Phytoecdysteroids: Biological aspects
Abstract
Phytoecdysteroids are a family of about 200 plant steroids related in structure to the invertebrate steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone. Typically, they are C27, C28 or C29 compounds possessing a 14alpha-hydroxy-7-en-6-one chromophore and A/B-cis ring fusion (5beta-H). In the present review, the distribution, biosynthesis, biological significance and potential applications of phytoecdysteroids are summarised.
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Only around 6% of plant species contain detectable levels of phytoecdysteroids.
“research results suggest that only around 6% of plant species contain detectable levels of PEs [6,8,9,10].”
From Ecdysterone and Turkesterone—Compounds with Prominent Potential in Sport and Healthy Nutrition (2024) · cites this paper as [8]
Variations exist regarding the levels of 20-hydroxyecdysone in spinach, with some reporting lower amounts such as 50 μg/g dry mass, 10.3 and 16.8 μg/g in different spinach accessions, and 0.44 mg% dry weight.
“However, variations exist regarding the levels of 20HE in spinach, with some reporting lower amounts, such as 50 μg/g dry mass, 10.3 and 16.8 μg/g in different spinach accessions, and 0.44 mg% dry weight [8,156,160].”
From Ecdysterone and Turkesterone—Compounds with Prominent Potential in Sport and Healthy Nutrition (2024) · cites this paper as [8]
The biosynthetic pathway(s) in plants has not yet been fully elucidated, but the biosynthesis appears to differ mechanistically from that in animals, and may also differ within types of plant (e.g., between angiosperms and ferns).
“The biosynthetic pathway(s) in plants, just like that in arthropods, has not yet been fully elucidated, but the biosynthesis appears to differ mechanistically from that in animals (Figure 7), and maybe also differ within types of plant (e.g., between angiosperms and ferns; [3,35])”
From Ecdysteroids (2021) · cites this paper as [35]
The huge diversity of phytoecdysteroid molecular structures indicates that biosynthesis in plants occurs as a combinatorial system of a network of enzymes without strong substrate specificity, which could result in over 1000 possible permutations of structure from a small number of early intermediates.
“The huge diversity of phytoecdysteroid molecular structures indicates that biosynthesis in plants occurs as a combinatorial system of a network of enzymes without strong substrate specificity, which could result in over 1000 possible permutations of structure from a small number of early intermediates (14α-hydroxy-6-oxo-7-ene C 27/28/29sterols [35]).”
From Ecdysteroids (2021) · cites this paper as [35]
Ecdysteroid levels in several ecdysteroid-accumulating species are influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, nutritional factors, and invertebrate predation.
“It has been shown in several ecdysteroid-accumulating species that ecdysteroid levels are additionally influenced by environmental factors (e.g., temperature, nutritional factors, invertebrate predation [35]).”
From Ecdysteroids (2021) · cites this paper as [35]
Both ecdysone and 20E exist in plants to play roles in the plants or participate in the defense of plants against insects.
“Both E and 20E exist in plants to play roles in the plants or participate in the defense of plants against insects [73].”
From G protein-coupled receptors function as cell membrane receptors for the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (2020) · cites this paper as [73]
Phytoecdysteroids do not accumulate in the majority of plant species because expression of the biosynthetic pathways in plants is downregulated.
“A series of evidence suggests that PEs do not accumulate in the majority of plant species as the expression of the biosynthetic pathways in plants is downregulated6.”
From The Phytochemical, Biological, and Medicinal Attributes of Phytoecdysteroids: An Updated Review (2021) · cites this paper as [6]
Only approximately 6% of all plants contain detectable levels of ecdysteroids.
“a survey indicates that only ∼6% of all plants contain detectable levels of ecdysteroids6.”
From The Phytochemical, Biological, and Medicinal Attributes of Phytoecdysteroids: An Updated Review (2021) · cites this paper as [6]
PEs have beneficial effects on mammals: anabolic, adaptogenic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, antimicrobial, and anti-arthritic activity; they also act as hepatoprotectors and immunomodulators.
“PEs have several beneficial effects on mammals: they play roles in anabolic, adaptogenic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, antimicrobial, and anti-arthritic activity. They also act as hepatoprotectors and immunomodulators [3,8,12,15,155].”
From Phytoecdysteroids: Distribution, Structural Diversity, Biosynthesis, Activity, and Crosstalk with Phytohormones (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
PE treatment negatively affects invertebrate growth, development, and reproduction, but PEs do not exhibit toxicity in mammals.
