The control of death and the death of control: The effects of mortality salience, neuroticism, and worldview threat on the desire for control
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Perceptions of competence and control provide an indication of the degree to which one feels capable of navigating an existentially hazardous world.
“In this sense, perceptions of competence and control provide an indication of the degree to which she feels capable of navigating an existentially hazardous world [90,91].”
From An Appreciative View of the Brighter Side of Terror Management Processes (2015) · cites this paper as [90]
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Two Decades of Terror Management Theory: A Meta-Analysis of Mortality Salience Research
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Self-citationThe role of control motivation in mortality salience effects on ingroup support and defense
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“Consistent with this idea, Arndt and Solomon (2003) found that among those low in neuroticism or with secure faith in their worldviews, reminders of death do, in fact, increase people’s desire for personal control.”
MethodSelf-citationUpscale image transfer from malls to stores: A self-image congruence explanation
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“…Thorsteinsson, & Schutte, 2005), has been shown by terror management theory research to render it more difficult for the individual to handle existential anxiety (e.g., Arndt & Solomon, 2003; Goldenberg, Pyszczynski, McCoy, Greenberg, & Solomon, 1999; Goldenberg, Routledge, & Arndt, 2009).”
BackgroundThe worm at the core: A terror management perspective on the roots of psychological dysfunction
Arndt, J., Routledge, C., Cox, C. R., & Goldenberg, J. L. (2005) · Applied and Preventive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appsy.2005.07.002 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
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Self-citationThe “Frozen in Time” Effect in Evaluations of the Dead
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Recovering from the psychological impact of intensive care: how constructing a story helps.
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“…PDEQ to be the best available choice on the basis of the evidence of its validity and the fact that, in the past, MS and other experimental manipulations have shown expected effects on measures originally designed to tap individual differences (e.g., Arndt & Solomon, 2003; Greenberg et al., 1992).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe Role of Death in Life: Existential Aspects of Human Motivation
Kesebir, P., & Pyszczynski, T. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195399820.013.0004 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
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“Cultural worldviews allow us to persist—whether literally or symbolically—beyond our biological death (Arndt & Solomon, 2003).”
BackgroundFrench, C., Greenauer, N., & Mello, C. (2017) · Journal of Social Work in End-of-Life & Palliative Care · doi:10.1080/15524256.2017.1331181 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“It is possible that aspects of this factor are related to personality traits such as neuroticism (e.g., Arndt & Solomon, 2003; Goldenberg et al., 2006), and may have clinical implications as they could affect the quality of care provided by social workers and EOLC providers (Field & Howells, 1988).”
BackgroundOn when self-enhancement and self-criticism function adaptively and maladaptively.
Sedikides, C., & Luke, M. A. (2008) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11624-011 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“In addition, neurotics show decreased desire for control following a mortality salience manipulation (i.e., imagining one's death), a pattern that belies a relatively ambivalent investment in cultural meaning systems (Arndt & Solomon, 2003).”
BackgroundJohnstone, M. (2012) · The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine · doi:10.1093/jmp/jhs009 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
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“…do influence behaviour, they are rarely enough to fundamentally shift belief systems, values and long-term behaviours, all of which are heavily laden with implicit emotions, including mortality fears (Arndt & Solomon 2003; Ariely, 2008; Mercer, 2010; Carmi, Arnon, & Orion 2015; Sarewitz, 2004).”
BackgroundThe attenuating effect of mortality salience on dishonest behavior
Schindler, S., Reinhard, M., Dobiosch, S., Steffan-Fauseweh, I., Özdemir, G., & Greenberg, J. (2018) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-018-9734-y · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Employees’ Death Awareness and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: A Moderated Mediation Model
Jacobsen, A., & Beehr, T. A. (2021) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-021-09772-1 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“…models tested four potential interactions between death anxiety, death reflection, and select control variables (i.e., NA and age), which have been conceptually or empirically explored (e.g., Arndt & Solomon, 2003; Frias et al., 2011; Grant & Wade-Benzoni, 1 3 2009; Maxfield et al., 2007).”
