The DOI matches its Crossref record; 123 of the 129 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 58 of the 158 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations
Open accessAbstract
In the European Union, more than 400 000 individuals are homeless on any one night and more than 600 000 are homeless in the USA. The causes of homelessness are an interaction between individual and structural factors. Individual factors include poverty, family problems, and mental health and substance misuse problems. The availability of low-cost housing is thought to be the most important structural determinant for homelessness.
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Claims the paper makes
28 No full text of the sources · 20 Couldn’t confirm · 16 Partly supported · 10 No basis given · 9 Sources not found · 4 Not checked yet · 2 Supported so far · 2 Own result · 1 Mixed support · 1 Not supported · 1 Own method · 1 Own interpretation · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Evidence suggests that drug and alcohol misuse have strong associations with both the initiation and persistence of homelessness.13”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Causes of homelessness
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [13] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (§3.2) report higher alcohol and illegal-drug use among LGB youths with a history of homelessness. But use generally began after the first homeless episode, and the Discussion (§4.1) suggests it may be a consequence rather than a cause of homelessness. The paper does not establish an association with the persistence of homelessness. (LLM, conf=0.84)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Roma gypsies and other minorities are over-represented.26”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [26] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Recruitment and Eligibility section describes a sample from Toronto, Canada, not the EU. The Results compare racial-minority proportions between two groups of homeless women, but do not compare homeless people with the general population or mention Roma people. Searches for Roma, EU homelessness, and minority over-representation found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In the whole of the EU, an estimated 4·1 million people have a homeless episode in a year (panel 2).26”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [26] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction discusses homelessness in Canada and gives Toronto shelter figures, while Recruitment and Eligibility describes a Toronto sample. Searches for the 4.1 million figure and an annual EU homelessness estimate found no passage addressing that claim in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Homeless individuals have worse physical and emotional health status than the general population, including those from deprived neighbourhoods.32,49-51”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Physical and psychiatric health conditions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32]
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [49] source
- Could not verifycites [50] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Table 1 reports serious emotional problems among the homeless adults studied, and the Covariates section describes a measure of general health status. The Discussion compares food insufficiency and health-service use with the US general population, but our copy does not compare physical and emotional health status with either the general population or people from deprived neighbourhoods. (LLM, conf=0.73)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Crisis or transitional homelessness is often caused by a discrete event: either an act of nature or political crisis that displaces individuals, an economic disruption (severe recession, foreclosure crisis), or a personal crisis (job loss, illness).28”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Patterns of homelessness
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [28] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Subject Characteristics and Data Collection sections describe when and how long participants had been homeless, but not what caused their homelessness. Searches for crisis or transitional homelessness and for the proposed triggers—displacement, economic disruption, job loss, and illness—found no passage addressing the claim. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“This suggests a cohort effect: individuals born between 1954 and 1965 have experienced homelessness at a higher rate throughout their lives.31”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Ageing of the homeless population
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [31] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods describe a sample of Copenhagen hostel residents identified in 1991, and the Predictors of death section examines age in relation to mortality. Searches for a cohort effect, birth years 1954–1965, and higher lifetime rates of homelessness found no passage addressing those claims in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The homeless population in EU states is changing from single, middle-aged men to migrants from other EU and non-EU countries, younger people, women, and families.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [26] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) says that women, including women with dependent children, are a growing segment of the homeless population in Canada. It does not establish a shift in EU states from single middle-aged men toward migrants, younger people, women, and families. The Recruitment and Eligibility section identifies the study population as homeless people in Toronto, Canada. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The relative risk compared with age-matched comparisons is higher for younger homeless people than it is for older people in two North American reports.39,47”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [39] source
The paper’s Results report much higher mortality rate ratios for younger homeless women than for older homeless women relative to women in the general population. Its introductory review also gives age-stratified figures from Boston and Toronto showing the same pattern among homeless men. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [47] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In all studies, however, hypertension and diabetes in homeless people are more likely to be poorly controlled than in the general population.80,82”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] source