“PE treatment negatively affects invertebrate growth, development, and reproduction, but PEs do not exhibit toxicity in mammals [3].”
From Phytoecdysteroids: Distribution, Structural Diversity, Biosynthesis, Activity, and Crosstalk with Phytohormones (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
Ecdysteroids exhibit pharmacological effects on mammals, such as stimulation of protein synthesis, antidiabetic activity, and antirheumatic activity.
“Ecdysteroids exhibit interesting pharmacological effects on mammals, such as the stimulation of protein synthesis, antidiabetic activity, and antirheumatic activity [5,6,7].”
Ecdysteroids are a,b-unsaturated 6-ketosteroids that occur in a wide range of plant species and are analogs of the insect molting hormone ecdysone.
“Ecdysteroids are a,b-unsaturated 6-ketosteroids that occur in a wide range of plant species; as analogs of the insect molting hormone ecdysone, these compounds possess several biological functions in the flora and the fauna [11,12].”
From Nitrogen-containing ecdysteroid derivatives vs. multi-drug resistance in cancer: Preparation and antitumor activity of oximes, oxime ethers and a lactam (2018) · cites this paper as [11]
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Steroidal constituents of Solanum xanthocarpum
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A polyoxygenated steroid fromLasiosphaera nipponica
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An antimicrobial ecdysone from Asparagus dumosus
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2-dehydro-3-epi-20-hydroxyecdysone from Froelichia florida
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Distribution and identities of phytoecdysteroids in the genus Briza (Gramineae)
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Cell-Specific Ecdysone-Inducible Expression of FLP Recombinase in Mammalian Cells
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Standardized abbreviations for common ecdysteroids
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Sileneoside H, a New Phytoecdysteroid from Silene brahuica
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24(241)[Z]-dehydroamarasterone B, a phytoecdysteroid from seeds of Leuzea carthamoides
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Biosynthesis of ecdysteroids in in vitro prothalli cultures of Polypodium vulgare
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Effect of Ecdysterone on Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism
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Ecdysteroids of flowering plants (Angiospermae)
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Structure of calonysterone, an unusually modified phytoecdysone
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Application of Exogenously Regulatable Promoter Systems to Transgenic Models for the Study of Aging
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Studies on the Constituents of Achyranthis Radix. I.
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1α,20R-dihydroxyecdysone from Axyris amaranthoides
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20-Hydroxyecdysone 2-β-d-glucopyranoside from the seeds of Xerophyllum tenax
Alison, B., Whiting, P., Sarker, S. D., Dinan, L. N., Underwood, E., Šik, V., & Rees, H. H. (1997) · Biochemical Systematics and Ecology · doi:10.1016/s0305-1978(97)00003-3 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Effects of ingested phytoecdysteroids in the female soft tickOrnithodoros moubata
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The rate of ecdysteroid production in suspension cultured cells of the fern Pteridium aquilinum
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Biosynthesis of 20-hydroxyecdysone in Ajuga hairy roots
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Ecdysteroside, a phytoecdysteroid from Silene tatarica
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Embryotoxicity of 20-hydroxyecdysone and polypodine B from Leuzea carthamoides DC.
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Isolation of hispidin from a walnut-tree fungus and its antioxidant activity
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The effect of ecdysterone on rat lung reperfusion injury
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Plant Defense Against Herbivores: Chemical Aspects
Mithöfer, A., & Boland, W. (2012) · Annual Review of Plant Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103854 · Cited by 1,621 · see citing works
“Phytoecdysteroids (Figure 3) represent a group of plant compounds that mimic insect hormones, ecdysteroids (including ecdyson), and interfere with the regulation of the periodical molting process (40).”
BackgroundPlant cholesterol biosynthetic pathway overlaps with phytosterol metabolism
Sonawane, P. D., Pollier, J., Panda, S., Szymański, J., Massalha, H., Yona, M., Unger, T., Malitsky, S., Arendt, P., Pauwels, L., et al. (2016) · Nature Plants · doi:10.1038/nplants.2016.205 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Vitamin D in plants: a review of occurrence, analysis, and biosynthesis
Jäpelt, R. B., & Jakobsen, J. (2013) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2013.00136 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
“It has been suggested that cholesterol serves as a precursor of glycoalkaloids (Bergenstråhle et al., 1996) and ecdysteroids (Dinan, 2001) in these plants.”
