The DOI matches its Crossref record; 123 of the 129 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 58 of the 158 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations
Open accessAbstract
In the European Union, more than 400 000 individuals are homeless on any one night and more than 600 000 are homeless in the USA. The causes of homelessness are an interaction between individual and structural factors. Individual factors include poverty, family problems, and mental health and substance misuse problems. The availability of low-cost housing is thought to be the most important structural determinant for homelessness.
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Claims the paper makes
28 No full text of the sources · 20 Couldn’t confirm · 16 Partly supported · 10 No basis given · 9 Sources not found · 4 Not checked yet · 2 Supported so far · 2 Own result · 1 Mixed support · 1 Not supported · 1 Own method · 1 Own interpretation · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Evidence suggests that drug and alcohol misuse have strong associations with both the initiation and persistence of homelessness.13”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Causes of homelessness
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [13] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (§3.2) report higher alcohol and illegal-drug use among LGB youths with a history of homelessness. But use generally began after the first homeless episode, and the Discussion (§4.1) suggests it may be a consequence rather than a cause of homelessness. The paper does not establish an association with the persistence of homelessness. (LLM, conf=0.84)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Roma gypsies and other minorities are over-represented.26”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [26] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Recruitment and Eligibility section describes a sample from Toronto, Canada, not the EU. The Results compare racial-minority proportions between two groups of homeless women, but do not compare homeless people with the general population or mention Roma people. Searches for Roma, EU homelessness, and minority over-representation found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In the whole of the EU, an estimated 4·1 million people have a homeless episode in a year (panel 2).26”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [26] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction discusses homelessness in Canada and gives Toronto shelter figures, while Recruitment and Eligibility describes a Toronto sample. Searches for the 4.1 million figure and an annual EU homelessness estimate found no passage addressing that claim in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Homeless individuals have worse physical and emotional health status than the general population, including those from deprived neighbourhoods.32,49-51”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Physical and psychiatric health conditions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32]
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [49] source
- Could not verifycites [50] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Table 1 reports serious emotional problems among the homeless adults studied, and the Covariates section describes a measure of general health status. The Discussion compares food insufficiency and health-service use with the US general population, but our copy does not compare physical and emotional health status with either the general population or people from deprived neighbourhoods. (LLM, conf=0.73)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Crisis or transitional homelessness is often caused by a discrete event: either an act of nature or political crisis that displaces individuals, an economic disruption (severe recession, foreclosure crisis), or a personal crisis (job loss, illness).28”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Patterns of homelessness
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [28] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Subject Characteristics and Data Collection sections describe when and how long participants had been homeless, but not what caused their homelessness. Searches for crisis or transitional homelessness and for the proposed triggers—displacement, economic disruption, job loss, and illness—found no passage addressing the claim. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“This suggests a cohort effect: individuals born between 1954 and 1965 have experienced homelessness at a higher rate throughout their lives.31”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Ageing of the homeless population
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [31] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods describe a sample of Copenhagen hostel residents identified in 1991, and the Predictors of death section examines age in relation to mortality. Searches for a cohort effect, birth years 1954–1965, and higher lifetime rates of homelessness found no passage addressing those claims in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The homeless population in EU states is changing from single, middle-aged men to migrants from other EU and non-EU countries, younger people, women, and families.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [26] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) says that women, including women with dependent children, are a growing segment of the homeless population in Canada. It does not establish a shift in EU states from single middle-aged men toward migrants, younger people, women, and families. The Recruitment and Eligibility section identifies the study population as homeless people in Toronto, Canada. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The relative risk compared with age-matched comparisons is higher for younger homeless people than it is for older people in two North American reports.39,47”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [39] source
The paper’s Results report much higher mortality rate ratios for younger homeless women than for older homeless women relative to women in the general population. Its introductory review also gives age-stratified figures from Boston and Toronto showing the same pattern among homeless men. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [47] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In all studies, however, hypertension and diabetes in homeless people are more likely to be poorly controlled than in the general population.80,82”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] source
- Could not verifycites [82] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background discusses poor access to care among homeless adults, and the Results report unmet health care needs, but neither assesses control of hypertension or diabetes against the general population. Searches for both conditions and poor disease control found no passage addressing that comparison; page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.73)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In Europe and Canada, compared with the general population, homeless people have higher rates of smoking, lower rates of obesity and hyperlipidaemia, and similar rates of diabetes and hypertension77-81 (table 3).”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [77] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion compare diabetes prevalence in Paris shelter residents with the French general population, but do not compare smoking rates. Searches for smoking, smokers, and tobacco found no passage addressing the claimed Europe-and-Canada comparison. (LLM, conf=0.73)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [78] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [79] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] source
- Partly supportedcites [81] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The section “Impact of Homelessness Upon All Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality” (page unavailable) reports that smoking rates in a Toronto homeless sample were two to three times those of an age- and sex-matched Canadian general population. It does not provide a corresponding comparison for Europe, so the European part of the claim is unsupported by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
- It may state two separate claims as one. 51
- Probably not a substantial claim. 4
Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Since a 2012 systematic review,56 two new studies69,70 of tuberculosis that reported a prevalence of between 4% and 8%, and one study71 of HIV (from New York City) reporting rates of HIV of 1·8% have been published (appendix).”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Infectious diseases
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [56] source
Citation 56 identifies a 2012 systematic review, and the Abstract identifies this paper as a systematic review of traumatic brain injury and homelessness. The tuberculosis and HIV figures are attached to separate citations (69–71), not attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Could not verifycites [69] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Study and Conclusions (page numbers unavailable) report hepatitis E findings among homeless persons in Marseille, not post-2012 tuberculosis studies or an HIV prevalence study in New York City. Searches for the tuberculosis prevalence range and the New York City HIV rate found no passage addressing either claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Disputedcites [70] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods section (page unavailable) says this paper surveyed homeless adults in Pittsburgh and Philadelphia in 1997, not New York City. Published in 2005, it also cannot be one of the studies published since the 2012 review. The passages do not report an HIV prevalence of 1.8%. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [71] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“Findings from a study of 500 homeless people in three cities in British Columbia, Canada, showed that three-quarters of homeless people reported one form of abuse, with more than half reporting a history of sexual abuse.95”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Psychiatric disorders, and drug and alcohol misuse
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [95] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods and Results describe a study in inner-Sydney with 105 participants, not 500 people in three British Columbia cities. The Results report that 49 of 102 respondents (48%) experienced violence in the previous year; the cited paper does not report the claimed abuse or sexual-abuse figures. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plainn = 500- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Disputed
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Findings from several studies have shown that mortality is substantially increased in homeless people,35-45 with the excess risk most evident in younger people39,46 and, in some studies, women.”