- Could not verifycites [82] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background discusses poor access to care among homeless adults, and the Results report unmet health care needs, but neither assesses control of hypertension or diabetes against the general population. Searches for both conditions and poor disease control found no passage addressing that comparison; page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.73)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In Europe and Canada, compared with the general population, homeless people have higher rates of smoking, lower rates of obesity and hyperlipidaemia, and similar rates of diabetes and hypertension77-81 (table 3).”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [77] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion compare diabetes prevalence in Paris shelter residents with the French general population, but do not compare smoking rates. Searches for smoking, smokers, and tobacco found no passage addressing the claimed Europe-and-Canada comparison. (LLM, conf=0.73)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [78] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [79] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] source
- Partly supportedcites [81] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The section “Impact of Homelessness Upon All Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality” (page unavailable) reports that smoking rates in a Toronto homeless sample were two to three times those of an age- and sex-matched Canadian general population. It does not provide a corresponding comparison for Europe, so the European part of the claim is unsupported by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
- It may state two separate claims as one. 51
- Probably not a substantial claim. 4
Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Since a 2012 systematic review,56 two new studies69,70 of tuberculosis that reported a prevalence of between 4% and 8%, and one study71 of HIV (from New York City) reporting rates of HIV of 1·8% have been published (appendix).”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Infectious diseases
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [56] source
Citation 56 identifies a 2012 systematic review, and the Abstract identifies this paper as a systematic review of traumatic brain injury and homelessness. The tuberculosis and HIV figures are attached to separate citations (69–71), not attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Could not verifycites [69] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Study and Conclusions (page numbers unavailable) report hepatitis E findings among homeless persons in Marseille, not post-2012 tuberculosis studies or an HIV prevalence study in New York City. Searches for the tuberculosis prevalence range and the New York City HIV rate found no passage addressing either claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Disputedcites [70] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods section (page unavailable) says this paper surveyed homeless adults in Pittsburgh and Philadelphia in 1997, not New York City. Published in 2005, it also cannot be one of the studies published since the 2012 review. The passages do not report an HIV prevalence of 1.8%. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [71] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“Findings from a study of 500 homeless people in three cities in British Columbia, Canada, showed that three-quarters of homeless people reported one form of abuse, with more than half reporting a history of sexual abuse.95”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Psychiatric disorders, and drug and alcohol misuse
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [95] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods and Results describe a study in inner-Sydney with 105 participants, not 500 people in three British Columbia cities. The Results report that 49 of 102 respondents (48%) experienced violence in the previous year; the cited paper does not report the claimed abuse or sexual-abuse figures. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plainn = 500- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Disputed
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Findings from several studies have shown that mortality is substantially increased in homeless people,35-45 with the excess risk most evident in younger people39,46 and, in some studies, women.”
- Also stated in: § Mortality · plain
“Findings from several studies have shown that mortality is substantially increased in homeless people,35-45 with the excess risk most evident in younger people39,46 and, in some studies, women.35,41,42”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [35] source
- Partly supportedcites [36] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract reports substantially higher mortality among homeless and marginally housed people, with the highest rate ratios at younger ages; the Results confirm that rate ratios were higher at younger ages for both sexes. The Discussion reports excess mortality among women, but does not show that the overall excess risk was more pronounced in women than in men. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Supportedcites [37] source
The Discussion reports mortality 3.5 times higher among homeless people than in Rotterdam’s general population. It finds the greatest relative disadvantages in younger age groups and homeless women, and notes that other studies have also found higher excess mortality in women. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [38] source
- Supportedcites [39] source
The Results report substantially elevated mortality among younger homeless women compared with women in the general population, with much smaller excess mortality among older women. The paper also reports elevated mortality among homeless men, especially younger men, and notes that younger homeless women in several cities had mortality rates similar to younger homeless men (Interpretation, p. 1245). (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [40] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [41] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [42] source
- Supportedcites [43] source
The Results section, “Mortality rate ratios by age and sex” (page not provided), reports substantially higher mortality among homeless adults than among Massachusetts adults, with the largest disparities at ages 25–44. In that age group, the reported all-cause mortality ratio was 9.6 for women and 8.6 for men, consistent with the claim’s qualified reference to women. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [44] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Mortality; page not provided) show elevated mortality among homeless children and adults aged 25–49 compared with NYC residents. But overall adult mortality among family-shelter users was similar to the comparison populations, and the female mortality estimate was not statistically conclusive. The paper therefore supports excess risk in some younger groups, not a substantial increase across homeless people generally or a clear excess among women. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Mortality · plain
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Primary individual risk factors for homelessness in young people (unaccompanied individuals aged 12–25 years) are family conflict and victimisation,14 non-heterosexual sexual identity,15,16 and having been in the child welfare system.17-19”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Causes of homelessness