BackgroundSteroids in aquatic invertebrates
Lafont, R., & Mathieu, M. (2007) · Ecotoxicology · doi:10.1007/s10646-006-0113-1 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
“This function appears similar to that of phytoecdysteroids used as a plant protection against phytophagous insects (Dinan 2001) and has also been found in an insect, Chrysolina carnifex (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) as a protection against spiders (Laurent et al.”
BackgroundArthropod nuclear receptors and their role in molting
Nakagawa, Y., & Henrich, V. C. (2009) · FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07347.x · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Enzymes for ecdysteroid biosynthesis: Their biological functions in insects and beyond
Niwa, R., & Niwa, Y. S. (2014) · Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry · doi:10.1080/09168451.2014.942250 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Role of transgenic plants in agriculture and biopharming
Ahmad, P., Ashraf, M., Younis, M., Hu, X., Kumar, A., Akram, N. A., & Al‐Qurainy, F. (2011) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.09.006 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
The Drosophila Orphan Nuclear Receptor DHR38 Mediates an Atypical Ecdysteroid Signaling Pathway
Baker, K. D., Shewchuk, L. M., Kozlova, T., Makishima, M., Hassell, A. M., Wisely, B., Caravella, J. A., Lambert, M. H., Reinking, J. L., Krause, H. M., et al. (2003) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00420-3 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
“These may be supligand binding domain showing the presence of a largeplemented by phytoecdysteroids that can enter the anihydrophobic pocket that can be occupied by lipophilicmal through its diet (Riddiford, 1996; Dinan, 2001; Gilbert ligands (Billas et al., 2001; Clayton et al., 2001).”
BackgroundPlants versus pathogens: an evolutionary arms race
Anderson, J. P., Gleason, C., Foley, R. C., Thrall, P. H., Burdon, J. J., & Singh, K. B. (2010) · Functional Plant Biology · doi:10.1071/fp09304 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
“Plants may also interfere with growth and development of insects and nematodes through the production of hormone mimics (phytoecdysteroids) that interfere with moulting and metamorphosis (Dinan 2001; Soriano et al. 2004).”
BackgroundEffects and applications of arthropod steroid hormones (ecdysteroids) in mammals
Dinan, L., & Lafont, R. (2006) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.1.06900 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
“Ecdysteroids are also present in 5–6% of plant species (Dinan 1995a), generally at far higher concentrations than those typically found in arthropods, where they are regarded as contributing to the deterrence of invertebrate predators (Lafont et al. 1991, Dinan 2001).”
Self-citationPractical uses for ecdysteroids in mammals including humans: and update
Lafont, R., & Dinan, L. (2003) · Journal of Insect Science · doi:10.1093/jis/3.1.7 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
“Although they have been detected in ca. 6% of plant species analysed so far (Dinan, 2001), phytoecdysteroids are not so frequent in plant species used as human food (with the noticeable exception of spinach; Bathory et al., 1982; Grebenok et al., 1991).”
BackgroundInfluentialPractical uses for ecdysteroids in mammals including humans: And update
Lafont, R., & Dinan, L. (2003) · Journal of Insect Science · doi:10.1673/031.003.0701 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
“Although they have been detected in ca. 6% of plant species analysed so far (Dinan, 2001), phytoecdysteroids are not so frequent in plant species used as human food (with the noticeable exception of spinach; Bathory et al., 1982; Grebenok et al., 1991).”
InfluentialSelf-citationEcdysteroid Chemistry and Biochemistry
Lafont, R., Dauphin‐Villemant, C., Warren, J. T., & Rees, H. H. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-384749-2.10004-4 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Steroid signaling in plants and insects—common themes, different pathways
Thummel, C. S., & Chory, J. (2002) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.1042102 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
“Addition of ecdy - sone , 20E , or ponasterone A to the diets of different in - sect species can interfere with a range of ecdysteroid - regulated developmental responses , causing defects such as growth inhibition , supernumerary larval instars , and premature pupariation ( Dinan 2001 ) .”
BackgroundInfluentialNishida, R. (2014) · Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1080/09168451.2014.877836 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
“(Celastraceae) during the larval stage store a large quantity of a bitter-tasting cyanoglucoside, sarmentosin (34), in the adult body tissues from the larval hosts.”
