The role of serotonin in human mood and social interaction
Abstract
Alterations in brain tryptophan levels cause changes in brain serotonin synthesis, and this has been used to study the implication of altered serotonin levels in humans. In the acute tryptophan depletion (ATD) technique, subjects ingest a mixture of amino acids devoid of tryptophan. This results in a transient decline in tissue tryptophan and in brain serotonin. ATD can result in lower mood and increase in irritability or aggressive responding. The magnitude of the effect varies greatly depending on the susceptibility of the subject to lowered mood or aggressivity. Unlike ATD, tryptophan can be given chronically. Tryptophan is an antidepressant in mild to moderate depression and a small body of data suggests that it can also decrease aggression. Preliminary data indicate that tryptophan also increases dominant behavior during social interactions. Overall, studies manipulating tryptophan levels support the idea that low serotonin can predispose subjects to mood and impulse control disorders. Higher levels of serotonin may help to promote more constructive social interactions by decreasing aggression and increasing dominance.
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5-HT neurotransmission is implicated in social processing and behavior.
“A substantial body of literature implicates 5-HT neurotransmission in social processing and behavior (e.g. Del-Ben et al. 2008; Young and Leyton, 2002).”
From Effects of MDMA on sociability and neural response to social threat and social reward (2009) · cites this paper as Young and Leyton, 2002
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Genetic analysis of “Spontaneous” intermale aggression in mice
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Tryptophan and Amitriptyline in the Treatment of Depression
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Serotonin3 antagonists block aversion to saccharin in an amino acid-imbalanced diet
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[Tryptophan and amitriptyline in the treatment of depression (double blind study)].
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Serotonin function and vulnerability to depression
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Jenkins, T., Nguyen, J., Polglaze, K., & Bertrand, P. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8010056 · Cited by 904 · see citing works
L -Tryptophan: Basic Metabolic Functions, Behavioral Research and Therapeutic Indications
Richard, D. M., Dawes, M. A., Mathias, C. W., Acheson, A., Hill‐Kapturczak, N., & Dougherty, D. M. (2009) · International Journal of Tryptophan Research · doi:10.4137/ijtr.s2129 · Cited by 705 · see citing works
Tryptophan metabolism, from nutrition to potential therapeutic applications
Floc'h, N. L., Otten, W., & Merlot, E. (2011) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/s00726-010-0752-7 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
“As with tryptophan loading, ATD had little or no effect on healthy subjects (Young and Leyton 2002; Booij et al. 2003; Fusar-Poli et al. 2006).”
BackgroundPatrick, R. P., & Ames, B. N. (2015) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.14-268342 · Cited by 505 · see citing works
“There is an abundanceof evidence linking serotonin to social behavior (5, 6).”
BackgroundInterferon-alpha–induced changes in tryptophan metabolism
Capuron, L., Neurauter, G., Musselman, D. L., Lawson, D. H., Nemeroff, C. B., Fuchs, D., & Miller, A. H. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00173-2 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
“These findings are in accordance with previous data supporting a role for serotonergic systems in mood regulation and aggressive/impulsive behavior (Oquendo and Mann 2000; Owens and Nemeroff 1994; Ravidran et al 1999; Young and Leyton 2002).”
ResultCarver, C. S., Johnson, S. L., & Joormann, J. (2008) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0013740 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
“…in suggesting that experimentally increasing serotonergic function reduces responsiveness to negative emotional stimuli, decreases aggression, and increases cooperativeness; there also were increases in what might be thought of as social potency (see also Spoont, 1992; Young & Leyton, 2002).”