- Also stated in: § Mortality · plain
“Findings from several studies have shown that mortality is substantially increased in homeless people,35-45 with the excess risk most evident in younger people39,46 and, in some studies, women.35,41,42”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [35] source
- Partly supportedcites [36] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract reports substantially higher mortality among homeless and marginally housed people, with the highest rate ratios at younger ages; the Results confirm that rate ratios were higher at younger ages for both sexes. The Discussion reports excess mortality among women, but does not show that the overall excess risk was more pronounced in women than in men. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Supportedcites [37] source
The Discussion reports mortality 3.5 times higher among homeless people than in Rotterdam’s general population. It finds the greatest relative disadvantages in younger age groups and homeless women, and notes that other studies have also found higher excess mortality in women. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [38] source
- Supportedcites [39] source
The Results report substantially elevated mortality among younger homeless women compared with women in the general population, with much smaller excess mortality among older women. The paper also reports elevated mortality among homeless men, especially younger men, and notes that younger homeless women in several cities had mortality rates similar to younger homeless men (Interpretation, p. 1245). (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [40] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [41] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [42] source
- Supportedcites [43] source
The Results section, “Mortality rate ratios by age and sex” (page not provided), reports substantially higher mortality among homeless adults than among Massachusetts adults, with the largest disparities at ages 25–44. In that age group, the reported all-cause mortality ratio was 9.6 for women and 8.6 for men, consistent with the claim’s qualified reference to women. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [44] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Mortality; page not provided) show elevated mortality among homeless children and adults aged 25–49 compared with NYC residents. But overall adult mortality among family-shelter users was similar to the comparison populations, and the female mortality estimate was not statistically conclusive. The paper therefore supports excess risk in some younger groups, not a substantial increase across homeless people generally or a clear excess among women. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Mortality · plain
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Primary individual risk factors for homelessness in young people (unaccompanied individuals aged 12–25 years) are family conflict and victimisation,14 non-heterosexual sexual identity,15,16 and having been in the child welfare system.17-19”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Causes of homelessness
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [14] source
The citation range attached to this paper concerns prior child-welfare involvement, not the other risk factors in the sentence. The Abstract identifies youths aging out of foster care as at high risk of homelessness and reports substantially higher homelessness rates for them than for a general youth sample. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not matchedcites [15]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In homeless families in New York, the overall mortality was not higher than that in residents of low-income neighbourhoods, although the excess was still present in homeless children.48”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [48] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract discusses adult homelessness and adverse childhood experiences, and the Discussion addresses adult mental and physical health outcomes. Searches for mortality in homeless families in New York and excess mortality in homeless children found no passage reporting the claimed comparison with low-income-neighbourhood residents. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“There are no consistent differences in mortality risks between homeless men and women, although most studies report that the proportionate excess of mortality in women is similar to men.40,45,47”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [40] source
- Could not verifycites [45] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s background passage says homeless people have high rates of premature mortality compared with the general population, but it does not compare mortality risks for homeless men and women. Searches for sex-specific mortality risk and proportionate excess mortality found no passage addressing either claim; the paper instead analyzes health status and health care use. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [47] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In 2012–13, 53 540 UK households were eligible for homelessness assistance. Of these households, 65% were white, 15% black, 8% Asian, and 3% mixed race (indicating an over-representation of black and Asian people); 64% had dependent children.25”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [25] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 2 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Homelessness seems to have increased in the past 5 years; only Finland and the Netherlands have reported reductions.26”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [26] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction discusses a growing segment of the homeless population in Canada, while Recruitment and Eligibility describes a Toronto sample. Searches for Finland, the Netherlands, EU homelessness trends, and a five-year increase found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The reasons for this are multifactorial and include risk factors that increase individuals’ risk for homelessness and are associated with poor health outcomes, such as early life poverty52 and mental health and substance misuse disorders.49,53”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Physical and psychiatric health conditions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [49] source
- Partly supportedcites [52] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction reports substantially increased morbidity among homeless people and higher prevalence of mental disorders. The Discussion also identifies injection drug use as a risk factor worth further study for infectious diseases. Neither section establishes that mental health or substance misuse disorders increase the risk of becoming homeless; a search for early-life poverty found no relevant passage, though that example has a separate citation in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [53] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction reports elevated rates of mental illness and substance use disorders among homeless people and says psychiatric illness or substance abuse commonly precipitates hospital care. It does not establish that these disorders increase the risk of becoming homeless. Early-life poverty is attached to citation 52, not to this source. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In Europe and Canada, compared with the general population, homeless people have higher rates of smoking, lower rates of obesity and hyperlipidaemia, and similar rates of diabetes and hypertension77-81 (table 3).”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [77] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results compare obesity among shelter attendees with and without diabetes, not with the general population. The paper’s general-population comparison concerns diabetes prevalence; the passages found for obesity, cholesterol and hyperlipidaemia do not establish lower rates of obesity or hyperlipidaemia among homeless people in Europe or Canada. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.77)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [78] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [79] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] source
- Partly supportedcites [81] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In the section on homelessness and cardiovascular mortality (page unavailable), a Toronto study found that elevated body mass index was not more prevalent among homeless adults than in a matched Canadian population. That does not establish a lower obesity rate. The section provides no Europe-wide comparison or evidence of lower hyperlipidaemia rates; it says the direction of differences in most traditional risk factors remains unclear. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The increased risk of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease is probably a result of high rates of behavioural risk factors (illicit drug use, tobacco use); poor control of hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidaemia; and poor access to care for early cardiac disease.80,85”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] source
- Partly supportedcites [85] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Drug Dependence; page unavailable) report a high prevalence of drug dependence among homeless people, supporting one behavioural-risk component. The Introduction reports elevated overall mortality, but neither passage links cardiovascular morbidity or mortality to drug or tobacco use, control of hypertension, diabetes or hyperlipidaemia, or access to early cardiac care. (LLM, conf=0.78)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Results from these studies showed that homeless individuals (compared with low-income non-homeless individuals) are more likely to seek medical care for falls, cold-related injury (hypothermia, frostbite), burns, poisonings (from medication and illicit substances), assaults, traumatic brain injuries, and self-harm and are less likely to seek care for transport-related injuries.32,57,58,60,96”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Unintentional injuries
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [32]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [57] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [58] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] source
- Partly supportedcites [96] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Heterogeneity between individual tuberculosis studies is partly explained by different diagnostic methods (higher rates when chest radiography was used vs sputum analysis) and differences in the underlying rate in the general population.56”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Infectious diseases
