Stereotypes and terror management: Evidence that mortality salience enhances stereotypic thinking and preferences.
Abstract
If stereotypes function to protect people against death-related concerns, then mortality salience should increase stereotypic thinking and preferences for stereotype-confirming individuals. Study 1 demonstrated that mortality salience increased stereotyping of Germans. In Study 2, it increased participants' tendency to generate more explanations for stereotype-inconsistent than stereotype-consistent gender role behavior. In Study 3, mortality salience increased participants' liking for a stereotype-consistent African American and decreased their liking for a stereotype-inconsistent African American; control participants exhibited the opposite preference. Study 4 replicated this pattern with evaluations of stereotype-confirming or stereotype-disconfirming men and women. Study 5 showed that, among participants high in need for closure, mortality salience led to decreased liking for a stereotype-inconsistent gay man.
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Mortality salience promotes racism and stereotyping.
“and promotes racism and stereotyping”
From When Death is Good for Life: Considering the Positive Trajectories of Terror Management (2012) · cites this paper as Schimel et al., 1999
Terror management processes contribute to intergroup biases, racism and stereotyping, and aggression towards individuals who threaten one's cultural worldview.
“Research has repeatedly demonstrated that terror management processes contribute to intergroup biases [7,16], racism and stereotyping [17], and aggression towards individuals who threaten one's cultural worldview [9].”
From An Appreciative View of the Brighter Side of Terror Management Processes (2015) · cites this paper as [17]
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Self-citationFischer-Preßler, D., Schwemmer, C., & Fischbach, K. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.05.012 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Mortality salience and the desire for offspring
Fritsche, I., Jonas, E., Fischer, P., Koranyi, N., Berger, N., & Fleischmann, B. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.10.003 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Experimental Existential Psychology: Coping With the Facts of Life
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Self-citationRoutledge, C., & Arndt, J. (2008) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.442 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Self-citationThe worm at the core: A terror management perspective on the roots of psychological dysfunction
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Arndt, J., Solomon, S., Kasser, T., & Sheldon, K. M. (2004) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15327663jcp1403_5 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
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Routledge, C., Arndt, J., Vess, M., & Sheldon, K. M. (2008) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-008-9108-y · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Trafimow, D., & Hughes, J. S. (2012) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550611432938 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Slater, M. D., Oliver, M. B., Appel, M., Tchernev, J. M., & Silver, N. A. (2018) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1093/hcr/hqx004 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Williams, T. J., Schimel, J., Hayes, J., & Faucher, E. H. (2012) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.1849 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationAn Appreciative View of the Brighter Side of Terror Management Processes
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Motivated cultural worldview adherence and culturally loaded test performance
Landau, M. J., Greenberg, J., & Rothschild, Z. K. (2009) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167208329630 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Juhl, J., & Routledge, C. (2014) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2014.33.4.365 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Lee, S. M., Heflick, N. A., Park, J. W., Kim, H., Koo, J., & Chun, S. (2017) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-017-9615-9 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Sun, C., Ding, Y., Wang, X., & Meng, X. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14111041 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Zhang, R., Schimel, J., & Faucher, E. H. (2014) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2014.932835 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationWhen the reaper becomes a salesman: The influence of terror management on product preferences
Van Bommel, T., O'Dwyer, C., Zuidgeest, T. W. M., & Poletiek, F. H. (2015) · Journal of Economic & Financial Studies · doi:10.18533/jefs.v3i05.121 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Gravelle, C. D., Brooks, P. J., & Sawyer, J. E. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.104746 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Schimel, J., Simon, L., Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., Waxmonsky, J., & Arndt, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- University of Colorado Colorado Springs (US)
- University of Missouri (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1999
- Volume
- 77
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 905-926
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2126015705
- Cited by
- 345
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 9.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Death, Funerary Practices, and Mourning
- Keywords
- mortality salience, terror management theory, stereotypes, gender role behavior, intergroup attitudes, need for closure, gay men, African Americans, German, fear of death
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attitude to Death, Black or African American, Colorado, Female, Gender Identity, Germany, Humans, Male, Prejudice, Random Allocation, Social Perception, Stereotyping, Violence, Case-Control Studies, Homosexuality, Male, Black People
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