BackgroundHendricks, T. J., Fyodorov, D., Wegman, L. J., Lelutiu, N. B., Pehek, E. A., Yamamoto, B., Silver, J., Weeber, E., Sweatt, J., & Deneris, E. S. (2003) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)01167-4 · Cited by 486 · see citing works
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Tryptophan Metabolic Pathways and Brain Serotonergic Activity: A Comparative Review
Höglund, E., Øverli, Ø., & Winberg, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00158 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Characterization of an indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-like protein found in humans and mice
Ball, H. J., Sánchez-Pérez, Á., Weiser, S., Austin, C., Astelbauer, F., Miu, J., McQuillan, J. A., Stocker, R., Jermiin, L. S., & Hunt, N. H. (2007) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2007.04.010 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Personality Change During Depression Treatment: A Placebo-Controlled Trial
Tang, T. Z., DeRubeis, R. J., Hollon, S. D., Amsterdam, J., Shelton, R., & Schalet, B. (2009) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.166 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Serotonergic vulnerability and depression: assumptions, experimental evidence and implications
Jans, L. A. W., Riedel, W. J., Markus, C. R., & Blokland, A. (2006) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001920 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
A High-Resolution<i>In Vivo</i>Atlas of the Human Brain's Serotonin System
Beliveau, V., Ganz, M., Feng, L., Ozenne, B., Højgaard, L., Fisher, P. M., Svarer, C., Greve, D. N., & Knudsen, G. M. (2017) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2830-16.2016 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
“5-HT is involved in myriad physiological functions such as cognition (Meneses, 1999), mood and social interaction (Young and Leyton, 2002), sexual behavior (Waldinger, 2015), feeding behavior (Magalhães et al.”
BackgroundDeng, Y., Zhou, M., Wang, J., Yao, J., Yu, J., Liu, W., Wu, L., Wang, J., & Gao, R. (2021) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2020.1869501 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Anisman, H., Merali, Z., & Hayley, S. P. (2008) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.01.004 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
“Interestingly, like the mood changes associated with depletion of the 5-HT precursor tryptophan (Neumeister et al., 2004; Young and Leyton, 2002), susceptibility to the depressive symptoms elicited by IFN-a were greater among women and among those with a history of depression (Capuron et al.”
Autoradiographic distribution of serotonin transporters and receptor subtypes in human brain.
Varnäs, K., Halldin, C., & Hall, H. (2004) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20035 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
“The high density of 5-HT transporters in these regions is in line with the documented role for 5-HT in the modulation of mood and emotion [Young and Leyton, 2002], and the involvement of the 5-HT transporter in the pharmacologic treatment of several psychiatric disorders.”
ResultAlbert, P. R., Vahid-Ansari, F., & Luckhart, C. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00199 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
“Acute tryptophan depletion studies support a role for decreased serotonin in depression, or at least in relapse of recovered depressed patients (Barnes and Sharp, 1999; Young and Leyton, 2002; Jans et al., 2007; Lanfumey et al., 2008; aan het Rot et al., 2009).”
Background(2008) · PubMed · Cited by 325 · see citing works
The neurobiology of meditation and its clinical effectiveness in psychiatric disorders
Rubia, K. (2009) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.04.003 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
“…are closely linked, play an important role in mood stabilisation, positive affect, stress-prevention and aging and there is evidence for their implications in affective disorders such as depression (Young and Leyton, 2002; Neumeister, 2003; Stockmeier, 2003; Pacchierotti et al., 2001).”