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [56] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract and Limitations of the evidence base discuss traumatic brain injury among people who are homeless, including variation in how TBI was assessed. Searches for tuberculosis, chest radiography, sputum analysis, and underlying population rates found no passage addressing the claimed explanation for heterogeneity between tuberculosis studies. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Data from the USA are similar, with the exception that rates of hypertension in homeless people are higher than in the general population, but similar to the non-homeless, low-income population.82”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [82] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background compares U.S. homeless, low-income, and general populations on emergency-department use, not hypertension rates. A search for “hypertension” found no passage in our copy addressing the claimed comparison. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Few studies of hepatitis B have been published, but they report high rates that are typically around 20–30%,68,72 and 3% have recent or ongoing hepatitis E.73”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Infectious diseases
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [68] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [72] source
- Could not verifycites [73] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citation 73 is attached to the claim that 3% of homeless people have recent or ongoing hepatitis E; the hepatitis B figures have separate citations. Our copy’s Results report diabetes, pre-diabetes and metabolic syndrome in a homeless population, but no passage addresses hepatitis E (searched for hepatitis E and viral infection). (LLM, conf=0.77)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Other risk factors are secondary to the conditions of homelessness itself, such as poor nutrition,54,55 exposure to communicable diseases,56 harsh living environments,57,58 high rates of victimisation59 and unintentional injuries,57,60 and increased rates of tobacco use.61,62”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Physical and psychiatric health conditions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [54] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] source
- Partly supportedcites [56] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports high rates of traumatic brain injury among people who are homeless, supporting the injury-related part of the citation. It does not establish that these injuries were unintentional or caused by the conditions of homelessness; it says the first brain injury preceded homelessness for most participants in the studies that examined timing. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Poor health status is exacerbated by poor access to health care63-65 and challenges in adherence to medication.66,67”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Physical and psychiatric health conditions
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [63] source
The citation is attached to the medication-adherence clause, not the separate claim about access to health care. The Discussion (page not provided) reports suboptimal ART adherence linked to homelessness and describes barriers homeless individuals face in storing medication and prioritizing adherence. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites [64] source
The Abstract (page not provided) states that homeless people face barriers to accessing healthcare and that these barriers contribute to the spread of infections. This supports the poor-access portion of the citing sentence; medication adherence has a separate citation group and is not attributed to this source here. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Could not verifycites [65] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports a much higher incidence of TB among homeless people, but does not attribute poor health to limited health-care access or difficulty adhering to medication. The Methods describe free TB treatment for participants; they do not assess access barriers or adherence. Searches for both mechanisms found no passage addressing them. (LLM, conf=0.74)
- Could not verifycites [66] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background describes elevated TB risk and poor outcomes among homeless people, but attributes risk to factors such as nutrition and housing, not poor access to health care. Searches of our full-text copy for health-care access and medication adherence found no passage addressing either proposed explanation for poor health status. (LLM, conf=0.74)
- Could not verifycites [67] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The citation placement attributes the poor-access-to-health-care point to this source; medication adherence has separate citations. The Introduction reports higher morbidity and mortality among homeless people, and the Discussion recommends offering HIV/STI services, but neither passage says that poor access exacerbates health status. Searches for poor access to health care and medication adherence found no passage establishing those links (pages unavailable in our copy). (LLM, conf=0.74)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Homeless people have difficulty accessing medical care and adhering to medications because of an absence of medical insurance, transportation barriers, and the need to attend to competing priorities.63,86-88”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [63] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) links homelessness to poorer ART adherence and suggests that immediate survival needs can take priority over medication. It also discusses financial barriers to treatment in settings without universal access, but does not identify lack of insurance or transportation as reasons homeless people have difficulty accessing care and taking medications. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [86] source
- Could not verifycites [87] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Implications and Avenues for future research sections discuss mental-health treatment and treatment adherence among prisoners, not barriers faced by homeless people. Searches for homelessness, insurance, transportation, competing priorities, and medication adherence found no passage addressing the attributed claim; the available passages have no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Partly supportedcites [88] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion says homeless people avoid outpatient contacts and have difficulty managing prescribed medications. It does not attribute those difficulties to lack of insurance, transportation barriers, or competing priorities. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“but compared with the general population, rates of tuberculosis infection were at least 20 times higher, and for USA studies, they were more than 40 times higher—a proportionate excess compared with the general population and more than other infectious diseases studied.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Infectious diseases
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [56] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion passages address traumatic brain injury among people who are homeless, not tuberculosis. Searches for tuberculosis infection rates, the 20- and 40-fold comparisons, and other infectious diseases found no passage in our copy addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Tobacco use is common in homeless populations; in the USA, 68–80% of homeless people are current smokers,61 which is four times the rate of the overall US population and 2·5 times that of the low-income population.105”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Tobacco use
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [61] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion addresses alcohol and drug problems among homeless people, but does not report smoking prevalence. Searches of the full-text copy for tobacco, smoking, the 68–80% figure, and the US population comparisons found no passage supporting the claim. (LLM, conf=0.77)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [105] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Several factors impede smoking cessation, including high rates of environmental exposure in shelters and other congregant living facilities, reduced access to health care,111 and competing health needs, which decrease health-care providers’”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Tobacco use
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [111] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s introductory discussion identifies pervasive tobacco use in homeless settings and assumptions about higher-priority needs, but it does not address reduced access to health care—the factor immediately preceding this citation. Searches for health-care access and medical-care availability found no passage supporting that factor. (LLM, conf=0.73)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Individual factors include poverty,9 early childhood adverse experiences,10 mental health and substance misuse problems,9,11 personal history of violence,11 and criminal justice system association.12”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Causes of homelessness
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Findings from ecological studies show that when structural support is not available, individuals with fewer individual vulnerabilities become homeless and rates of homelessness rise.7”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Causes of homelessness
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Structural factors that promote homelessness include the absence of low-cost housing, employment opportunities for low-skilled workers, and income support.7”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Causes of homelessness
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the USA, black Americans and Native Americans are overrepresented in the homeless population.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Point-in-time counts overestimate chronic homelessness and underestimate short periods of homelessness.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Reasons for late-life homelessness include housing problems secondary to changes in the housing market,33 loss through death or divorce of an important relationship, or health crises.33,34”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Ageing of the homeless population
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] source
- Not matchedcites [34]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Causes of excessive mortality include infections (HIV, tuberculosis), ischaemic heart disease, substance misuse, and external factors including unintentional injuries,40 suicides, homicides,46 and poisoning (from medication and illicit substances).”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Income inequality itself might be a structural factor that promotes homelessness: countries with greater levels of income inequality have higher rates of homelessness.20”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Causes of homelessness