BackgroundQuinoa Secondary Metabolites and Their Biological Activities or Functions
Lin, M., Han, P., Li, Y., Wang, W., Lai, D., & Zhou, L. (2019) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules24132512 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
“Among them, ecdysteroids are main steroids which are insect moulting hormones and protect plants against non-adapted insects and nematodes [21].”
BackgroundInfluentialRole of Saponins in Plant Defense Against Specialist Herbivores
Hussain, M., Debnath, B., Qasim, M. U., Bamisile, B. S., Islam, W., Hameed, M. S., Wang, L., & Qiu, D. (2019) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules24112067 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
“Moreover, it was assumed with respect to insects that insect resistance, on the base of ecdysteroid receptor complex (EcR), may be due to particular steroidal saponins, which have resemblance with 20-hydroxyecdysone (molting hormone) [227,228].”
BackgroundEcdysteroid Chemistry and Biochemistry
Lafont, R., Dauphin‐Villemant, C., Warren, J. T., & Rees, H. (2005) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-44-451924-6/00035-1 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Lokhande, V. H., Gor, B. K., Desai, N. S., Nikam, T. D., & Suprasanna, P. (2012) · Agronomy for Sustainable Development · doi:10.1007/s13593-012-0113-x · Cited by 134 · see citing works
“One of the most important applications of 20E is in the agriculture-based sericulture industry to significantly elevate the yield of silk obtaining from the cocoon (Chou and Lu 1980; Ninagi and Maruyama 1996; Dinan 2001).”
BackgroundIsenmann, E., Ambrosio, G., Joseph, J. F., Mazzarino, M., de la Torre, X., Zimmer, P., Kazlauskas, R., Goebel, C., Botrè, F., Diel, P., et al. (2019) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-019-02490-x · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“2002; Dinan 2001, 2009; Dinan and Lafont 2006; Gorelick-Feldman et al.”
BackgroundOn the distribution of phytoecdysteroids in plants
Dinan, L., Savchenko, T., & Whiting, P. (2001) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/pl00000926 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Self-citationPhytoecdysteroids: A novel defense against plant-parasitic nematodes
Soriano, I. R., Riley, I. T., Potter, M. J., & Bowers, W. S. (2004) · Journal of Chemical Ecology · doi:10.1023/b:joec.0000045584.56515.11 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“Phytoecdysteroids induce abnormal molting in many arthropods with lethal effect (Robbins et al., 1970; Bergamasco and Horn, 1983; Kubo et al., 1983; Lafont et al., 1991; Dinan, 2001).”
BackgroundInfluential20-Hydroxyecdysone decreases weight and hyperglycemia in a diet-induced obesity mice model
Kizelsztein, P., Govorko, D., Komarnytsky, S., Evans, A., Wang, Z., Cefalu, W. T., & Raskin, I. (2009) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.90772.2008 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
The Phytochemical, Biological, and Medicinal Attributes of Phytoecdysteroids: An Updated Review
Das, N., Mishra, S. K., Bishayee, A., Ali, E. S., & Bishayee, A. (2021) · Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B · doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2020.10.012 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Saeed, S., Ali, H., Khan, T., Kayani, W. K., & Khan, M. A. (2017) · Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants · doi:10.1007/s12298-016-0406-7 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“Among these, 20-Hydroxyecdysone is the primary bioactive constituent in A. bracteosa extract and is reported as anti-microbial, antitumor, anti-inflammatory and insect anti-feedant agent (Dinan 2001).”
BackgroundChemistry and Pharmacology of Rhaponticum carthamoides: A Review
Kokoska, L., & Janovska, D. (2009) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.04.008 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Ethnopharmacology of the plants of genus Ajuga.
Israili, Z. H., & Lyoussi, B. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 110 · see citing works
The Karlson Lecture. Phytoecdysteroids: what use are they?
Dinan, L. (2009) · Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology · doi:10.1002/arch.20334 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Céspedes, C. L., Salazar, J. R., Martínez‐Vázquez, M., & Aranda, E. (2005) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.07.010 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“with cis-A/B-ring junctions, a D-double bond, a 6-keto group, a full 8-carbon side-chain and a 7-en-6-one or a 8(9)-en-6-hydroxy moiety (as in our case) should not have activity (Dinan, 2001).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDinan, L., Dioh, W., Veillet, S., & Lafont, R. (2021) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines9050492 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“A comparison of the reversed-phase (RP)-HPLC profiles of the 90% and 98% 20E preparations is shown in the inset to Figure 11.”