Tryptophan in health and disease
Comai, S., Bertazzo, A., Brughera, M., & Crotti, S. (2020) · Advances in clinical chemistry · doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2019.08.005 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Identification of novel biomarkers for Parkinson's disease by metabolomic technologies
Hatano, T., Saiki, S., Okuzumi, A., Mohney, R., & Hattori, N. (2015) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2014-309676 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Anisman, H. (2009) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1139/jpn.0902 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Gatt, J. M., Burton, K., Williams, L. M., & Schofield, P. R. (2014) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.09.014 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
“In contrast, the 5-HTTLPR Short variant was shared between AD (OCD), MDD and BD, highlighting a differential pathway that underlies shared symptomatology between OCD, MDD and BD that is not evident in ADHD and that is impacted by reduced serotonin expression and increased available synaptic 5-HT, such as mood lability…”
BackgroundRogers, R. D. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2010.165 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
“Laboratory experiments involving healthy adult volunteers show that treatments that augment serotonin activity (eg, administration of SSRIs) can influence psychometric and task-based measures of pro-social behaviors (Knutson et al, 1998; Raleigh et al, 1980; Young and Leyton, 2002), with additional indications that ge…”
BackgroundSystematic review: fatigue in inflammatory bowel disease
van Langenberg, D. R., & Gibson, P. R. (2010) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04347.x · Cited by 245 · see citing works
A review on electrochemical detection of serotonin based on surface modified electrodes
Sharma, S., Singh, N., Tomar, V., & Chandra, R. (2018) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/j.bios.2018.02.013 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Kurnasov, O. V., Goral, V. N., Colabroy, K. L., Gerdes, S., Anantha, S., Osterman, A. L., & Begley, T. P. (2003) · Chemistry & Biology · doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2003.11.011 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Genetic origins of social networks in rhesus macaques
Brent, L. J. N., Heilbronner, S. R., Horvath, J. E., Gonzalez-Martinez, J., Ruiz-Lambides, A., Robinson, A. G., Skene, J. H. P., & Platt, M. L. (2013) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep01042 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
The Neural Basis of Moral Cognition
Moll, J., de Oliveira‐Souza, R., & Zahn, R. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1440.005 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
“Serotonin has also been shown to promote constructive social interactions by decreasing aggression (S. N. Young & Leyton 2002) and might also be involved in regulating oxytocin expression.”
BackgroundMatricon, J., Méleine, M., Gelot, A., Piche, T., Dapoigny, M. C., Muller, E., & Ardid, D. (2012) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/apt.12080 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Effects of MDMA on sociability and neural response to social threat and social reward
Bedi, G., Phan, K. L., Angstadt, M., & de Wit, H. (2009) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-009-1635-z · Cited by 206 · see citing works
“A substantial body of literature implicates 5-HT neurotransmission in social processing and behavior (e.g. Del-Ben et al. 2008; Young and Leyton 2002).”
Serotonin, genetic variability, behaviour, and psychiatric disorders - a review
Nordquist, N., & Oreland, L. (2010) · Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.3109/03009730903573246 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
“The tryptophan depletion paradigm has repeatedly been associated with a lowering of mood (68,69), assumed to be a consequence of decreased serotonin synthesis.”
BackgroundYola, M. L., & Atar, N. (2018) · Applied Surface Science · doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.07.142 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Sands, D. C., Morris, C. E., Dratz, E. A., & Pilgeram, A. L. (2009) · Plant Science · doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2009.07.011 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
“Zein, the principal storage protein of maize, contains no tryptophan, the precursor of serotonin, an antidepressive neurotransmitter necessary for mental stability [61].”
Mood Alterations During Interferon-Alfa Therapy in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C
Constant, A., Castéra, L., Dantzer, R., Couzigou, P., de Lédinghen, V., Demotes‐Mainard, J., & Henry, C. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v66n0814 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Agonistic Behavior and Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress in Mice
Mineur, Y. S., Prasol, D. J., Belzung, C., & Crusio, W. E. (2003) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1023/a:1025770616068 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
“Chronic stress, along with depression, is reported to induce hippocampal defects (McEwen, 2001), to decrease levels of serotonin, and hence to alter serotonin-related responses (Brezun and Daszuta, 1999; Fava and Rosenbaum, 1998, 1999; Heidbreder et al., 2000; Tannenbaum et al., 2002; Young and Leyton, 2002).”
BackgroundTranscriptional dysregulation of 5-HT1A autoreceptors in mental illness
Albert, P. R., François, B. L., & Millar, A. (2011) · Molecular Brain · doi:10.1186/1756-6606-4-21 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Cervo, L., Canetta, A., Calcagno, E., Burbassi, S., Sacchetti, G., Caccia, S., Fracasso, C., Albani, D., Forloni, G., & Invernizzi, R. W. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1816-05.2005 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
“…combination of TRP with fluoxetine , zimelidine , clomipramine , and amitryptyline has only occasionally achieved any potentia - tion or acceleration of the clinical effect , and we do not know how TRP augmentation affect patients not responding to SSRIs ( Young , 1991 ; Young and Leyton , 2002 ) .”