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [20]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the early 1980s, the increase in homelessness was attributed to the closing of state psychiatric facilities, without a concomitant increase in community mental health services, a decrease in affordable housing, stagnating wages, changes in welfare policies, and the crack cocaine epidemic.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Risk factors for a person becoming chronically homeless include having mental health problems, substance misuse, or physical health problems, a history of criminal justice system association, and older age (44 years and older).21,29”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Patterns of homelessness
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 2012, in one night-time count, there were 2309 rough sleepers in England, 24% of whom lived in London (panel 2).”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although black Americans make up only 12% of the US population, they make up 39% of shelter populations.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The homeless population is ageing. In the USA, the median age of the homeless population now approaches 50 years.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Ageing of the homeless population
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the USA, a bimodal pattern of mortality is described: younger people die disproportionately from external causes of death (suicide, accidental overdoses, and homicide) and infectious diseases, and there is also a spike in older homeless people.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [47] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There is evidence that, despite expansion of services, the excess mortality has remained similar during the past two decades, although shifts in the cause of death have occurred with fewer deaths from HIV infection and more from drug overdose and substance misuse disorders.47”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [47] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“during one night-time count of homeless people in 2013, 23% of homeless individuals were children living in families (238 110 people in families were homeless).”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [23]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainn = 238,110- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although homelessness negatively affects health outcomes irrespective of duration, chronically homeless individuals have worse clinical outcomes than individuals who experience either intermittent or crisis homelessness.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Patterns of homelessness
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The 2010 US Interagency Council on Homelessness Federal Strategic Plan to Prevent and End Homelessness reported an increase during the preceding 30 years in the number of people who were homeless, with a substantial increase in the number of children and families who were homeless.21”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Suicide rates have increased, with a Danish study reporting a standardised mortality ratio of 7 from 1999–2009,42 which may be even higher in younger homeless people.46”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Denmark is the only country that reports higher relative risk of mortality for women, although the absolute death rate is higher in men than women.42”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [42] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mental health and substance misuse disorders both increase the risk of and are exacerbated by homelessness.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Physical and psychiatric health conditions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although crisis homelessness has severe negative effects on health, in general, those who experience crisis homelessness have better clinical outcomes than individuals who experience chronic or intermittent homelessness.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Patterns of homelessness
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Family homelessness (defined as adults with minor children) is often episodic, and is more prevalent in the USA than in EU countries.20”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Patterns of homelessness
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [20]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In a study90 based in three Canadian cities, 58% of homeless people had dual diagnosis, with some patterns of comorbidity being prominent (including depression co-occurring with alcohol, and post-traumatic stress disorder with crack cocaine).”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Psychiatric disorders, and drug and alcohol misuse
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [90] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Unintentional injuries are a major cause of morbidity and emergency department use in homeless people57 and represent around 9% of all admissions to hospital for this population; rates are higher than the general or housed poor population, although the discrepancy is greatest in elderly people.58”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Unintentional injuries
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This review also identified that the prevalence of psychosis was typically as high as that of depression, which contrasts with results from surveys in community and other high-risk populations such as prisoners in which depression is at least twice as common.91”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Psychiatric disorders, and drug and alcohol misuse
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [91] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In relation to substance misuse and dependence, this review focused on dependence, which for alcohol varied between 8% and 58%, and for drug dependence ranged from 5% to 54%, with very little information about women.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Psychiatric disorders, and drug and alcohol misuse
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [89] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Homeless individuals not only have higher rates of hospital admission but also have longer stays once admitted—at least 2 days longer for acute admissions to hospital in one study.126”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Health service use
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [126]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Rates of traumatic brain injury are increased in homeless people, compared with non-homeless poverty populations, with rates typically ranging from 38% to 53%.60”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Unintentional injuries
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, homelessness is an independent risk factor for hospital admission and emergency department attendance after accounting for these predisposing factors because of lower hospital admission thresholds caused by the complexities of management of acute medical crises in homeless people, barriers to timely care that might allow health problems to deteriorate beyond what can be managed safely as”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Health service use
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Living in marginal housing in impoverished environments may be more prevalent than homelessness and may create comparably severe consequences. 4-6”
From The Hotel Study—Clinical and Health Service Effectiveness in a Cohort of Homeless or Marginally Housed Persons (2017) · cites this paper as [5]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 801–900 of 1,561
Fleury, M., Cao, Z., Grenier, G., & Huỳnh, C. (2023) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115532 · Cited by 5
Gaber, S. N., Rydeman, I., Mattsson, E., et al. (2024) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-024-10914-3 · Cited by 5
Marcus, E. R., Tartak, J. A. C., Halasz, H., et al. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0304865 · Cited by 5
Planning for Homelessness: Land Use Policy, Housing Markets, and Cities’ Homelessness Responses
Einstein, K. L., & Willison, C. E. (2024) · Urban Affairs Review · doi:10.1177/10780874241258446 · Cited by 7
“Addressing this problem is of paramount importance: unhoused people experience greater physical and mental health struggles, higher mortality rates, and poorer education, economic, and social outcomes (Fazel, Geddes and Kushel 2014; Fusaro, Levy and Shaefer 2018; Roncarati et al. 2018).”
Hausam, J., Lösel, F. A., & Lehmann, R. (2025) · Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/cbm.70003 · Cited by 6
Sherman, J. P., Drehoff, C. C., Waddell, C. J., Callaway, P. C., Marshall, K. E., Burakoff, A. W., Herlihy, R., Keenan, E., Hill, J. L., Laramee, N., et al. (2025) · Public Health Reports · doi:10.1177/00333549251351541 · Cited by 5
Edgar, N. E., MacLean, S. E., Jormand, M., Paranjkhoo, P., & Hatcher, S. (2025) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-025-13428-8 · Cited by 5
“…frequent use of substances to self-medicate symptoms [21–23]; high rates of physical and mental comorbidities, including cognitive impairments [5, 24–26]; difficulty in forming caring relationships [17, 27, 28]; and the challenges of engaging with traditional health services often due to poverty…”
Xie, E. C., Chan, K., Khangura, J. K., Koh, J. J.-K., Orkin, A. M., Sheikh, H., Hayman, K., Gupta, S., Kumar, T., Hulme, J., et al. (2022) · Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1007/s43678-022-00303-2 · Cited by 5
Evans, J., & MacDonald, A. (2023) · Interdisciplinary Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/nr9.0000000000000032 · Cited by 5
“In the United States, emphasis is typically placed on the “ permanence of housing ” and the “ de-linking of service utilization ” from tenancy 16 .”
BackgroundSocial exclusion and its impact on health over the life course: A realist review protocol
Siersbaek, R., O'Donnell, C., Parker, S., Ford, J. A., Burke, S., & Cheallaigh, C. N. (2023) · HRB Open Research · doi:10.12688/hrbopenres.13746.2 · Cited by 10
“A body of research has shown which population groups are most likely to experience social exclusion and how it contributes to causing poor health outcomes 3–9 , 13– 26 .”
Estany, M. L., Serrano-Miguel, M., Muñoz, A., Porquet, A. B., & Campomar, B. (2024) · Salud Colectiva · doi:10.18294/sc.2024.4826 · Cited by 10
“An approach like the one developed in this research, based on the life stories and voices of those experiencing these situations, allows us to move away from negative symbolic-conceptual categorizations that perpetuate stigmatizing processes and prejudices based on oth - erness.”