BackgroundSolomon, S. (2012) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/13748-022 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationAn Appreciative View of the Brighter Side of Terror Management Processes
Vail, III, & Juhl, J. (2015) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci4041020 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“In this sense, perceptions of competence and control provide an indication of the degree to which she feels capable of navigating an existentially hazardous world [90,91].”
BackgroundMaâlaoui, A., Tornikoski, E. T., Partouche‐Sebban, J., & Safraou, I. (2019) · Journal of Small Business Management · doi:10.1080/00472778.2019.1659684 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“As people age, their time horizon is shrinking and third age individuals may adopt some specific defense mechanisms to face aging-related difficulties (Arndt & Solomon, 2003; Becker, 1973).”
BackgroundDisgust sensitivity predicts defensive responding to mortality salience.
Kelley, N. J., Crowell, A. L., Tang, D., Harmon‐Jones, E., & Schmeichel, B. J. (2015) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0038915 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Arndt and Solomon (2003) found a moderating effect of neuroticism in the absence of MS main effects on self-reported desire for control across two studies. Vess, Routledge, Landau, and Arndt (2009) found a moderating role of personal need for structure in the absence of MS main effects across six studies using T hi s…”
BackgroundPartouche-Sebban, J., Rezaee Vessal, S., Sorio, R., Castellano, S., Khelladi, I., & Orhan, M. A. (2021) · Journal of Marketing Management · doi:10.1080/0267257x.2021.2012232 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“This consciousness associated with a biological instinct for self-preservation makes the world seem insignificant and unordered and creates a potential for existential anxiety (Arndt & Solomon, 2003; Greenberg et al., 1986).”
BackgroundAtalay, A. S., & Meloy, M. G. (2020) · Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing · doi:10.1080/10495142.2020.1798855 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Problem gambling during Covid-19
Frisone, F., Alibrandi, A., & Settineri, S. (2020) · Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.6092/2282-1619/mjcp-2457 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Sleegers, W. W. A., & Proulx, T. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01568 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“For example, they find reminders of sex a greater violation of meaning because it possibly reminds them of their mortality (Goldenberg et al., 1999) and they respond more strongly when their mortality is made more salient explicitly (Arndt and Solomon, 2003).”
BackgroundRosenberg, B. D., & Siegel, J. T. (2015) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2015.1058439 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…(1932) and Lewin (1951), among others, GDT posits that not all goal expectation violations cause psychological disequilibrium, but those that do will result in an automatic and system-wide response to regain equilibrium (for similar theorizing, see Arndt & Solomon, 2003; Proulx et al., 2012).”
BackgroundI Control therefore I am: Effects of Mortality Salience on Control Attributions
Willis, G. B., Vargas, A. T., & Martínez, R. (2011) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5209/rev_sjop.2011.v14.n2.24 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…fundamental motivations (Fiske, 2004; Pittman, 1998; Skinner, 1995), and that death decreases perceived sense of control over one’s environment (Arndt & Solomon, 2003), Fritsche et al. (2008) proposed that the effects typically associated with death actually result from the decreased sense…”
BackgroundWolfe, S. E. (2017) · Water History · doi:10.1007/s12685-016-0189-3 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“A failure to block the emotions associated with mortality awareness can be paralyzing (Arndt and Solomon 2003; Pyszczynski et al. 2006).”
BackgroundRoss, H. C., & Wolfe, S. E. (2016) · Water History · doi:10.1007/s12685-015-0151-9 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…and inescapable mortality—on behaviour and decision-making and is supported by over 300 empirical studies demonstrating how MS has unique effects and defense responses (Greenberg et al. 1993; Arndt and Solomon 2003; Pyszczynski et al. 2004; Landau et al. 2004; Greenberg 2008; Burke et al. 2010).”