Ecdysteroids from Chenopodium quinoa Willd., an Ancient Andean Crop of High Nutritional Value
Kumpun, S., Maria, A., Crouzet, S., Evrard-Todeschi, N., Girault, J.-P., & Lafont, R. (2011) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.10.039 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“There are nevertheless major and minor ecdysteroids, and 20E is by far the predominant one, as in most other ecdysteroid-producing plants (Dinan, 2001).”
BackgroundInsights into the function and evolution of P450s in plant steroid metabolism
Ohnishi, T., Yokota, T., & Mizutani, M. (2009) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.09.015 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“Many plant species can produce phytoecdysteroids that include ecdysteroids and their various analogs, although knowledge of the biosynthetic pathway of phytoecdysteroids in plants is quite limited (Dinan, 2001).”
BackgroundDini, I., Tenore, G. C., & Dini, A. (2004) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.07.008 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“They have several pharmaceutical and medicinal properties, such as tonics, for growth promoting, as hypocholesterolaemic, hypoglycaemic, immunomodulatory, antioxidant and cellular proliferation and differentiation stimulating agents (Dinan, 2001; Lafont & Dinan, 2003; Simon & Koolman, 1989; Sláma & Lafont, 1995).”
BackgroundInfluential20-Hydroxyecdysone Increases Fiber Size in a Muscle-Specific Fashion in Rat
Tóth, N., Szabó, A., Kacsala, P., Héger, J., & Zádor, E. (2008) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2008.04.015 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Photoautotrophic propagation of Brazilian ginseng [Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen]
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“The chemical nature and concentration of phytoecdysteroids in plants may vary according to the plant part, developmental stage and environmental conditions (Dinan 2001).”
Kamal, N., Asni, N. S. M., Rozlan, I. N. A., Azmi, M. A. H. M., Mazlan, N. W., Mediani, A., Baharum, S. N., Latip, J., Assaw, S., & Edrada‐Ebel, R. (2022) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants11151944 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Evolution and current status of ecological phytochemistry
Macías, F. A., Galindo, J. L. G., & Galindo, J. C. G. (2007) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.10.010 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“Other compounds with similar structures and even higher activities than ecdysones were later isolated from different plants and ferns, giving rise to a complete class named phytoecdysteroids comprising more than 200 different compounds (Dinan, 2001).”
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“Plants are renewable sources of a large variety of natural products [1].”
BackgroundEcdysteroids: Production in plant in vitro cultures
Thiem, B., Kikowska, M., Maliński, M. P., Kruszka, D., Napierała, M., & Florek, E. (2017) · Phytochemistry Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11101-016-9483-z · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“…subsequent steps of their biosynthesis include conversion to cholesterol, dehydrogenation to 7-dehydrocholesterol and further molecular modifications, and, most importantly, hydroxylation at various carbon atoms (Dinan 2001; Baltaev 2000; Festucci-Buselli et al. 2008; Ikekawa et al. 2013).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPhytoecdysteroids: Diversity, biosynthesis and distribution
Dinan, L., Harmatha, J., Volodin, V., & Lafont, R. (2009) · Ecdysone: Structures and Functions · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9112-4_1 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
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From Beans to Berries and Beyond
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Distribution of phytoecdysteroids in the Caryophyllaceae
Zibareva, L. N., Volodin, V. V., Saatov, Z., Savchenko, T., Whiting, P., Lafont, R., & Dinan, L. N. (2003) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0031-9422(03)00376-5 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Ecdysteroids in Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.): Biosynthesis, Transport and Regulation of Levels
Bakrim, A., Maria, A., Sayah, F., Lafont, R., & Takvorian, N. (2008) · Plant Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.06.002 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
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Biosynthesis and potential functions of the ecdysteroid 20-hydroxyecdysone — a review
Festucci-Buselli, R. A., Contim, L. A. S., Barbosa, L. C. A., Stuart, J. J., & Otoni, W. C. (2008) · Botany · doi:10.1139/b08-049 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
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“The plant is a rich source of phytoecdysteroids—a large class of steroid compounds [41,42].”