BackgroundMontgomery, A. E., DeRussy, A. J., Richman, J., & Lin, C. (2024) · Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2024.107896 · Cited by 5
Smith, S. M., Beaulieu-Jones, B. R., Nofal, M. R., Kobzeva-Herzog, A. J., Ha, E. J., Kang, H., Dechert, T. A., Sanchez, S. E., & Janeway, M. G. (2024) · Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.surg.2024.08.012 · Cited by 5
Richard, L., Carter, B., Nisenbaum, R. A., Brown, M., Gabriel, M. D., Stewart, S., & Hwang, S. W. (2024) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-024-11501-2 · Cited by 5
“…in five Canadians directly or indirectly affected [1] People experiencing homelessness have consistent disparities in adverse health outcomes and mortality compared to housed counterparts [2–4], even after accounting for potential confounders such as socioeconomic status and comorbidities [4, 5].”
BackgroundFu, P., Mago, V., Schiff, R., & Krysowaty, B. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0312117 · Cited by 5
Bowen, E. A., Anderson, A. J., Capozziello, N., & Hewner, S. J. (2024) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/10497323241302673 · Cited by 6
“Although it is well-established that people experiencing homelessness in the United States and many other countries have high rates of chronic conditions (Fazel et al., 2014; Heerde et al., 2023), treatment burden has been seldom studied in this population.”
Identification of Cross-sector Service Utilization Patterns Among Urban Medicaid Expansion Enrollees
Bodurtha, P. J., Winkelman, T. N. A., Vickery, K. D., et al. (2018) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0000000000001024 · Cited by 5
“Supportive housing 0 d 88,535 (90) < 365 d total 4166 (4) ≥ 365 d total 5581 (6) Emergency shelter 0 d 91,453 (93) < 365 episode days 4691 (5) ≥ 365 episode days 2138 (2) Detention bookings 0 72,826 (74) 1 or 2 12,943 (13) 3+ 12,513 (13) Criminal justice consequences Any Hennepin supervision 20,461 (21)”
InfluentialHomeless people under the influence of alcohol admitted to hospital emergency departments in Poland
Burak, A. M., Cierzniakowska, K., & Popow, A. (2020) · Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.1177/1455072520908387 · Cited by 5
“It is estimated that as many as 37.9% of the homeless population may be alcohol dependent (Fazel et al., 2014), and this percentage may be even higher among the chronically homeless (Kuhn & Culhane, 1998).”
BackgroundInfluentialSiersbaek, R., Ford, J. A., Cheallaigh, C. N., Burke, S., & Thomas, S. (2020) · HRB Open Research · doi:10.12688/hrbopenres.13154.1 · Cited by 4
Program evaluation of a recuperative care pilot project
Lawson, L. V., Bowie, B. H., & Neufeld, M. (2020) · Public Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/phn.12834 · Cited by 5
“Common preventable ailments, such as hypertension, are exacerbated and can lead to chronic health problems when an individual lacks a safe place to rest, adequate nutrition, or a place to store medications (Fazel et al., 2014; Hwang et al., 2011; O'Connell, 2005).”
BackgroundPooprasert, P., Ahnood, D., Parmar, T., et al. (2020) · Eye · doi:10.1038/s41433-020-01271-6 · Cited by 5
“There was a positive correlation between presenting visual acuity and absolute spherical equivalence was in line with prior literature findings which showed that poorer visual acuity was associated with a higher refractive error [6, 7, 10, 15].”
BackgroundResultHealthcare for the Homeless (HCH) Projects and Medicaid Expansion
Lanese, B. G., Birmingham, L. E., Alrubaie, N., & Hoornbeek, J. (2021) · Journal of Community Health · doi:10.1007/s10900-021-01000-4 · Cited by 5
“The negative health impact of homelessness is well documented [10, 11].”
BackgroundCho, L. L., Jones, A. A., Barbic, S. P., Leonova, O., Vila‐Rodriguez, F., Buchanan, T., Lang, D. J., MacEwan, G. W., Procyshyn, R. M., Panenka, W. J., et al. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100229 · Cited by 5
Housing Instability and Depression among US Mothers Following a Nonmarital Birth
Oh, S., Zapcic, I., Vaughn, M. G., Salas‐Wright, C. P., & Kim, Y. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph181910322 · Cited by 5
Periods of Homelessness Linked to Higher VACS Index Among HIV-Positive People Who Use Drugs
Reddon, H., Socias, M. E., Justice, A. C., Cui, Z., Nosova, E., Barrios, R., Fairbairn, N. S., Marshall, B. D. L., & Milloy, M. (2022) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-021-03524-1 · Cited by 5
“One possible mechanism explaining these findings may be that people who are homeless have more severe psychiatric comorbidities and greater substance use rates that limit their ability to engage in healthcare [37, 54].”
BackgroundProfiles of Individuals with Cannabis-Related Disorders
Fleury, M., Grenier, G., Cao, Z., & Huỳnh, C. (2022) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897077.2021.2007515 · Cited by 5
Conti, J., Dryden, E. M., Fincke, B. G., Dunlap, S. W., & McInnes, D. K. (2022) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-022-07708-w · Cited by 5
“These include higher rates of infectious disease, mental illness, substance use disorders (SUD), and chronic illness.(1) One infectious disease disproportionately impacting this population is hepatitis C virus (HCV).”
BackgroundRangu, N., Frank-Pearce, S. G., Alexander, A. C., Hébert, E. T., Ra, C. K., Kendzor, D. E., & Businelle, M. S. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.958169 · Cited by 6
“Homeless adults often have more than one psychiatric disorder and may take numerous medications (Fazel et al., 2014).”
BackgroundCardiovascular Disease in Australians Experiencing Homelessness
Rao, K., Brieger, D. G., Baer, A., Nour, D., Allum, J., & Bhindi, R. (2022) · Heart Lung and Circulation · doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2022.08.017 · Cited by 5
Flavel, J., Wood, L. J., Freeman, T., Vallesi, S., Foley, K. M., Parry, Y., & Baum, F. E. (2022) · Australian Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1002/ajs4.253 · Cited by 5
Zielasek, J., Ueberberg, B., Heinz, J., Kreyenschulte, T., Lehmann, I., Haussleiter, I. S., Juckel, G., & Gouzoulis‐Mayfrank, E. (2023) · Psychiatrische Praxis · doi:10.1055/a-2193-8913 · Cited by 5
“Auch ist die Rate somatischer Erkrankun - gen bei Menschen, die in Wohnungslosigkeit leben, erhöht [5].”
