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Efficacy of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors in premenstrual syndrome: a systematic review
Abstract
Background Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are increasingly being used as first-line therapy for severe premenstrual syndrome (PMS). We undertook a meta-analysis on the efficacy of SSRIs in this disorder.Methods We searched medical and scientific databases, approached pharmaceutical companies, and reviewed citations of relevant articles to identify 29 studies of the use of SSRIs in PMS. 14 were excluded (no placebo group, preliminary report of included trial, or low quality). 15 randomised placebo-controlled trials were included. Information on study design, participants, drugs used and dosing regimens, outcome measures, side-effects, and sources of funding was extracted. Standardised mean differences between treatment and placebo groups were calculated to obtain an overall estimate of efficacy. The primary outcome measure was a reduction in overall PMS symptoms.Findings The primary analysis included data on 904 women (570 assigned active treatment and 435 assigned placebo, including 101 in crossover trials). The overall standardised mean difference was -1.066 (95% CI -1.381 to -0.750), which corresponds to an odds ratio of 6.91 (3.90 to 12.2) in favour of SSRIs. SSRIs were effective in treating physical and behavioural symptoms. There was no significant difference in symptom reduction between continuous and intermittent dosing or between trials funded by pharmaceutical companies and those independently funded. Withdrawal due to side-effects was 2.5 times more likely in the active-treatment group than in the placebo group.Interpretation SSRIs are an effective first-line therapy for severe PMS. The safety of these drugs has been demonstrated in trials of affective disorder, and the side-effects at low doses are generally acceptable.
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“The SSRIs fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline, escitalopram, and citalopram have been proven to reduce several premenstrual syndrome symptoms, although in some cases, side effects have also been reported with a dose-depended relationship [48,49].”
From Antimicrobial Properties of Antidepressants and Antipsychotics—Possibilities and Implications (2021) · cites this paper as [48]
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“Indeed, in these patients during the cure, no recurrent episodes of yeast infection were reported [48,50].”
From Antimicrobial Properties of Antidepressants and Antipsychotics—Possibilities and Implications (2021) · cites this paper as [48]
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“Interestingly, sertraline had also positive effects in women suffering from premenstrual syndrome and recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis.”
From Antimicrobial Properties of Antidepressants and Antipsychotics—Possibilities and Implications (2021) · cites this paper as [48]
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MethodAntidepressant-Induced Sexual Dysfunction
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BackgroundInfluentialReview of sertraline and its clinical applications in psychiatric disorders
McRae‐Clark, A. L., & Brady, K. T. (2001) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1517/14656566.2.5.883 · Cited by 287
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MethodPremenstrual syndrome: A mini review
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Irritability in Children and Adolescents
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Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder: quality of life and burden of illness
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Neurosteroids in depression: a review
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Pathophysiology of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder
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Wyatt, K. M., Dimmock, P. W., ISMAIL, K. M. K., Jones, P. W., & O’Brien, P. M. S. (2004) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2004.00135.x · Cited by 188
“The effect appears comparable with that seen for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.(6) Progesterone, progestogens and the SSRI, fluoxetine, are all licensed for the management of premenstrual syndrome or premenstrual dysphoric disorder but no GnRH agonist is licensed.”
BackgroundSelf-citationPremenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: Burden of Illness and Treatment Update
Pearlstein, T. B., & Steiner, M. S. (2012) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.10.1.90 · Cited by 184
“Alprazolam 0.25 mg daily or twice daily (administered during the luteal phase only) has been reported to be more effective than placebo in most studies135–138 but not all.139 It is primarily effective for premenstrual tension and irritability, and overall, it has a lower efficacy rate than the SSRIs.”
InfluentialPrevalence of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder in Japanese women
Takeda, T., Tasaka, K., Sakata, M., & Murata, Y. (2006) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-006-0137-9 · Cited by 183
“(Angst et al, 2001) and that in about 5% of women, the symptoms are so severe that they interfere with personal or social relationships or work, and in many cases they require pharmacological management (Dimmock et al, 2000).”
BackgroundThe Role of Hormones and Hormonal Treatments in Premenstrual Syndrome
m, T. R. B. C., Andréen, L., Birzniece, V., rn, I. B., Johansson, I., Nordenstam-Haghjo, M., Nyberg, S., Poromaa, I. S., m, G. R. W., Wang, M., et al. (2003) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.2165/00023210-200317050-00003 · Cited by 180
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A review of treatment of premenstrual syndrome & premenstrual dysphoric disorder
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Efficacy of progesterone and progestogens in management of premenstrual syndrome: systematic review
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“Indirect statistical measures such as the standardized mean difference or effect size [44,45] provide for only a partial solution.”
BackgroundEvaluation of a Unique Oral Contraceptive in the Treatment of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
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“40 These data and other studies in which PMDD symptoms are affected by stimulation of the serotonin system with fen-fluramine 41 or depletion of serotonin with a tryptophan depletion diet 42 suggest that serotonin levels also play an important role in the pathophysiology of PMDD.”