BackgroundDelivery methods for peptide and protein toxins in insect control
Whetstone, P. A., & Hammock, B. D. (2006) · Toxicon · doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.11.009 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
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Effect of Ecdysterone on Glucose Metabolism in vitro
Chen, Q., Xia, Y., & Qiu, Z. (2006) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2005.06.031 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
General Mechanisms of Plant Defense and Plant Toxins
Mithöfer, A., & Maffei, M. E. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6728-7_21-1 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Lafont, R., Balducci, C., & Dinan, L. (2021) · Encyclopedia · doi:10.3390/encyclopedia1040096 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationArif, Y., Singh, P., Bajguz, A., & Hayat, S. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23158664 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“ECs are steroidal hormones initially found in animals that control insect molting or ecdysis and other important metamorphotic processes in arthropods [3].”
BackgroundEcdysteroids from Vitex Species: Distribution and Compilation of Their 13C‐NMR Spectral Data
Filho, J. G. D. S., Duringer, J. M., Maia, G. L. D. A., Tavares, J. F., Xavier, H. S., da Silva, M. S., da Cunha, E. V. L., & Barbosa‐Filho, J. M. (2008) · Chemistry & Biodiversity · doi:10.1002/cbdv.200890067 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Ecdysteroids in Plants and their Pharmacological Effects in Vertebrates and Humans
(2015) · Studies in Natural Products Chemistry · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-63473-3.00005-8 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
DROSOPHILA NUTRIGENOMICS CAN PROVIDE CLUES TO HUMAN GENE-NUTRIENT INTERACTIONS
Ruden, D. M., Luca, M. D., Garfinkel, M. D., Bynum, K. L., & Lu, X. (2005) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.25.050304.092708 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Reviews of the literature indicate relatively little mammalian toxicity (32, 33).”
BackgroundKumpun, S., Girault, J.-P., Dinan, L., Blais, C., Maria, A., Dauphin-Villemant, C., Yingyongnarongkul, B., Suksamrarn, A., & Lafont, R. (2011) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.03.016 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationEcdysteroids from the medicinal fern Microsorum scolopendria (Burm. f.)
Snogan, E., Vahirua‐Lechat, I., Ho, R., Bertho, G., Girault, J., Ortiga, S., Maria, A., & Lafont, R. (2007) · Phytochemical Analysis · doi:10.1002/pca.1000 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Stevens, J. F., Reed, R. L., & Morré, J. T. (2008) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf800211k · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“of the molting process, leading to death (2).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAntioxidative and free radical scavenging effects of ecdysteroids from<i>Serratula strangulata</i>
Cai, Y.-J., Dai, J.-Q., Fang, J.-G., Ma, L.-P., Hou, L.-F., Yang, L., & Liu, Z.-L. (2002) · Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1139/y02-152 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Ecdysteroids were initially recognized as steroidal hormones controlling moulting and metamorphosis in insects, and it was realized recently that these steroids are present in all stages of insect development, regulating many biochemical and physiological processes (Dinan 2001).”
BackgroundAjuga remota Benth.: From ethnopharmacology to phytomedical perspective in the treatment of malaria
Cocquyt, K., Cos, P., Herdewijn, P. A., Maes, L. J. R. M., den Steen, P. E. V., & Laekeman, G. (2011) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2011.08.063 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Céspedes, C. L., Molina, S. C., Muñoz, E., Lamilla, C., Alarcón, J., Palacios, S. M., Carpinella, M. C., & Ávila, J. G. (2012) · Industrial Crops and Products · doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.05.002 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
New insights into the bioactivity of cucurbitacins
Rı́os, J. L., Escandell, J. M., & Recio, M. C. (2005) · Studies in natural products chemistry · doi:10.1016/s1572-5995(05)80062-6 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Angulo‐Preckler, C., Cid, C., Oliva, F., & Àvila, C. (2015) · Marine Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.02.001 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Phytoecdysteroids appear in many plants mostly as protection agents (toxins or antifeedants) against herbivore insects (Dinan, 2001).”
BackgroundGeneral Mechanisms of Plant Defense and Plant Toxins
Mithöfer, A., & Maffei, M. E. (2017) · Toxinology · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6464-4_21 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Trianthema portulacastrum linn. (bishkhapra)
Shivhare, M., Singour, P. K., Chaurasiya, P., & Pawar, R. S. (2012) · Pharmacognosy Reviews/Bioinformatics Trends/Pharmacognosy review · doi:10.4103/0973-7847.99947 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“[20] There are possibilities of utilizing insect molting hormone as third-generation insecticide.”