BackgroundBockgård, G., Mattsson, E., von Essén, L., & Klarare, A. (2024) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/10497323231224330 · Cited by 5
“Firstly, individuals experiencing homelessness often face a range of physical and mental health issues including substance use (Aldridge et al., 2018; Fazel et al., 2014), making it dif fi cult for them to engage in an interview process.”
BackgroundMaier, K., Urbanik, M., & Greene, C. (2024) · Social Problems · doi:10.1093/socpro/spae010 · Cited by 8
Macfarlane, S., Haigh, F., Woodland, L., Goodger, B. G., Larkin, M., Miller, E., Parcsi, L., Read, P. J., & Wood, L. J. (2024) · International Journal of Integrated Care · doi:10.5334/ijic.7653 · Cited by 4
Eshun, E., Burke, O., Do, F., Maciver, A., Mathur, A., Mayne, C., Mohamed Jemseed, A. A., Novak, L., Siddique, A., Smith, E., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21060769 · Cited by 6
“The prevalence of brain injury in this cohort was also consistent with previous studies exploring TBI in people experiencing homelessness [2,6,7,10].”
BackgroundResultAnastasiya, L., Melanie, W., Susan Bartels, A., et al. (2024) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-024-02217-0 · Cited by 5
“These risks can lead to high ED use [2, 14].”
BackgroundTsai, J., Szymkowiak, D., & Beydoun, H. A. (2024) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.16689 · Cited by 5
Kovacs, M. S., Cucher, D., Thiessen, N., Ghaemmaghami, V., Watt, J. M., & Hu, C. K. C. (2024) · Injury · doi:10.1016/j.injury.2024.112062 · Cited by 5
Releasing the grip of managerial domination
Clark, M., Cornes, M., Manthorpe, J., Hennessy, C., & Anderson, S. E. (2015) · Journal of Integrated Care · doi:10.1108/jica-06-2015-0023 · Cited by 6
“In addition to the complexities from the client perspective for whom relationships with their service providers are hugely important (Fazel et al., 2014), there also can be complex impacts on members of staff working in this area.”
BackgroundOud, L. (2018) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2018/3869652 · Cited by 5
Mothering Without a Home: Internalized Impacts of Social Exclusion
Benbow, S., Forchuk, C., Berman, H., Gorlick, C., & Ward‐Griffin, C. (2018) · Canadian Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0844562118818948 · Cited by 5
Smith, L., Veronese, N., Sánchez, G. F. L., Moller, E., Johnstone, J., Firth, J., Grabovac, I., Yang, L., Soysal, P., & Jackson, S. E. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028003 · Cited by 6
“Moreover, the standardised mortality ratios reported for the homeless vary between studies and countries but are typically 2–5 times the age-standardised general population.(5) Increased morbidity and mortality among the homeless may be driven, at least in part, strengths and limitations of this study”
BackgroundCabán-Alemán, C., Iobst, S., Luna, A. M., & Foster, A. E. (2020) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-019-00526-1 · Cited by 5
Nasmith, T., Gadermann, A., Jaworsky, D., Norena, M., To, M. J., Hwang, S. W., & Palepu, A. (2020) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdaa018 · Cited by 5
Frazer, K., Paul, G., & Kroll, T. (2020) · Perspectives in Public Health · doi:10.1177/1757913920914653 · Cited by 5
Hemphill, J. C. (2020) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2020.1742257 · Cited by 5
Miyawaki, A., Burke, L. G., Khullar, D., & Tsugawa, Y. (2020) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113283 · Cited by 5
“Effective transitional care, for example, is important for preventing readmissions, particularly for socially and medically complex patients (Greysen et al., 2012; Kertesz et al., 2009), and teaching hospitals may have more robust discharge planning processes and greater availability of social…”
BackgroundKaltsidis, G., Grenier, G., Cao, Z., & Fleury, M. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17176254 · Cited by 5
“Better profiling of younger individuals experiencing homelessness would provide insight into their specific needs [26,57].”
BackgroundHepatitis C in homeless people: reaching a hard-to-reach population
Alfranca, R., Sagué, M. S., López, C., Giralt, C., Ramírez, M., & Calvo, F. (2021) · Revista Española de Enfermedades Digestivas · doi:10.17235/reed.2021.7737/2020 · Cited by 5
Advocates Make a Difference in Duration of Homelessness and Quality of Life
Babayan, M., Futrell, M., Stover, B. D., & Hagopian, A. (2021) · Social Work in Public Health · doi:10.1080/19371918.2021.1897055 · Cited by 5
Mullins, R. M., Mannix, R., Marshall, N. J., et al. (2022) · Journal of Foot and Ankle Research · doi:10.1186/s13047-022-00518-7 · Cited by 5
Kerman, N., Goodwin, J. M., Tiderington, E., Ecker, J., Stergiopoulos, V., & Kidd, S. A. (2022) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.14033 · Cited by 5
Lio, G., Ghazzai, M., Haesebaert, F., Dubreucq, J., Verdoux, H., Quilès, C., Jaafari, N., Chéreau, I., Legros-Lafarge, É., Guillard-Bouhet, N., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191912268 · Cited by 6
“Moreover, the prevalence of homelessness seems to have increased in recent years [3], even before the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.”
BackgroundKlop, H. T., de Veer, A. J. E., Gootjes, J. R. G., Groot, M. M., Rietjens, J. A. C., & Onwuteaka-Philipsen, B. D. (2022) · BMC Palliative Care · doi:10.1186/s12904-022-01083-3 · Cited by 6
“Background Persons experiencing homelessness often suffer from varying combinations of problems such as intellectual disabilities [1], a high burden of somatic and psychiatric problems [2], substance use [3], high symptom burden and high rates of early morbidity compared to the general population [4, 5].”
BackgroundDiet Quality, Health, and Wellbeing within the Irish Homeless Sector: A Qualitative Exploration
Ravikumar, D., Vaughan, E., & Kelly, C. N. M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192315976 · Cited by 5
“Poor control of hypertension, diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors were highlighted in studies on the homeless population due to decreased likelihood to present to hospitals, poor adherence to medications and other competing priorities [19,21].”
BackgroundEmslie, C., Dimova, E. D., O’Brien, R., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104095 · Cited by 5
Public toilets have reduced enteric pathogen hazards in San Francisco
Barker, T., Capone, D., Amato, H. K., Clark, R., Henderson, A., Holcomb, D., Kim, E., Pape, J., Parker, E., VanderYacht, T., et al. (2023) · PLOS Water · doi:10.1371/journal.pwat.0000152 · Cited by 5
Cessation-related weight concern among homeless male and female smokers
Pinsker, E. A., Hennrikus, D. J., Erickson, D. J., Call, K. T., Forster, J. L., & Okuyemi, K. S. (2017) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2017.05.012 · Cited by 5
“It's been documented that homeless individuals who have higher income, health insurance, and help in getting care are more likely to access health care (Lebrun-Harris et al., 2013; Chau et al., 2002; Weinreb et al., 1998, 2002; Fazel et al., 2014;Muñoz et al., 2005).”