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [14] source
The citation range attached to this paper concerns prior child-welfare involvement, not the other risk factors in the sentence. The Abstract identifies youths aging out of foster care as at high risk of homelessness and reports substantially higher homelessness rates for them than for a general youth sample. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not matchedcites [15]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In homeless families in New York, the overall mortality was not higher than that in residents of low-income neighbourhoods, although the excess was still present in homeless children.48”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [48] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract discusses adult homelessness and adverse childhood experiences, and the Discussion addresses adult mental and physical health outcomes. Searches for mortality in homeless families in New York and excess mortality in homeless children found no passage reporting the claimed comparison with low-income-neighbourhood residents. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“There are no consistent differences in mortality risks between homeless men and women, although most studies report that the proportionate excess of mortality in women is similar to men.40,45,47”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [40] source
- Could not verifycites [45] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s background passage says homeless people have high rates of premature mortality compared with the general population, but it does not compare mortality risks for homeless men and women. Searches for sex-specific mortality risk and proportionate excess mortality found no passage addressing either claim; the paper instead analyzes health status and health care use. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [47] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In 2012–13, 53 540 UK households were eligible for homelessness assistance. Of these households, 65% were white, 15% black, 8% Asian, and 3% mixed race (indicating an over-representation of black and Asian people); 64% had dependent children.25”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [25] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 2 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Homelessness seems to have increased in the past 5 years; only Finland and the Netherlands have reported reductions.26”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [26] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction discusses a growing segment of the homeless population in Canada, while Recruitment and Eligibility describes a Toronto sample. Searches for Finland, the Netherlands, EU homelessness trends, and a five-year increase found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The reasons for this are multifactorial and include risk factors that increase individuals’ risk for homelessness and are associated with poor health outcomes, such as early life poverty52 and mental health and substance misuse disorders.49,53”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Physical and psychiatric health conditions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [49] source
- Partly supportedcites [52] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction reports substantially increased morbidity among homeless people and higher prevalence of mental disorders. The Discussion also identifies injection drug use as a risk factor worth further study for infectious diseases. Neither section establishes that mental health or substance misuse disorders increase the risk of becoming homeless; a search for early-life poverty found no relevant passage, though that example has a separate citation in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [53] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction reports elevated rates of mental illness and substance use disorders among homeless people and says psychiatric illness or substance abuse commonly precipitates hospital care. It does not establish that these disorders increase the risk of becoming homeless. Early-life poverty is attached to citation 52, not to this source. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In Europe and Canada, compared with the general population, homeless people have higher rates of smoking, lower rates of obesity and hyperlipidaemia, and similar rates of diabetes and hypertension77-81 (table 3).”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [77] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results compare obesity among shelter attendees with and without diabetes, not with the general population. The paper’s general-population comparison concerns diabetes prevalence; the passages found for obesity, cholesterol and hyperlipidaemia do not establish lower rates of obesity or hyperlipidaemia among homeless people in Europe or Canada. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.77)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [78] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [79] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] source
- Partly supportedcites [81] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In the section on homelessness and cardiovascular mortality (page unavailable), a Toronto study found that elevated body mass index was not more prevalent among homeless adults than in a matched Canadian population. That does not establish a lower obesity rate. The section provides no Europe-wide comparison or evidence of lower hyperlipidaemia rates; it says the direction of differences in most traditional risk factors remains unclear. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The increased risk of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease is probably a result of high rates of behavioural risk factors (illicit drug use, tobacco use); poor control of hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidaemia; and poor access to care for early cardiac disease.80,85”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] source
- Partly supportedcites [85] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Drug Dependence; page unavailable) report a high prevalence of drug dependence among homeless people, supporting one behavioural-risk component. The Introduction reports elevated overall mortality, but neither passage links cardiovascular morbidity or mortality to drug or tobacco use, control of hypertension, diabetes or hyperlipidaemia, or access to early cardiac care. (LLM, conf=0.78)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Results from these studies showed that homeless individuals (compared with low-income non-homeless individuals) are more likely to seek medical care for falls, cold-related injury (hypothermia, frostbite), burns, poisonings (from medication and illicit substances), assaults, traumatic brain injuries, and self-harm and are less likely to seek care for transport-related injuries.32,57,58,60,96”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Unintentional injuries