BackgroundEvidence of mortality salience and psychological defenses in bottled water campaigns
Cote, S., & Wolfe, S. E. (2018) · Applied Environmental Education & Communication · doi:10.1080/1533015x.2017.1399836 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Distal defenses motivate us to strengthen and maintain our self-esteem, identities, and commitments to a particular worldview (Arndt & Solomon, 2003).”
BackgroundPositive Association Between Ritual Performance and Perceived Objectivity of Moral Norms
Chvaja, R., Horský, J., Lang, M., & Kundt, R. (2022) · International Journal for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1080/10508619.2022.2121454 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…tendency to see structure in the world (Stanley et al., 2020), while another study showed that when participants are primed with mortality saliency, which is associated with loss of control over one’s life (Arndt & Solomon, 2003), they score lower on moral subjectivism (Yilmaz & Bahçekapili, 2018).”
BackgroundThe relation between mortality salience, traffic locus of control, and risky driving behavior
Măirean, C., & Havârneanu, C.-E. (2019) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2019.1626935 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Mortality salience increases personal optimism among individuals higher in trait self-control
Kelley, N. J., & Schmeichel, B. J. (2015) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-015-9504-z · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“For example, Arndt and Solomon (2003) found a moderating effect of neuroticism in the absence of a mortality salience main effect on self-reported desire for control across two studies, and Vess et al. (2009) found a moderating role of personal need for structure in the absence of mortality…”
BackgroundGoal Disruption Theory, Military Personnel, and the Creation of Merged Profiles
Rosenberg, B. D., Lewandowski, J., & Siegel, J. T. (2013) · Journal of Mixed Methods Research · doi:10.1177/1558689813508006 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“This process, known as goal adaptation, rearranges people’s goal hierarchies—a return to equilibrium becomes the paramount focus, while all other goals become secondary (for a similar conceptualization see Arndt & Solomon, 2003; Lewin, 1946; Perls et al., 1951).”
BackgroundXiang, L., & Park, H. J. (2024) · Journal of Product & Brand Management · doi:10.1108/jpbm-05-2023-4528 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Marais-Potgieter, A., & Thatcher, A. (2023) · Current Research in Ecological and Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cresp.2023.100096 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
An existential perspective on the need for self-esteem.Preprint
Pyszczynski, T., & Kesebir, P. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Relaciones entre el deseo de control y la superstición
de Miguel, J.-M., Sanz, N. M., & Márquez, M.-O. (2012) · Studies in Psychology Estudios de Psicología · doi:10.1174/021093912800676475 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Making worldviews work: A heuristic, a planet scan, a case and their transversal implication
Renteria-Uriarte, X. (2022) · Culture & Psychology · doi:10.1177/1354067x221147682 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Talati, Z. (2013) · UWA Profiles and Research Repository (University of Western Australia) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Death anxiety and experiences of transcendence : peak experiences of skydivers
Purslow, C. E. (2010) · Brock University Digital Repository (Brock University)
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEALTH AND REACTIVITY TO MORTALITY SALIENCE
Swanson, J. N. (2006)
Bolster, A. (2015) · UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia)
Sexuality and Death of Desire in Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire
Ahmad, M. A. (2017) · PAKISTAN LANGUAGES AND HUMANITIES REVIEW · doi:10.47205/plhr.2017(1-ii)1.3
Sun, R., Peng, S., & Liao, Y. (2026) · International Journal of Public Administration · doi:10.1080/01900692.2025.2608798
- Authors
- Arndt, J., & Solomon, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Missouri (US)
- Skidmore College (US)
- Corresponding author
- Arndt, Jamie
- ORCID
- Solomon, Sheldon
- Venue
- Journal of Research in Personality
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-04
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 1-22
- ISSN
- 0092-6566 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2053917972
- Cited by
- 49
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 7 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 3.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Research in Personality (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Death, Funerary Practices, and Mourning
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Literature and Literary Theory › Media Influence and Health
- Keywords
- mortality salience, desire for control, neuroticism, terror management, fear of death, personality moderators
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