BackgroundArnold-Reed, D. E., Troeung, L., Brett, T., et al. (2018) · Australian Journal of General Practice · doi:10.31128/afp-10-17-4370 · Cited by 5
Pamela Grandón, F., Vielma-Aguilera, A., Castro-Alzate, E. S., et al. (2018) · Revista chilena de neuro-psiquiatría · doi:10.4067/s0717-92272018000200089 · Cited by 5
Buitenweg, D. C., van de Mheen, D., Grund, J., van Oers, H., & van Nieuwenhuizen, C. (2020) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/19593 · Cited by 6
“Individuals experiencing homelessness were included in this study because of the high prevalence of severe mental health problems in this group [3,32,33].”
Homelessness and Vulnerably-Housed Defined: A Synthesis of the Literature
Flike, K., Foust, J. B., Hayman, L. L., & Aronowitz, T. B. (2022) · Nursing Science Quarterly · doi:10.1177/08943184221092445 · Cited by 5
Homelessness and brain injury: What role do we play as socially-conscious service providers?
Forrester, R. L., Weatherhead, S., Rosebert, C., Hewett, N., & Worthington, A. D. (2017) · The Neuropsychologist · doi:10.53841/bpsneur.2017.1.4.19 · Cited by 5
Should a homeless person become a deceased organ donor?
Lee, W. G., Wong, L. L., Olivas, R., et al. (2019) · Clinical Transplantation · doi:10.1111/ctr.13685 · Cited by 5
Khan, Z., McCrone, P., & Koehne, S. (2020) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2020.1755017 · Cited by 5
“Homelessness is characterised by complex health and care needs (Fazel et al., 2014) often including “tri-morbidity” – the combination of physical illness, mental illness, and substance use disorders (Homeless Link, 2014; Stringfellow et al., 2015).”
BackgroundWhen trauma violates trust: PTSD symptoms among chronically homeless adults in Australia
Taylor, K. M., Thielking, M., Mackelprang, J. L., Meyer, D., Quinn, S. J., & Flatau, P. (2020) · Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless · doi:10.1080/10530789.2020.1819076 · Cited by 5
“orders, and psychosis are also highly prevalent (Fazel et al., 2014).”
BackgroundRalevski, A., Taiyab, N., Nossal, M., et al. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.04.25.24306380 · Cited by 5
“It is well known that people who are experiencing housing instability (HI) are at greater risk for other health issues, including substance use, comorbidities, and mental illness 3,7,8 .”
Manser, S. T., Sekar, P., Bonilla, Z. E., Ford, B. R., Shippee, N. D., Busch, A. M., Gelberg, L., Rogers, E. A., Jennings, L., Montori, V. M., et al. (2024) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-024-09030-z · Cited by 6
Grove, L. R., Benzer, J. K., McNeil, M., & Mercer, T. (2025) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-025-12860-0 · Cited by 4
“People experiencing homelessness in the United States (U.S.) and other high-income countries face an elevated risk of premature mortality compared to housed individuals and have a substantial burden of psychiatric conditions, substance use disorders, and chronic medical conditions [1].”
Anderson, A., Smith, S. D., Dickerson, S. S., Hewner, S. J., & Noyes, K. (2025) · Journal of Interprofessional Care · doi:10.1080/13561820.2025.2502594 · Cited by 4
“Homelessness has increased in recent years (National Alliance to End Homelessness NAEH, n.d.), as have mortality, acuity, and age of the population (Fazel et al., 2014; Funk et al., 2022; Henderson et al., 2023), with it the demand for community-based solutions (Jenkinson et al., 2022; Purkey &…”
Thurman, W., Nsengi, C. S., Steindal, S. A., Albrecht, S., Gaber, S. N., Mattsson, E., Olaussen, C., Royen, K. V., Mariussen, K. L., & Klarare, A. (2025) · Nursing Outlook · doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2025.102478 · Cited by 5
Homelessness, Patient Navigation, and Lung Cancer Screening in a Health Center Setting
Baggett, T. P., Sporn, N. J., Teixeira, J. B., Rodriguez, E. C., Anandakugan, N., Little, B. R., Chang, Y., Park, E. R., Rigotti, N. A., & Fine, D. R. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.19780 · Cited by 6
Arseneault, L., Bryan, B. T., Canning, T., Okundi, M., Stephens, A., Triantafillopoulou, E., Yu, D., Bolivar, M., Mansoori, P., Milligan, L., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyaf128 · Cited by 7
“…groups [12], Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) communities [13], neurodivergent individuals [14, 15], and people experiencing homelessness [16] are at a elevated risk of mental ill health and more likely to be missed during recruitment or lost to follow-up in longitudinal research.”
Mugambwa, K. A., Lutchmun, W., Gach, J., Bader, C., & Froeschl, G. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04727-7 · Cited by 5
“The heterogeneity of prevalence estimations can be attributed to the heterogeneous composition of our study population, as well as the methodological limitations of studies, such as limited sample sizes in some subgroups or the use of questionnaire items as approximation of mental disorder [35].”
BackgroundGoldman, M. L., McDaniel, M., Manjanatha, D., Rose, M. L., Santos, G., Shade, S. B., Lazar, A., Myers, J. J., Handley, M. A., & Coffin, P. O. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0295178 · Cited by 8
Moore, H., Bablitz, C., Salas, A. S., Morris, H. M., Sinnarajah, A., & Watanabe, S. (2024) · Palliative Care and Social Practice · doi:10.1177/26323524241264880 · Cited by 7
Hollingdrake, O., River, J., Hernández, A. V., Grech, E., & Currie, J. (2025) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.70039 · Cited by 5
Modeling Health and Economic Outcomes of Providing Stable Housing to Homeless Adults With OUD
Rao, I. J., & Brandeau, M. L. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.17103 · Cited by 4
Climate Change and Dermatologic Health in People Experiencing Housing Instability and Homelessness
Baker, N. M., & Charrow, A. P. (2025) · Dermatologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.det.2025.08.010 · Cited by 4
Prise en charge des personnes sans chez-soi : intérêt du dossier médical partagé ?
