What can mendelian randomisation tell us about modifiable behavioural and environmental exposures?
Open accessAbstract
Using genetic variants as a proxy for modifiable environmental factors that are associated with disease can circumvent some of the problems of observational studies
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The MR methodology used is less vulnerable to environmental confounding and reverse causation than traditional observational research strategies.
“The MR methodology used is less vulnerable to environmental confounding and reverse causation than traditional observational research strategies [6,7].”
From Associations of genetically determined iron status across the phenome: A mendelian randomization study (2019) · cites this paper as [6]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Davey Smith, G., & Ebrahim, S. (2003) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyg070 · Cited by 5,882 · see citing works
Self-citationHomocysteine and cardiovascular disease: evidence on causality from a meta-analysis
Wald, D. S., Law, M., & Morris, J. K. (2002) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7374.1202 · Cited by 1,945 · see citing works
A strategy to reduce cardiovascular disease by more than 80%
Wald, N., & Law, M. R. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.326.7404.1419 · Cited by 1,568 · see citing works
Mendelian randomization: prospects, potentials, and limitations
Smith, G. D. (2004) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyh132 · Cited by 1,222 · see citing works
Self-citationProblems of reporting genetic associations with complex outcomes
Colhoun, H. M., McKeigue, P., & Smith, G. D. (2003) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)12715-8 · Cited by 1,203 · see citing works
Self-citation5, 10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Gene Variants and Congenital Anomalies: A HuGE Review
Botto, L. D., & Yang, Q. (2000) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010290 · Cited by 1,045 · see citing works
Epidemiological methods for studying genes and environmental factors in complex diseases
Clayton, D. G., & McKeigue, P. (2001) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)06418-2 · Cited by 469 · see citing works
Lawlor, D. A., Smith, G. D., Bruckdorfer, K. R., Kundu, D., & Ebrahim, S. (2004) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)16260-0 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Self-citationRise and fall of modern medicine
Fanu, J. L. (1999) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)75559-8 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 Gene Is a Risk Factor for Myocardial Infarction in Japanese Men.
Takagi, S., Iwai, N., Yamauchi, R., Kojima, S., Yasuno, S., Baba, T., Terashima, M., Tsutsumi, Y., Suzuki, S., Morii, I., et al. (2002) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1291/hypres.25.677 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Frederiksen, J., Juul, K., Grande, P., Jensen, G. B., Schroeder, T. V., Tybjærg‐Hansen, A., & Nordestgaard, B. G. (2004) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2004-03-0897 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Paraoxonase (PON1) polymorphisms in farmers attributing ill health to sheep dip
Cherry, N., Mackness, M., Durrington, P. N., Povery, A., Dippnall, M., Smith, T., & Mackness, B. (2002) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)07847-9 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Lawlor, D. A. (2004) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyh124 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
The rise and fall of modern medicine
(2000) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.38-2190 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Commentary: Mendelian randomization, 18 years on
Katan, M. (2004) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyh023 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Mendelian randomisation: a new spin or real progress?
Little, J., & Khoury, M. J. (2003) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14396-6 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Tobin, M. D. (2004) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyh016 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Genetic epidemiological studies of coronary heart disease
Keavney, B. D. (2002) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/31.4.730 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Smith, G. D., Harbord, R. M., & Ebrahim, S. B. J. (2004) · QJM · doi:10.1093/qjmed/hch025 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationCommentary: Mendelian randomization and gene-environment interaction
Brennan, P. (2004) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyh033 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Commentary: Katan's remarkable foresight: genes and causality 18 years on
Keavney, B. D. (2004) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyh056 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 22 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Bowden, J., Davey Smith, G., Haycock, P. C., & Burgess, S. (2016) · Genetic Epidemiology · doi:10.1002/gepi.21965 · Cited by 8,922 · see citing works
Reading Mendelian randomisation studies: a guide, glossary, and checklist for clinicians
Davies, N. M., Holmes, M. V., & Davey Smith, G. (2018) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.k601 · Cited by 4,404 · see citing works
Self-citationMendelian randomization: Using genes as instruments for making causal inferences in epidemiology
Lawlor, D. A., Harbord, R. M., Sterne, J. A. C., Timpson, N., & Davey Smith, G. (2008) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.3034 · Cited by 4,618 · see citing works
Self-citationAvoiding bias from weak instruments in Mendelian randomization studies