Social attachment and aversion in human moral cognition
Moll, J., & Schulkin, J. (2009) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.12.001 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
“Serotonin has also been shown to promote constructive social interactions by decreasing aggression, an effect that may be in part mediated through regulation of oxytocin expression (Young and Leyton, 2002).”
BackgroundNew roles for estrogen receptor β in behavior and neuroendocrinology☆
Bodo, C., & Rissman, E. F. (2006) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2006.02.004 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Phytochemistry and pharmacology of anti-depressant medicinal plants: A review
Martins, J., & Brijesh, S. (2018) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.044 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Challis, C., Beck, S. G., & Berton, O. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00043 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
“In contrast, 5-HT depletion facilitates socially defensive behaviors and aggression (Young and Leyton, 2002; Munafo et al., 2006).”
BackgroundWalderhaug, E., Magnússon, A., Neumeister, A., Lappalainen, J., Lunde, H. A., Refsum, H., & Landrø, N. I. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.02.012 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
The role of the microbiome in the neurobiology of social behaviour
Sarkar, A., Harty, S., Johnson, K. V. ‐., Moeller, A. H., Carmody, R. N., Lehto, S. M., Erdman, S. E., Dunbar, R. I. M., & Burnet, P. W. J. (2020) · Biological Reviews · doi:10.1111/brv.12603 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
“In terms of host psychological processes, the serotonergic system is implicated in emotion regulation, social cognition, and social interaction (Young & Leyton, 2002; Canli & Lesch, 2007).”
BackgroundThe breeder's dilemma—yield or nutrition?
Morris, C. E., & Sands, D. C. (2006) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt0906-1078 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Reidy, D. E., Shelley-Tremblay, J. F., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2011) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2011.06.002 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“These results dovetail with research indicating that serotonergic function is positively associated with social competence and dominance in primates (Young & Leyton, 2002), children (Kruesi et al., 1990), and adults (Moskowitz, Pinard, Zuroff, Annable, & Young, 2001).”
ResultMechanism of acute tryptophan depletion: is it only serotonin?
van Donkelaar, E. L., Blokland, A., Ferrington, L., Kelly, P. A. T., Steinbusch, H. W. M., & Prickaerts, J. (2011) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2011.9 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
A simplified HPLC method for determination of tryptophan in some cereals and legumes
Çevikkalp, S. A., Löker, G. B., Yaman, M., & Amoutzopoulos, B. (2015) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.02.108 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Love is more than just a kiss: a neurobiological perspective on love and affection
de Boer, A., van Buel, E. M., & Ter Horst, G. J. (2012) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.11.017 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“Depletion of central serotonin is also found in several psychiatric disorders, including obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) (Micallef and Blin, 2001), depression (Young and Leyton, 2002), and anxiety disorder (Leonardo and Hen, 2006).”
Effects of Acute MDMA Intoxication on Mood and Impulsivity: Role of the 5-HT2 and 5-HT1 Receptors
van Wel, J. H. P., Kuypers, K. P. C., Theunissen, E. L., Bosker, W. M., Bakker, K., & Ramaekers, J. G. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040187 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“High levels of 5-HT have been associated with mood elevations, while decrements in 5-HT are associated with depressed mood [7,8,9].”
BackgroundPeters, S., Biesiekierski, J. R., Yelland, G. W., Muir, J. G., & Gibson, P. R. (2014) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/apt.12730 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Peripheral Serotonin: a New Player in Systemic Energy Homeostasis
Namkung, J., Kim, H., & Park, S. (2015) · Molecules and Cells · doi:10.14348/molcells.2015.0258 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“By functioning as a neurotransmitter in CNS, serotonin regulates mood (Merens et al., 2007; Young and Leyton, 2002), sleep-wake behavior (Monti, 2011) and food intake (Lam et al., 2010).”