Jego-Sablier, M., Gentile, G., Giusiano, B., Sambuc, R., Balique, H., & Gentile, S. (2018) · Santé Publique · doi:10.3917/spub.182.0233 · Cited by 4
McCallum, M., McNab, D., & McKay, J. (2019) · BMJ Open Quality · doi:10.1136/bmjoq-2018-000507 · Cited by 4
Keane, C. A., Magee, C., & Kelly, P. J. (2019) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-019-00276-y · Cited by 5
Health Risk Factors in American Indian and Non-Hispanic White Homeless Adults
Cole, A. B., Hébert, E. T., Reitzel, L. R., Carroll, D. M., & Businelle, M. S. (2020) · American Journal of Health Behavior · doi:10.5993/ajhb.44.5.7 · Cited by 4
“1,25–28 This is consistent with the Phase-Based Model of Change (PBMC) framework,29 which posits that smoking cessation occurs through 4 phases: (1) motivation, (2) precessation, (3) cessation, and (4) maintenance; the PBMC has demonstrated effectiveness in smoking cessation across populations, including at-risk popul…”
BackgroundMethodLin, L.-P., Wang, L.-Y., Wang, T.-W., Chen, Y.-C., & Lin, J. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18105330 · Cited by 3
“Homeless people display higher rates of premature mortality than the rest of the population, especially from suicide and unintentional injuries, and also suffer an increased prevalence of a range of infectious diseases, mental disorders and kinds of substance misuse [13].”
BackgroundPüschel, K., König, H., Hajek, A., van Rüth, V., Bertram, F., Schüler, C., Heinrich, F., & Kretzler, B. (2021) · Das Gesundheitswesen · doi:10.1055/a-1498-1581 · Cited by 4
“Auch ist Drogenmissbrauch recht häufig [8].”
Tyrrell, G. J., Lee, C., & Eurich, D. T. (2021) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1080/14760584.2021.1966301 · Cited by 4
“people are at risk to die at a younger age than the general population [7].”
BackgroundMennicke, A. M., Kaniuka, A. R., Pruneda, P., & Cramer, R. J. (2021) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12813 · Cited by 5
O’Donnell, R., Hatzikiriakidis, K., Savaglio, M., Vicary, D., Fleming, J., & Skouteris, H. (2022) · Housing Care and Support · doi:10.1108/hcs-09-2021-0025 · Cited by 6
Reid, N., Buchman, D. Z., Brown, R. J., Pedersen, C., Kozloff, N., & Stergiopoulos, V. (2022) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-022-01217-y · Cited by 4
“Adults experiencing homelessness and mental illness have high rates of substance use, chronic health conditions and cognitive impairment, compared to the general population (Fazel et al., 2014; Hwang, 2001; Stergiopoulos, Cusi, et al., 2015).”
BackgroundKerman, N., Nisenbaum, R. A., Durbin, A., Wang, R., Kozloff, N., Hwang, S. W., & Stergiopoulos, V. (2023) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.20220392 · Cited by 6
Currie, J., McWilliams, L., Venkataraman, V., et al. (2023) · Collegian Journal of the Royal College of Nursing Australia · doi:10.1016/j.colegn.2023.03.006 · Cited by 4
Sharma, M., Aggarwal, S., & Kumar, D. (2023) · Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/ijsp.ijsp_369_20 · Cited by 4
O’Sullivan, E. P. (2020) · Policy Press eBooks · doi:10.56687/9781447353546 · Cited by 4
Association between religiosity/spirituality and substance use among homeless individuals
Vitorino, L. M., Tostes, J. G., Ferreira, J. C. L., de Oliveira, L. A., Possetti, J. G., Silva, M. T., Guimarães, M. V. C., Alckmin-Carvalho, F., & Lucchetti, G. (2023) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640231211495 · Cited by 6
“Homeless people represent a heterogeneous population group, who do not have regular housing, use public spaces, experience extreme poverty, have fragmented family ties, social integration difficulties, and impaired access to income (Amore et al., 2011; Fazel et al., 2014).”
BackgroundBlumberg, M. J., Petersson, A. M., Jones, P., Jones, A. A., Panenka, W. J., Leonova, O., Vila‐Rodriguez, F., Lang, D. J., Barr, A. M., MacEwan, G. W., et al. (2024) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2024.2325167 · Cited by 4
“Homeless and precariously housed individuals acquire age-related neurocognitive and functional impairments substantially earlier than the general population (Brown et al., 2012; Fazel et al., 2014; Hurstak et al., 2017).”
InfluentialPreti, C., Poulos, C. J., Poulos, R. G., Reynolds, N. L., Rowlands, A., Flakelar, K., Raguz, A., Valpiani, P., Faux, S. G., & O’Connor, C. M. C. (2024) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-024-04791-y · Cited by 4
“…in mental health, quality of life outcomes, and reduced acute care utilisation from providing housing stability for older people subject to homelessness [5, 44, 66, 67], all of which are consistent with our findings from the quantitative evaluation of this care home [5, 30, 44, 66, 67].”
BackgroundResultGraf, W., Bertram, F., Dost, K., Brennecke, A., Kowalski, V., van Rüth, V., Nörz, D. S., Wulff, B., Ondruschka, B., Püschel, K., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1375151 · Cited by 4
Excess mortality among people in homelessness with substance use disorders: a Swedish cohort study
Gaber, S. N., Franck, J., Widing, H., Hällgren, J., Mattsson, E., & Westman, J. (2024) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2023-220989 · Cited by 4
Effects of Community Assets on Major Health Conditions in England: A Data Analytic Approach
Moustakas, A., Thomson, L. J. M., Mughal, R., & Chatterjee, H. J. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12161608 · Cited by 4
“Homeless people suffer high rates of infectious diseases due to poor sanitary conditions and a general health decline due to exposure to extreme weather [30].”
BackgroundEntrenched Opportunity: Medicaid, Health Systems, and Solutions to Homelessness
Willison, C. E., Unwala, N., & Klasa, K. (2024) · Journal of Health Politics Policy and Law · doi:10.1215/03616878-11567700 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Fazel, S., Geddes, J. R., & Kushel, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- San Francisco General Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fazel, Seena
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-10
- Volume
- 384
- Issue
- 9953
- Pages
- 1529-1540
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- PMC
- PMC4520328
- OpenAlex
- W2105368594
- Cited by
- 1,568
- References
- 129
- Citations by year
- 2026: 100 · 2025: 129 · 2024: 203 · 2023: 176 · 2022: 186 · 2021: 266 · 2020: 155 · 2019: 124 · 2018: 88 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 7.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (095806)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0611-10150)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homelessness and Social Issues
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban and Rural Development Challenges
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk
- Keywords
- homelessness, health of homeless people, premature mortality, suicide, unintentional injuries, infectious diseases, mental illness, substance abuse, non-communicable diseases, accelerated aging, housing affordability, poverty, healthcare engagement, emergency department visits, health surveillance, health policy, child welfare system, psychiatric hospitals
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Australia, Mental Disorders, Canada, Chronic Disease, Delivery of Health Care, Europe, Health Policy, Health Services, Health Status, Ill-Housed Persons, Humans, Infections, Middle Aged, Smoking, United States, Self-Injurious Behavior, Age Distribution, Developed Countries
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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