Burgess, S., Thompson, S. G., & CRP CHD Genetics Collaboration (2011) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyr036 · Cited by 3,952 · see citing works
Resilience as a dynamic concept
Rutter, M. (2012) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579412000028 · Cited by 1,853 · see citing works
Sarwar, N., Danesh, J., Eiriksdottir, G., Sigurdsson, G., Wareham, N., Bingham, S., Boekholdt, S. M., Khaw, K.-T., & Gudnason, V. (2007) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.106.637793 · Cited by 1,408 · see citing works
Firth, J., Solmi, M., Wootton, R. E., Vancampfort, D., Schuch, F. B., Hoare, E., Gilbody, S., Torous, J., Teasdale, S. B., Jackson, S. E., et al. (2020) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20773 · Cited by 1,148 · see citing works
Adiponectin Levels and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Li, S., Shin, H. J., Ding, E. L., & van Dam, R. M. (2009) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2009.976 · Cited by 991 · see citing works
Mendelian Randomization: Concepts and Scope
Richmond, R. C., & Davey Smith, G. (2022) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a040501 · Cited by 841 · see citing works
Self-citationC Reactive Protein Coronary Heart Disease Genetics Collaboration (CCGC) (2011) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.d548 · Cited by 642 · see citing works
Chowdhury, R., Ramond, A., O’Keeffe, L. M., Shahzad, S., Kunutsor, S. K., Muka, T., Gregson, J., Willeit, P., Warnakula, S., Khan, H., et al. (2018) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.k3310 · Cited by 638 · see citing works
Relton, C. L., & Davey Smith, G. (2012) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyr233 · Cited by 567 · see citing works
Self-citationvan Os, J., Rutten, B. P., & Poulton, R. (2008) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn117 · Cited by 713 · see citing works
Association Between Telomere Length and Risk of Cancer and Non-Neoplastic Diseases
Haycock, P., Burgess, S., Nounu, A., Zheng, J., Okoli, G. N., Bowden, J., Wade, K. H., Timpson, N. J., Evans, D. M., Willeit, P., et al. (2017) · JAMA Oncology · doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.5945 · Cited by 510 · see citing works
Thompson, A. (2008) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.299.23.2777 · Cited by 494 · see citing works
The Swedish CArdioPulmonary BioImage Study: objectives and design
Bergström, G. M. L., Berglund, G., Blomberg, A., Brandberg, J., Engström, G., Engvall, J. E., Eriksson, M., Fairé, U. D., Flinck, A., HANSSON, M. G., et al. (2015) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.12384 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
Using genetic data to strengthen causal inference in observational research
Pingault, J.-B., O’Reilly, P. F., Schoeler, T., Ploubidis, G. B., Rijsdijk, F., & Dudbridge, F. (2018) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41576-018-0020-3 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Adiponectin: a key adipocytokine in metabolic syndrome
Okamoto, Y., Kihara, S., Funahashi, T., Matsuzawa, Y., & Libby, P. (2006) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20050182 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Heikkilä, K., Ebrahim, S. B. J., & Lawlor, D. A. (2007) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2006.051292 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Self-citationBias in causal estimates from Mendelian randomization studies with weak instruments
Burgess, S., & Thompson, S. G. (2011) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.4197 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Ebrahim, S., & Davey Smith, G. (2008) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-007-0448-6 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Self-citationProceeding From Observed Correlation to Causal Inference: The Use of Natural Experiments
Rutter, M. L. (2007) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00050.x · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Selecting instruments for Mendelian randomization in the wake of genome-wide association studies.
Swerdlow, D. I., Kuchenbaecker, K. B., Shah, S., Sofat, R., Holmes, M. V., White, J., Mindell, J. S., Kivimaki, M., Brunner, E. J., Whittaker, J. C., et al. (2016) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyw088 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
C-reactive protein and its role in metabolic syndrome: mendelian randomisation study
Timpson, N. J., Lawlor, D. A., Harbord, R. M., Gaunt, T. R., Day, I. N. M., Palmer, L. J., Hattersley, A. T., Ebrahim, S. B. J., Lowe, G. D. O., Rumley, A., et al. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67786-0 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Self-citationFatty Acid Supply to the Human Fetus
Haggarty, P. (2010) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.012809.104742 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Comparing Within- and Between-Family Polygenic Score Prediction
Selzam, S., Ritchie, S. J., Pingault, J.-B., Reynolds, C. A., O’Reilly, P. F., & Plomin, R. (2019) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.06.006 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
An economy of scales: A selective review of obesity's economic causes, consequences, and solutions
Cawley, J. (2015) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2015.03.001 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Genetic epidemiology and public health: hope, hype, and future prospects
Smith, G. D., Ebrahim, S. B. J., Lewis, S. J., Hansell, A., Palmer, L. J., & Burton, P. R. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67601-5 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Self-citationUse of Mendelian randomisation to assess potential benefit of clinical intervention.