BackgroundAcute prefrontal cortex TMS in healthy volunteers: Effects on brain 11C-αMtrp trapping
Sibon, I., Strafella, A. P., Gravel, P., Ko, J. H., Booij, L., Soucy, J., Leyton, M., Dikšić, M., & Benkelfat, C. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.08.059 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Self-citationResistance to Early-Life Stress in Mice: Effects of Genetic Background and Stress Duration
Savignac, H. M., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2011) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00013 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“Lower serotonin rates are known to be part of the pathophysiology of a broad range of psychiatric disorders ranging from hyperactivity to depression (Holmes et al., 2002; Young and Leyton, 2002; Popova, 2008).”
BackgroundInterplay between pro-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors in depressive illnesses
Audet, M., & Anisman, H. (2013) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2013.00068 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“Paralleling the effects of manipulations that reduced tryptophan levels (Young and Leyton, 2002; Neumeister et al., 2004), depressive symptoms engendered by IFN-α were more pronounced among women and among those with a history of depression (Capuron et al., 2003a).”
BackgroundCarrillo, M., Ricci, L. A., Coppersmith, G., & Melloni, R. H. (2009) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-009-1543-2 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Modifying 5-HT1A receptor gene expression as a new target for antidepressant therapy
Albert, P. R. (2010) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2010.00035 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“…the brain (Hornung, 2003) to regulate many physiological functions, including sleep, mood and stress reactivity and are implicated in mental illnesses, including MDD and anxiety (Barnes and Sharp, 1999; Young and Leyton, 2002; Gordon and Hen, 2004; Lanfumey et al., 2008; Savitz et al., 2009).”
BackgroundSavignac, H. M., Finger, B. C., Pizzo, R., O’Leary, O. F., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2011) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.04.054 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“…predispose to the pathophysiology of a broad range of psychiatric disorders including depression; with numerous studies regularly showing deficiencies in serotonergic system is linked to dysfunctions in social behaviour and aggression (Holmes et al., 2002; Young and Leyton, 2002; Popova, 2008).”
BackgroundAcute tryptophan depletion in humans: a review of theoretical, practical and ethical aspects
Young, S. N. (2013) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.120209 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“However, the effect of ATD on mood depends on the characteristics of the individuals being studied, with effects ranging from nothing, to a dramatic lowering of mood in newly discovered depressed patients who are treated with serotonergic antidepressants.(25) The lack of mood lowering could be due to adaptive processe…”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe effect of raising and lowering tryptophan levels on human mood and social behaviour
Young, S. N. (2013) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0375 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“A number of reviews have summarized these studies [11–14].”
BackgroundSelf-citationHyde, L. W., Shaw, D. S., & Hariri, A. R. (2013) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2013.06.001 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Leyton, M., Dagher, A., Boileau, I., Casey, K., Baker, G. B., Diksic, M., Gunn, R., Young, S. N., & Benkelfat, C. (2004) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300328 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“Finally, both the behavioral and neurochemical effects of tryptophan-deficient AA mixtures might be larger in women than in men (Young and Leyton 2002); whether this is true for APTD remains to be assessed.”
BackgroundSelf-citationEffects of Tryptophan Depletion on the Serotonin Transporter in Healthy Humans
Praschak-Rieder, N., Wilson, A. A., Hussey, D., Carella, A., Wei, C. W., Ginovart, N., Schwarz, M., Zach, J., Houle, S., & Meyer, J. H. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.04.038 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
The effect of childhood malnutrition on externalizing behavior
Liu, J., & Raine, A. (2006) · Current Opinion in Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/01.mop.0000245360.13949.91 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Haas, E. N. D., & van der Eijk, J. A. J. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.07.007 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“TRP is an essential amino acid, indicating that synthesis of both central and peripheral 5-HT is limited by the level of TRP in the diet (Young and Leyton, 2002).”