Genetically Modified Baculoviruses for Pest Insect Control ☆
Kamita, S. G., Kang, K., İnceoğlu, B., & Hammock, B. D. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809633-8.04074-7 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Targeting the administration of ecdysterone in doping control samples
Parr, M. K., Ambrosio, G., Wuest, B., Mazzarino, M., de la Torre, X., Sibilia, F., Joseph, J. F., Diel, P., & Botrè, F. (2020) · Forensic Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s11419-019-00504-y · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Growth promoting and anabolic effects in various animal species including humans have been reported [1-18].”
BackgroundSterol and Steroid Biosynthesis and Metabolism in Plants and Microorganisms
Schaller, H. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-008045382-8.00008-3 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Metabolic signatures altered by in vitro temperature stress in Ajuga bracteosa Wall. ex. Benth.
Rani, R., Khan, M. A., Kayani, W. K., Ullah, S., Naeem, I., & Mirza, B. (2017) · Acta Physiologiae Plantarum · doi:10.1007/s11738-017-2394-9 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Ecdysteroid Agonists and Antagonists
Dinan, L. N., & Hormann, R. E. (2005) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-44-451924-6/00036-3 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Gholipour, P., Komaki, A., Ramezani, M., & Parsa, H. (2022) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113817 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Vágvölgyi, M., Martins, A., Kulmány, Á., Zupkó, I., Gáti, T., Simon, A., Tóth, G., & Hunyadi, A. (2018) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.12.032 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
The phytoecdysteroid profiles of 7 species of Silene (Caryophyllaceae)
Zibareva, L. N., Yeriomina, V. I., Munkhjargal, N., Girault, J., Dinan, L. N., & Lafont, R. (2009) · Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology · doi:10.1002/arch.20331 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Ali, H., Khan, M. A., Kayani, W. K., Dilshad, E., Rani, R., & Khan, R. S. (2019) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.02.010 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Dissecting cholesterol and phytosterol biosynthesis via mutants and inhibitors
Vriese, K. D., Pollier, J., Goossens, A., Beeckman, T., & Vanneste, S. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Botany · doi:10.1093/jxb/eraa429 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
New Triterpenoid Saponins from the Roots of Sinocrassula asclepiadea
Zhao, J., Nakamura, N., Hattori, M., Yang, X., Komatsu, K., & Qiu, M. (2004) · Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin · doi:10.1248/cpb.52.230 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Buniam, J., Chukijrungroat, N., Rattanavichit, Y., Surapongchai, J., Weerachayaphorn, J., Bupha-Intr, T., & Saengsirisuwan, V. (2020) · BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies · doi:10.1186/s12906-020-02936-1 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Ecdysteroid Structure-Activity Relationships
(2003) · Studies in natural products chemistry · doi:10.1016/s1572-5995(03)80004-2 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Natural compounds with important medical potential found in Helleborus sp.
Maior, M. C., & DOBROTA, C. T. (2013) · Open Life Sciences · doi:10.2478/s11535-013-0129-x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Bajkacz, S., Rusin, K., Wolny, A., Adamek, J., Erfurt, K., & Chrobok, A. (2020) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules25204736 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Pulsed Odors from Maize or Spinach Elicit Orientation in European Corn Borer Neonate Larvae
Piesik, D., Rochat, D., van der Pers, J. N. C., & Marion‐Poll, F. (2009) · Journal of Chemical Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10886-009-9676-7 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“PEs are generally toxic to insects because they interfere with ecdysone signaling (Dinan 2001).”
BackgroundDual-action inhibitors of HIF prolyl hydroxylases that induce binding of a second iron ion
Yeoh, K. K., Chan, M. C., Thalhammer, A., Demetriades, M., Chowdhury, R., Tian, Y., Stolze, I. P., McNeill, L. A., Lee, M. K., Woon, E. C. Y., et al. (2012) · Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry · doi:10.1039/c2ob26648b · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Diversity of detoxification pathways of ingested ecdysteroids among phytophagous insects
Rharrabe, K., Alla, S., Maria, A., Sayah, F., & Lafont, R. (2007) · Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology · doi:10.1002/arch.20191 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Analogues of insect moulting hormones (ecdysteroids) are widely distributed in plants where they can reach concentrations up to 3% of their dry weight (Lafont, 1997; Dinan, 2001).”