Burgess, S., Butterworth, A., Malarstig, A., & Thompson, S. G. (2012) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.e7325 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Glymour, M. M., Tchetgen Tchetgen, E. J., & Robins, J. M. (2012) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwr323 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Education and myopia: assessing the direction of causality by mendelian randomisation
Mountjoy, E., Davies, N. M., Plotnikov, D., Smith, G. D., Rodriguez, S., Williams, C. E., Guggenheim, J. A., & Atan, D. (2018) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.k2022 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Self-citationFraser, A., Harris, R., Sattar, N. A., Ebrahim, S. B. J., Smith, G. D., & Lawlor, D. A. (2007) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.107.152298 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Self-citationKröger, J., Zietemann, V., Enzenbach, C., Weikert, C., Jansen, E. H., Döring, F., Joost, H.-G., Boeing, H., & Schulze, M. B. (2011) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.005447 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Holloway, J. W., Yang, I. A., & Holgate, S. T. (2010) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.10.071 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Kappelmann, N., Arloth, J., Georgakis, M. K., Czamara, D., Rost, N., Ligthart, S., Khandaker, G. M., & Binder, E. B. (2020) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3436 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Smith, G. D. (2008) · Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology · doi:10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00191.x · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Self-citationIs low folate a risk factor for depression? A meta-analysis and exploration of heterogeneity
Gilbody, S. M., Lightfoot, T., & Sheldon, T. (2007) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2006.050385 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Education and coronary heart disease: mendelian randomisation study
Tillmann, T., Vaucher, J., Okbay, A., Pikhart, H., Peasey, A., Kubinova, R., Pajak, A., Tamosiunas, A., Malyutina, S., Hartwig, F. P., et al. (2017) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.j3542 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Self-citationAn atlas on risk factors for type 2 diabetes: a wide-angled Mendelian randomisation study
Yuan, S., & Larsson, S. C. (2020) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-020-05253-x · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Nitsch, D., Molokhia, M., Smeeth, L. L., Stavola, B. L. D., Whittaker, J. C., & Leon, D. A. (2006) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwj062 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Johnson, I. T. (2007) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665107005459 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Clarke, R., Bennett, D., Parish, S., Verhoef, P., Dötsch‐Klerk, M., Lathrop, M. G., Xu, P., Nordestgaard, B. G., Hólm, H., Hopewell, J. C., et al. (2012) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001177 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Rosoff, D. B., Smith, G. D., Mehta, N. N., Clarke, T., & Lohoff, F. W. (2020) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003410 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Self-citationZhu, X., Bai, W.-Y., & Zheng, H. (2021) · Bone Research · doi:10.1038/s41413-021-00143-3 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Mendelian Randomization for Strengthening Causal Inference in Observational Studies
Smith, G. D. (2010) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691610383505 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Self-citationSystematic review of the association between circulating interleukin-6 (IL-6) and cancer
Heikkilä, K., Ebrahim, S., & Lawlor, D. A. (2008) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2008.02.047 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Self-citationDoes Greater Adiposity Increase Blood Pressure and Hypertension Risk?