BackgroundPsychedelics, Sociality, and Human Evolution
Rodríguez Arce, J. M., & Winkelman, M. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.729425 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“…that have very low toxicity and structurally resemble the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) provided a “treatment” for 5- HT depletion, a costly challenge likely recurring throughout advancement into a socio-cognitive niche (see e.g., Young and Leyton, 2002; Wood et al., 2006).”
BackgroundMonoamines in glioblastoma: complex biology with therapeutic potential
Caragher, S. P., Hall, R. R., Ahsan, R., & Ahmed, A. U. (2017) · Neuro-Oncology · doi:10.1093/neuonc/nox210 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Mood effects of the amino acids tryptophan and tyrosine
Parker, G. B., & Brotchie, H. (2011) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01706.x · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“Young and Leyton (18) reviewed clinical studies on the use of tryptophan and judged that there was clear evidence that altered tryptophan levels modulated mood in some circumstances – and most clearly in patients with pre-existing mild to moderate depression.”
BackgroundRusso, S., Kema, I. P., Bosker, F. J., Haavik, J., & Korf, J. (2009) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/15622970701513764 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“In humans the behavioural consequences of low 5-HT have systematically been assessed through the effects of the acute transient tryptophan depletion paradigm (e.g., Young and Leyton 2002; Booij et al. 2002, 2003; Jans et al. 2006).”
BackgroundChallis, C., & Berton, O. (2015) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00007 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Ali, P. A., & Naylor, P. B. (2013) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2013.01.003 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Chronic increase of dietary l-tryptophan decreases gentle feather pecking behaviour
van Hierden, Y. M., Koolhaas, J. M., & Korte, S. M. (2004) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2004.05.004 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“All birds had access to drinking cups and one square feeding trough placed along”
BackgroundFlory, J. D., Manuck, S. B., Matthews, K. A., & Muldoon, M. F. (2004) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2004.06.010 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
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“5-HT is thought to be involved in the modulation of a wide variety of functions, including the regulation of mood and aggression (Young and Leyton 2002).”
BackgroundPilot Study of the Tart Cherry Juice for the Treatment of Insomnia and Investigation of Mechanisms
Losso, J. N., Finley, J. W., Karki, N., Liu, A. G., Prudente, A. D., Tipton, R., Yu, Y., & Greenway, F. L. (2017) · American Journal of Therapeutics · doi:10.1097/mjt.0000000000000584 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
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Social behaviour and mood in everyday life: the effects of tryptophan in quarrelsome individuals
Rot, M. A. H., Moskowitz, D. S., Pinard, G., & Young, S. N. (2006) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1139/jpn.0629 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“Tryptophan was chosen over other serotonin-enhancing drugs, because it has a relatively specific effect on brain serotonin,(39) it is a dietary component with few side effects and negligible toxic effects when given as a drug,(40) and in healthy people it has little if any effect on mood.(41)”
Self-citationMore Realistic Forecasting of Future Life Events After Psilocybin for Treatment-Resistant Depression
Lyons, T., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01721 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“It is well known however, that serotonergic mechanisms are involved in mood states and cognitive styles (Meneses, 1999; Young and Leyton, 2002; Cowen and Sherwood, 2013); for example, the 5-HT2A receptor, which is the key receptor through which psychedelics elicit their signature effects (Glennon…”
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“The neurotransmitter activity of serotonin in the central nervous system affects appetite, sleep, anxiety, sexual behaviour, mood, and social interactions (Tecott et al., 1995; Leonard, 1996; Loer and Kenyon, 1993; Young and Leyton, 2002).”