Pretreatment pattern of symptom expression in premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Pearlstein, T. B., Yonkers, K. A., Fayyad, R. S., & Gillespie, J. A. (2004) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2004.10.004 · Cited by 150
“It should be noted that criterion 1 is somewhat more stringent than the N50% mid-follicular-to-luteal increase in symptom severity required by most treatment studies (Yonkers et al., 1997; Dimmock et al., 2000; Cohen et al., 2002; Halbreich et al., 2002).”
BackgroundMethodNeuroactive steroid effects on cognitive functions with a focus on the serotonin and GABA systems
Birzniece, V., Bäckström, T. C., Johansson, I., Lindblad, C., Lundgren, P., Löfgren, M., Olsson, T., Ragagnin, G., Taube, M., Türkmen, Ş., et al. (2005) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005.11.001 · Cited by 151
Expert Guidelines for the Treatment of Severe PMS, PMDD, and Comorbidities: The Role of SSRIs
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“Epidemiological surveys have estimated that the frequency of premenstrual related symptoms is quite high (80e90%) [7,8], and that in about 5% of women the symptoms are so severe that they interfere with personal and social relationships or work, in many cases requiring pharmacological treatment [9].”
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Hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy for severe premenstrual syndrome
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“Many studies have proved efficacy, and a meta-analysis (Dimmock et al., 2000) identified 29 trials of which 15 were randomized and controlled.”
BackgroundVenlafaxine in the treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder*1
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Efficacy of Intermittent, Luteal Phase Sertraline Treatment of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
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“Two main treatment approaches have demonstrated consistent efficacy: suppression of ovulation(14) and treatment with antidepressants, mainly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.(16) Several large, well-designed, placebo-controlled studies have been reported that demonstrate the efficacy of the selective serotonin…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialJovanovic, H., Cerin, Å., Karlsson, P., Lundberg, J., Halldin, C., & Nordström, A. (2006) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2006.05.002 · Cited by 117
“In addition, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been found highly effective in the treatment of PMDD, as compared with other non-SSRI drugs, which have been reported to be less effective (Eriksson et al., 1995; Yonkers et al., 1997; Dimmock et al., 2000).”
ResultSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for premenstrual syndrome
Brown, J., O’Brien, P. M. S., Marjoribanks, J., & Wyatt, K. M. (2009) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001396.pub2 · Cited by 115
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How does premenstrual dysphoric disorder relate to depression and anxiety disorders?
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“, 1999], and also from a recent meta-analysis [Dimmock et al., 2000].”
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“SSRIs are increasingly being used as first-line therapy for severe premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and as antidepressants.(6) Recently, we found that sertraline (SSRI, Tresleen, Vienna, Austria) has in vivo and in vitro antifungal activity against Candida spp.”
BackgroundPsychological aspects of premenstrual syndrome
Indusekhar, R., Usman, S. B., & O’Brien, S. (2006) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2006.10.002 · Cited by 90
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Are we going to increase the use of antidepressants up to that of benzodiazepines?
Ciuna, A., Andretta, M., Corbari, L., Levi, D., Mirandola, M., Sorio, A., & Barbui, C. (2004) · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00228-004-0810-8 · Cited by 87
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The Efficacy of Hypericum perforatum (St Johnʼs Wort) for the Treatment of Premenstrual Syndrome
Canning, S. E., Waterman, M. G., Orsi, N. M., Ayres, J., Simpson, N., & Dye, L. (2010) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.2165/11530120-000000000-00000 · Cited by 89
“84) nor luteal (t [17] = 1.”
Premenstrual syndrome: new insights into etiology and review of treatment methods
Modzelewski, S., Oracz, A. J., Żukow, X., Iłendo, K., Śledzikowska, Z., & Waszkiewicz, N. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1363875 · Cited by 112
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“Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are being used as antidepressants and as the first-line therapy for premenstrual syndrome (5).”
BackgroundTowbin, K. E., Vidal‐Ribas, P., Brotman, M. A., Pickles, A. R., Miller, K. V., Kaiser, A. J. E., Vitale, A. D., Engel, C., Overman, G. P., Davis, M., et al. (2019) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2019.05.015 · Cited by 79
Treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Rapkin, A. J., & Lewis, E. I. (2013) · Women s Health · doi:10.2217/whe.13.62 · Cited by 78
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“91 ).(27) In a descriptive review,(28) SSRIs have even been declared as "the emerging gold standard" in the treatment of PMDD.”
BackgroundCohen, L. S., Soares, C. N., Yonkers, K. A., Bellew, K. M., Bridges, I. M., & Steiner, M. S. (2004) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000140005.94790.9c · Cited by 73
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder: Prevalence, diagnostic considerations, and controversies
Di Giulio, G., & Reissing, E. D. (2006) · Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1080/01674820600747269 · Cited by 72
“A recent meta-analysis [16] confirmed the effectiveness of SSRIs in the treatment of both the psychological and physical symptoms of PMDD, where SSRIs were found to be seven times more effective than placebo.”
MethodDiagnosis and treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder.