Timpson, N. J., Harbord, R. M., Smith, G. D., Zacho, J., Tybjærg‐Hansen, A., & Nordestgaard, B. G. (2009) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.109.130005 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Self-citationAddressing the challenges of cleft lip and palate research in India
Mossey, P. A., & Little, J. (2009) · Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery · doi:10.4103/0970-0358.57182 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Keenan, T. E., Zhao, W., Rasheed, A., Ho, W.-K., Malik, R., Felix, J. F., Young, R., Shah, N., Samuel, M., Sheikh, N., et al. (2016) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.10.086 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Thrift, A. P., Shaheen, N. J., Gammon, M. D., Bernstein, L., Reid, B. J., Onstad, L., Risch, H. A., Liu, G., Bird, N. C., Wu, A. H., et al. (2014) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/dju252 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Mendelian randomisation in cardiovascular research: an introduction for clinicians
Bennett, D., & Holmes, M. V. (2017) · Heart · doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2016-310605 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Genetics of Multiple Sclerosis: An Overview and New DirectionsPreprint
Patsopoulos, N. A. (2018) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a028951 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Taylor, A. E., Davies, N. M., Ware, J. J., VanderWeele, T., Smith, G. D., & Munafò, M. R. (2014) · Economics & Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2013.12.002 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Self-citationRassen, J. A., Brookhart, M. A., Glynn, R. J., Mittleman, M. A., & Schneeweiss, S. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2008.12.005 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Common Methods for Performing Mendelian Randomization
Teumer, A. (2018) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2018.00051 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Brunner, E. J., Mika Kivimaki, B., Witte, D. R., Lawlor, D. A., Smith, G. D., Cooper, J. A., Miller, M. A., Lowe, G. D. O., Rumley, A., Casas, J. P., et al. (2008) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050155 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Self-citationMills, M. C., Tropf, F. C., Brazel, D. M., van Zuydam, N. R., Vaez, A., Agbessi, M. D. T., Ahsan, H., Alves, I., Andiappan, A. K., Arindrarto, W., et al. (2021) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-021-01135-3 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Burgess, S., Mason, A. M., Grant, A. J., Slob, E. A. W., Gkatzionis, A., Zuber, V., Patel, A. R., Tian, H., Liu, C., Haynes, W. G., et al. (2023) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2022.12.017 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Sociology, Genetics, and the Coming of Age of Sociogenomics
Mills, M. C., & Tropf, F. C. (2020) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-121919-054756 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Hanley, B., Dijane, J., Fewtrell, M. S., Grynberg, A., Hummel, S., Junien, C., Koletzko, B. V., Lewis, S. J., Renz, H. E., Symonds, M. E., et al. (2010) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114510003338 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Zhang, M., Chen, J., Yin, Z., Wang, L., & Peng, L. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01759-z · Cited by 152 · see citing works
G = E: What GWAS Can Tell Us about the Environment
Gage, S. H., Davey Smith, G., Ware, J. J., Flint, J., & Munafò, M. R. (2016) · PLOS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005765 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Novel biochemical risk factors for type 2 diabetes: pathogenic insights or prediction possibilities?
Sattar, N., Wannamethee, S. G., & Forouhi, N. G. (2008) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-008-0954-7 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Seyedsalehi, A., Warrier, V., Bethlehem, R. A. I., Perry, B. I., Burgess, S., & Murray, G. K. (2022) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awac392 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Thomas, D. C., Lawlor, D. A., & Thompson, J. R. (2007) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2006.12.005 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Davey Smith, G. (2011) · Genes & Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s12263-010-0181-y · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Self-citationApproaches for drawing causal inferences from epidemiological birth cohorts: A review
Richmond, R. C., Al-Amin, A., Smith, G. D., & Relton, C. L. (2014) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2014.08.023 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Cambridge Handbook of Personality Psychology
(2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Simpkin, A. J., Howe, L. D., Tilling, K. M., Gaunt, T. R., Lyttleton, O., McArdle, W. L., Ring, S. M., Horvath, S., Smith, G. D., & Relton, C. L. (2016) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyw307 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetic markers as instrumental variables
von Hinke, S., Smith, G. D., Lawlor, D. A., Propper, C., & Windmeijer, F. A. G. (2015) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2015.10.007 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Self-citationMendelian Randomization in the Era of Genomewide Association Studies
Abou‐Sleiman, P. M., & Grant, S. F. A. (2010) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2009.141564 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Causal diagrams in systems epidemiology
Joffe, M., Gambhir, M., Chadeau‐Hyam, M., & Vineis, P. (2012) · Emerging Themes in Epidemiology · doi:10.1186/1742-7622-9-1 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Cigarette smoking and depression: a question of causation
Munafo, M. R., & Araya, R. (2010) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.074880 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Strengthening causal inference in cardiovascular epidemiology through Mendelian randomization
Smith, G. D., Timpson, N. J., & Ebrahim, S. B. J. (2008) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890802010709 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationSerum Iron Levels and the Risk of Parkinson Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Study
Pichler, I., Del Greco M., F., Gögele, M., Lill, C. M., Bertram, L., Do, C. B., Eriksson, N., Foroud, T., Myers, R. H., PD GWAS Consortium, et al. (2013) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001462 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Intelligence, health and death
