinan, 2001).”
BackgroundPhytoecdysteroids from the Stem Bark of Vitex doniana and Their Anti-Inflammatory Effects
Ochieng, C. O., Ishola, I. O., Opiyo, S. A., Manguro, L. O. A., Owuor, P. O., & Wong, K. (2012) · Planta Medica · doi:10.1055/s-0032-1327880 · Cited by 33
“…source of potential bioactive compounds such as ecdysteroids [1], diterpenoids [2], iridoids [3], flavonoids, and phenolic compounds [4] demonstrating antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, analgesic, antihista-minic, anti-implantation, and antiasthmatic activities [5,6].”
Le, P. M., McCooeye, M. A., & Windust, A. J. (2014) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-013-7558-x · Cited by 33
Rharrabe, K., Sayan, F., & Lafont, R. (2010) · Journal of Insect Science · doi:10.1673/031.010.1301 · Cited by 35
“Indeed, the taxonomical distribution of plants producing ecdysteroids suggests that the genes necessary for their production are widespread in the plant kingdom (Dinan 2001).”
BackgroundMethodThe first cytochrome P450 in ferns
Canals, D., Irurre‐Santilari, J., & Casas, J. (2005) · FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04897.x · Cited by 32
Genetically Modified Baculoviruses for Pest Insect Control
Kamita, S. G., Kang, K., Hammock, B. D., & İnceoğlu, B. (2005) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-44-451924-6/00085-5 · Cited by 33
“More than 60 different ecdysteroids have been isolated from insects and other arthropods, and about 200 phytoecdysteroids from plants (Dinan, 2001; Henrich et al., 1999; Lafont, 2000; Nijhout, 1994).”
BackgroundBarthel, A., Vogel, H., Pauchet, Y., Pauls, G., Kunert, G., Groot, A. T., Boland, W., Heckel, D. G., & Heidel‐Fischer, H. M. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms12530 · Cited by 32
“Withanolides are phytoecdysteroids, which are plant-produced compounds that have been shown to antagonize ecdysteroid activity in insects 37 .”
Ali, H., Khan, M. A., Kayani, W. K., Khan, T., Mashwani, Z., Ullah, N., & Khan, R. S. (2018) · Industrial Crops and Products · doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.05.043 · Cited by 32
Diversity of Ecdysteroids in Animal Species
Lafont, R., & Koolman, J. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9112-4_2 · Cited by 32
“These examples are reminiscent of plant ecdysteroids (phytoecdysteroids) acting as feeding deterrent against phytophagous insects (Dinan, 2001).”
BackgroundInfluentialEtxebeste, O., Herrero‐García, E., Cortese, M. S., Garzia, A., Oiartzabal‐Arano, E., Rı́os, V. D. L., Ugalde, U., & Espeso, E. A. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040292 · Cited by 32
“In insects, one pathway of the metabolism of the moulting and sex hormones ecdysteroids [26,43,48,49] involves the GMC family protein ecdysone oxidase, which catalyzes the oxidation of ecdysone into 3-dehydroecdysteroid [49].”
BackgroundEcdysterone and Turkesterone—Compounds with Prominent Potential in Sport and Healthy Nutrition
Todorova, V., Ivanova, S., Chakarov, D., Kraev, K., & Ivanov, K. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16091382 · Cited by 31
“Similarly [19] However, variations exist regarding the levels of 20HE in spinach, with some reporting lower amounts, such as 50 µ g/g dry mass, 10.3 and 16.8 µ g/g in different spinach accessions, and 0.44 mg% dry weight [8,156,160].”
BackgroundInfluentialContinuous infusion of 20-hydroxyecdysone increased mass of triceps brachii in C57BL/6 mice
Cheng, D. M., Kutzler, L. W., Boler, D. D., Drnevich, J., Killefer, J., & Lila, M. A. (2013) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.4679 · Cited by 31
Plant Oils as Potential Sources of Vitamin D
Baur, A. C., Brandsch, C., König, B., Hirche, F., & Stangl, G. I. (2016) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2016.00029 · Cited by 31
Metadata
- Authors
- Dinan, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Exeter (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Dinan, Laurence
- ORCID
- Dinan, Laurence
- Venue
- Phytochemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-06
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 325-339
- ISSN
- 0031-9422 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2032058270
- Cited by
- 392
- References
- 166
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 0.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Phytochemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Phytochemical Studies and Bioactivities
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Steroid Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Plant biochemistry and biosynthesis
- Keywords
- phytoecdysteroids, 20-hydroxyecdysone, plant steroids, steroidogenesis, biological significance
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Ecdysone, Ecdysterone, Invertebrates, Pest Control, Biological, Phytosterols, Plant Physiological Phenomena
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