Bhatia, S. C., & Bhatia, S. K. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 72
Increase of Estrogen Dose Deteriorates Mood during Progestin Phase in Sequential Hormonal Therapy
Björn, I., Poromaa, I. S., Bixo, M., Nyberg, S., Bäckström, G., & Bäckström, T. C. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2002-020755 · Cited by 70
“The serotonin system is of interest because serotonin re-uptake inhibitors are effective in treatment of the premenstrual dysphoric disorder (28) and because unopposed estrogen, as well as the combination of estrogen and progesterone, has the ability to modulate serotonin receptor expression.”
BackgroundHunter, M. S., Ussher, J. M., Cariss, M., Browne, S., Jelley, R., & Katz, M. (2002) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(02)00338-0 · Cited by 70
“Both pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatments have been found to be effective in the treatment of a number of psychological disorders, such as major depression [1,2] and panic disorder [3], as well as problems presenting with both physical and psychological symptoms, such as chronic fatigue [4], postnatal depr…”
BackgroundRational treatment choices for non-major depressions in primary care
Ackermann, R. T., & Williams, J. W. (2002) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2002.10350.x · Cited by 69
RAPID RESPONSE TO FLUOXETINE IN WOMEN WITH PREMENSTRUAL DYSPHORIC DISORDER
Steinberg, E. M., Cardoso, G., Martinez, P. E., Rubinow, D. R., & Schmidt, P. J. (2012) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.21959 · Cited by 68
“Numerous placebo-controlled studies have demonstrated the effects of SRIs in this condition,[1,19–32] and it was not the intention of this study to demonstrate the superior efficacy of SRIs compared with placebo.”
ResultFluoxetine improves functional work capacity in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Steiner, M. S., Brown, E., Trzepacz, P. T., Dillon, J., Berger, C., Carter, D., Reid, R. L., & Stewart, D. E. (2003) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-002-0162-2 · Cited by 68
“Available agents include citalopram, fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline, and the tricyclic antidepressant clomipramine, which is also active at serotonin receptors (Dimmock et al., 2000; Steiner and Born, 2000).”
BackgroundSteiner, M. S., Hirschberg, A. L., Bergeron, R., Holland, F., Gee, M., & van Erp, E. J. M. (2005) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2005.01.021 · Cited by 67
Premenstrual syndrome: management and pathophysiology
Imai, A., Ichigo, S., Matsunami, K., & Takagi, H. (2015) · Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.12891/ceog1770.2015 · Cited by 68
Panahi, F., & Faramarzi, M. (2016) · Depression Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2016/9816481 · Cited by 63
“Women with PMS reported a poorer quality of life and required increased pharmacological treatment [5].”
BackgroundLuteal Phase Administration of Agents for the Treatment of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
Freeman, E. W. (2004) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.2165/00023210-200418070-00004 · Cited by 63
Contraception counseling for women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD): current perspectives
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“Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) SSRIs and SNRIs augment serotonergic transmission and have shown efficacy for the treatment of PMDD.(52,53)”
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Premenstrual syndrome: From etiology to treatment
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Antifungal Activity againstCandidaSpecies of the Selective Serotonin‐Reuptake Inhibitor, Sertraline
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“Evidence derived from adult samples indicates that SRIs might be efficacious in the treatment of irritability in depression [57], as well as in patients with intermittent explosive disorder [58] and those with premenstrual dysphoria [59].”
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BackgroundThe Effect of Yoga on Women’s Premenstrual Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
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“Interestingly the premenstrual mood change is effectively treated with serotonin reuptake inhibitors [”
BackgroundFluoxetine disrupts food intake and estrous cyclicity in Fischer female rats
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“AD agents are indicated in the pharmacological treatment of major depression but, in recent years, new labels have been increasing the number of psychiatric disorders where these agents are indicated, and new patient populations, such as the elderly, children and adolescents, have been suggested as possible target of…”
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Diagnosis, pathophysiology and management of premenstrual syndrome
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“Approximately 70% of women with moderate to severe premenstrual syndrome or PMDD who receive serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) treatment, compared with 30% to 35% given placebo, can expect to feel totally well or nearly totally well.(3,4) Although initial research found that SRIs administered each day of the menstrua…”
BackgroundRole of Pharmacogenomics in Individualising Treatment with SSRIs
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“[7-14] fective treatment can generate a recurrent pattern of Although for many of these illnesses other poor treatment response coupled with more severe psychotropic drugs, such as tricyclic antidepressants and persistent symptomatology.”
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Dimmock, P. W., Wyatt, K. M., Jones, P. W., & O'Brien, P. S.
- Affiliations
- University Hospitals of North Midlands NHS Trust (GB)
- Keele University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Dimmock, Paul W
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2000-09
- Volume
- 356
- Issue
- 9236
- Pages
- 1131-1136
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- OpenAlex
- W2119435034
- Cited by
- 368
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 5.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Menstrual Health and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
- Keywords
- selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, premenstrual syndrome, drug efficacy, pharmaceutical industry funding, adverse drug reactions, first-line therapy
- MeSH terms
- Female, Humans, Patient Dropouts, Premenstrual Syndrome, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
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