BackgroundSolvang, S.-E. H., Nordrehaug, J. E., Tell, G. S., Nygard, O. K., McCann, A., Ueland, P. M., Midttun, Ø., Meyer, K., Vedeler, C. A., Aarsland, D., et al. (2018) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2018.10.003 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Hormonal imprinting: phylogeny, ontogeny, diseases and possible role in present‐day human evolution
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Nod-like receptors are critical for gut-brain axis signalling in mice
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“Furthermore, given that reduced serum Trp levels correlate with alterations in mood and cognition (Young & Leyton, 2002; Toker et al. 2010), serum and hippocampal Trp concentrations were assessed by LC/MS. Lower free Trp levels were found in serum of both NodDKO(–”
BackgroundHoepner, C. T., McIntyre, R. S., & Papakostas, G. I. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13030767 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Sakai, Y., Nishikawa, M., Leyton, M., Benkelfat, C., Young, S., & Diksic, M. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.08.004 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
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“…brain serotonin and dopamine, both of which are associated with impulse control and planning (Kimura et al., 1978; Masters et al., 1998); low levels of brain serotonin are associated with disturbances in mood, poor impulse control and aggressive behavior (Retz et al., 2004; Young and Leyton, 2002).”
Sugar rush or sugar crash? A meta-analysis of carbohydrate effects on mood
Mantantzis, K., Schlaghecken, F., Sünram-Lea, S. I., & Maylor, E. A. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.016 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“However, restoring tryptophan levels has been shown to have antidepressant qualities and can reduce levels of aggression in human volunteers (for reviews, see Jenkins et al., 2016; Young and Leyton, 2002).”
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“A similar effect upon mood has been reported in patients with bipolar disorder (Young and Leyton 2002).”
BackgroundCawley, E., Park, S., aan het Rot, M., Sancton, K., Benkelfat, C., Young, S., Boivin, D., & Leyton, M. (2013) · Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.120181 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“The study was carried out on women, as some depletion studies found women were more susceptible to mood-lowering effects than men.(16) Participants were recruited using advertisements asking for women who felt less energetic in winter than in summer.”
ResultSelf-citationAit‐Daoud, N., Seneviratne, C., Smith, J. B., Roache, J. D., Dawes, M. A., Liu, L., Wang, X., & Johnson, B. A. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00006 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
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Bambico, F. R., Hattan, P. R., Garant, J.-P., & Gobbi, G. (2012) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.02.006 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“…depletion precipitates anxiety/depression-like behaviors in animals (Blokland et al., 2002) and mood-lowering effects in humans (for review, Young and Leyton, 2002), exacerbates anxiogenic responses in human subjects (Miller et al., 2000), and triggers relapse in depressive patients (for…”
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The dopamine augmenter L-DOPA does not affect positive mood in healthy human volunteers.
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“Acute tryptophan depletion to acutely reduce 5-HT, also supports a role for decreased 5-HT in depression, or at least in the relapse of recovered depressed patients (Leyton et al., 1997; Delgado et al., 1999; Young and Leyton, 2002; Jans et al., 2007).”
BackgroundThe Embodied and Situated Nature of Moods
Colombetti, G. (2017) · Philosophia · doi:10.1007/s11406-017-9817-0 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“For example, dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline appear to play a role in keeping our mood elevated, and they are all present in significantly lower levels in depressed individuals (e.g., Diehl and Gershon 1992; Young and Leyton 2002; Palazidou 2012; Singh 2014; Jenkins et al. 2016).”
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Pharmacogenetics of Nicotine and Associated Smoking Behaviors
Tanner, J., Chenoweth, M. J., & Tyndale, R. F. (2015) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13665-3_3 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
- Authors
- Young, S. N., & Leyton, M.
- Affiliations
- McGill University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Young, Simon N.
- Venue
- Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-04
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 857-865
- ISSN
- 0091-3057 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1934200177
- Cited by
- 396
- References
- 127
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 1.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- serotonin, tryptophan, acute tryptophan depletion, mood, aggression, irritability, depression, social interaction, impulse control disorders, serotonin synthesis
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Serotonin, Tryptophan, Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation
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