Deary, I. J., Hill, W. D., & Galé, C. R. (2021) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-021-01078-9 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Iron Status and Risk of Stroke: A Mendelian Randomization Study
Gill, D., Monori, G., Tzoulaki, I., & Dehghan, A. (2018) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.118.022701 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Circadian pathway genetic variation and cancer risk: evidence from genome-wide association studies
D, S. M. M., Tropea, S., Benna, C., & Rossi, C. R. (2018) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-018-1010-1 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Alcohol intake and cardiovascular risk factors: A Mendelian randomisation study
Cho, Y., Shin, S.-Y., Won, S., Relton, C. L., Smith, G. D., & Shin, M. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep18422 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationGray, R., Mukherjee, R. A. S., & Rutter, M. (2009) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02441.x · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Genetics of coronary artery disease in the post‐GWAS era
Chen, Z., & Schunkert, H. (2021) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.13362 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Nishi, A., Numata, S., Tajima, A., Kinoshita, M., Kikuchi, K., Shimodera, S., Tomotake, M., Ohi, K., Hashimoto, R., Imoto, I., et al. (2014) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbt154 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Tang, B., Yuan, S., Xiong, Y., He, Q., & Larsson, S. C. (2020) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-020-05131-6 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Age at menarche and adult body mass index: a Mendelian randomization study
Gill, D., Brewer, C. F., Fabiola Del Greco, M., Sivakumaran, P., Bowden, J., Sheehan, N. A., & Minelli, C. (2018) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-018-0048-7 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Schooling, C. M., Lopez, P. M., Yang, Z., Zhao, J. V., Au Yeung, S. L., & Huang, J. V. (2021) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2020.610852 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Hur, J., Stockbridge, M. D., Fox, A. S., & Shackman, A. J. (2019) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.03.012 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Evaluation of Genetic Markers as Instruments for Mendelian Randomization Studies on Vitamin D
Berry, D. J., Vimaleswaran, K. S., Whittaker, J. C., Hingorani, A. D., & Hyppönen, E. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037465 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Joint analysis of SNP and gene expression data in genetic association studies of complex diseases
Huang, Y.-T., VanderWeele, T. J., & Lin, X. (2014) · The Annals of Applied Statistics · doi:10.1214/13-aoas690 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
The development of personality across the lifespan
Donnellan, M. B., & Robins, R. W. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511596544.015 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Lung function and cardiovascular disease: a two-sample Mendelian randomisation study
Higbee, D., Granell, R., Sanderson, E. C. M., Smith, G. D., & Dodd, J. W. (2021) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/13993003.03196-2020 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citationTemperament and brain networks of attention
Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (2018) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2017.0254 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
JOINT ANALYSIS OF SNP AND GENE EXPRESSION DATA IN GENETIC ASSOCIATION STUDIES OF COMPLEX DISEASES1Preprint
Huang, Y., Tyler, J., V, & Lin, X. (2013) · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Gill, D., Brewer, C. F., Monori, G., Trégouët, D., Franceschini, N., Giambartolomei, C., Tzoulaki, I., & Dehghan, A. (2019) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.119.012994 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Reisenzein, R., & Weber, H. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511596544.007 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Khoury, M. J., Bowen, M., Burke, W., Coates, R. J., Dowling, N. F., Evans, J. P., Reyes, M., & Pierre, J. S. (2011) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2010.12.009 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Lotta, L. A., Stewart, I. D., Sharp, S. J., Day, F. R., Burgess, S., Luan, J., Bowker, N., Cai, L., Li, C., Wittemans, L. B. L., et al. (2018) · JAMA Cardiology · doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2018.2866 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Association between tobacco smoking and opioid use: A meta-analysis
Rajabi, A., Dehghani, M., Shojaei, A., Farjam, M., & Motevalian, S. A. (2018) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.11.043 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Mika Kivimaki, B., Jokela, M. M., Hamer, M., Geddes, J. R., Ebmeier, K. P., Meena Kumari, B., Singh‐Manoux, A., Hingorani, A. D., & Batty, G. D. (2011) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwq444 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
The causal effect of malaria on stunting: a Mendelian randomization and matching approach
Kang, H., Kreuels, B., Adjei, O., Krumkamp, R., May, J., & Small, D. S. (2013) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyt116 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Granell, R., Heron, J., Lewis, S. J., Smith, G. D., Sterne, J. A. C., & Henderson, A. J. (2007) · Clinical & Experimental Allergy · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02902.x · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Smith, G. D., & Ebrahim, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2005-05-05
- Volume
- 330
- Issue
- 7499
- Pages
- 1076-1079
- ISSN
- 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- 1468-5833
- PMC
- PMC557238
- OpenAlex
- W2096940418
- Cited by
- 545
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 10.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Health, Environment, Cognitive Aging
- Keywords
- Mendelian randomization, environmental exposure, causal inference, observational study limitations
- MeSH terms
- Environmental Exposure, Humans, Polymorphism, Genetic, Recombination, Genetic, Genetic Variation, Health Behavior, Occupational Exposure, Genetic Predisposition to Disease
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