BackgroundPhytoecdysteroids from the Stem Bark of Vitex doniana and Their Anti-Inflammatory Effects
Ochieng, C. O., Ishola, I. O., Opiyo, S. A., Manguro, L. O. A., Owuor, P. O., & Wong, K. (2012) · Planta Medica · doi:10.1055/s-0032-1327880 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“…source of potential bioactive compounds such as ecdysteroids [1], diterpenoids [2], iridoids [3], flavonoids, and phenolic compounds [4] demonstrating antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, analgesic, antihista-minic, anti-implantation, and antiasthmatic activities [5,6].”
Le, P. M., McCooeye, M. A., & Windust, A. J. (2014) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-013-7558-x · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Rharrabe, K., Sayan, F., & Lafont, R. (2010) · Journal of Insect Science · doi:10.1673/031.010.1301 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Indeed, the taxonomical distribution of plants producing ecdysteroids suggests that the genes necessary for their production are widespread in the plant kingdom (Dinan 2001).”
BackgroundMethodThe first cytochrome P450 in ferns
Canals, D., Irurre‐Santilari, J., & Casas, J. (2005) · FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04897.x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Genetically Modified Baculoviruses for Pest Insect Control
Kamita, S. G., Kang, K., Hammock, B. D., & İnceoğlu, B. (2005) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-44-451924-6/00085-5 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“More than 60 different ecdysteroids have been isolated from insects and other arthropods, and about 200 phytoecdysteroids from plants (Dinan, 2001; Henrich et al., 1999; Lafont, 2000; Nijhout, 1994).”
BackgroundBarthel, A., Vogel, H., Pauchet, Y., Pauls, G., Kunert, G., Groot, A. T., Boland, W., Heckel, D. G., & Heidel‐Fischer, H. M. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms12530 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Withanolides are phytoecdysteroids, which are plant-produced compounds that have been shown to antagonize ecdysteroid activity in insects 37 .”
Ali, H., Khan, M. A., Kayani, W. K., Khan, T., Mashwani, Z., Ullah, N., & Khan, R. S. (2018) · Industrial Crops and Products · doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.05.043 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Diversity of Ecdysteroids in Animal Species
Lafont, R., & Koolman, J. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9112-4_2 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“These examples are reminiscent of plant ecdysteroids (phytoecdysteroids) acting as feeding deterrent against phytophagous insects (Dinan, 2001).”
BackgroundInfluentialEtxebeste, O., Herrero‐García, E., Cortese, M. S., Garzia, A., Oiartzabal‐Arano, E., Rı́os, V. D. L., Ugalde, U., & Espeso, E. A. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040292 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“In insects, one pathway of the metabolism of the moulting and sex hormones ecdysteroids [26,43,48,49] involves the GMC family protein ecdysone oxidase, which catalyzes the oxidation of ecdysone into 3-dehydroecdysteroid [49].”
BackgroundEcdysterone and Turkesterone—Compounds with Prominent Potential in Sport and Healthy Nutrition
Todorova, V., Ivanova, S., Chakarov, D., Kraev, K., & Ivanov, K. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16091382 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Similarly [19] However, variations exist regarding the levels of 20HE in spinach, with some reporting lower amounts, such as 50 µ g/g dry mass, 10.3 and 16.8 µ g/g in different spinach accessions, and 0.44 mg% dry weight [8,156,160].”
BackgroundInfluentialContinuous infusion of 20-hydroxyecdysone increased mass of triceps brachii in C57BL/6 mice
Cheng, D. M., Kutzler, L. W., Boler, D. D., Drnevich, J., Killefer, J., & Lila, M. A. (2013) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.4679 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Plant Oils as Potential Sources of Vitamin D
Baur, A. C., Brandsch, C., König, B., Hirche, F., & Stangl, G. I. (2016) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2016.00029 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
- Authors
- Dinan, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Exeter (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Dinan, Laurence
- ORCID
- Dinan, Laurence
- Venue
- Phytochemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-06
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 325-339
- ISSN
- 0031-9422 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2032058270
- Cited by
- 392
- References
- 166
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 0.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Phytochemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Phytochemical Studies and Bioactivities
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Steroid Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Plant biochemistry and biosynthesis
- Keywords
- phytoecdysteroids, 20-hydroxyecdysone, plant steroids, steroidogenesis, biological significance
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Ecdysone, Ecdysterone, Invertebrates, Pest Control, Biological, Phytosterols, Plant Physiological Phenomena
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