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [32]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [57] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [58] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] source
- Partly supportedcites [96] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Heterogeneity between individual tuberculosis studies is partly explained by different diagnostic methods (higher rates when chest radiography was used vs sputum analysis) and differences in the underlying rate in the general population.56”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Infectious diseases
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [56] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract and Limitations of the evidence base discuss traumatic brain injury among people who are homeless, including variation in how TBI was assessed. Searches for tuberculosis, chest radiography, sputum analysis, and underlying population rates found no passage addressing the claimed explanation for heterogeneity between tuberculosis studies. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Data from the USA are similar, with the exception that rates of hypertension in homeless people are higher than in the general population, but similar to the non-homeless, low-income population.82”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [82] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background compares U.S. homeless, low-income, and general populations on emergency-department use, not hypertension rates. A search for “hypertension” found no passage in our copy addressing the claimed comparison. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Few studies of hepatitis B have been published, but they report high rates that are typically around 20–30%,68,72 and 3% have recent or ongoing hepatitis E.73”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Infectious diseases
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [68] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [72] source
- Could not verifycites [73] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citation 73 is attached to the claim that 3% of homeless people have recent or ongoing hepatitis E; the hepatitis B figures have separate citations. Our copy’s Results report diabetes, pre-diabetes and metabolic syndrome in a homeless population, but no passage addresses hepatitis E (searched for hepatitis E and viral infection). (LLM, conf=0.77)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Other risk factors are secondary to the conditions of homelessness itself, such as poor nutrition,54,55 exposure to communicable diseases,56 harsh living environments,57,58 high rates of victimisation59 and unintentional injuries,57,60 and increased rates of tobacco use.61,62”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Physical and psychiatric health conditions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [54] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] source
- Partly supportedcites [56] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports high rates of traumatic brain injury among people who are homeless, supporting the injury-related part of the citation. It does not establish that these injuries were unintentional or caused by the conditions of homelessness; it says the first brain injury preceded homelessness for most participants in the studies that examined timing. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Poor health status is exacerbated by poor access to health care63-65 and challenges in adherence to medication.66,67”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Physical and psychiatric health conditions
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [63] source
The citation is attached to the medication-adherence clause, not the separate claim about access to health care. The Discussion (page not provided) reports suboptimal ART adherence linked to homelessness and describes barriers homeless individuals face in storing medication and prioritizing adherence. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites [64] source
The Abstract (page not provided) states that homeless people face barriers to accessing healthcare and that these barriers contribute to the spread of infections. This supports the poor-access portion of the citing sentence; medication adherence has a separate citation group and is not attributed to this source here. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Could not verifycites [65] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports a much higher incidence of TB among homeless people, but does not attribute poor health to limited health-care access or difficulty adhering to medication. The Methods describe free TB treatment for participants; they do not assess access barriers or adherence. Searches for both mechanisms found no passage addressing them. (LLM, conf=0.74)
- Could not verifycites [66] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background describes elevated TB risk and poor outcomes among homeless people, but attributes risk to factors such as nutrition and housing, not poor access to health care. Searches of our full-text copy for health-care access and medication adherence found no passage addressing either proposed explanation for poor health status. (LLM, conf=0.74)
- Could not verifycites [67] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The citation placement attributes the poor-access-to-health-care point to this source; medication adherence has separate citations. The Introduction reports higher morbidity and mortality among homeless people, and the Discussion recommends offering HIV/STI services, but neither passage says that poor access exacerbates health status. Searches for poor access to health care and medication adherence found no passage establishing those links (pages unavailable in our copy). (LLM, conf=0.74)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Homeless people have difficulty accessing medical care and adhering to medications because of an absence of medical insurance, transportation barriers, and the need to attend to competing priorities.63,86-88”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [63] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) links homelessness to poorer ART adherence and suggests that immediate survival needs can take priority over medication. It also discusses financial barriers to treatment in settings without universal access, but does not identify lack of insurance or transportation as reasons homeless people have difficulty accessing care and taking medications. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [86] source
- Could not verifycites [87] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Implications and Avenues for future research sections discuss mental-health treatment and treatment adherence among prisoners, not barriers faced by homeless people. Searches for homelessness, insurance, transportation, competing priorities, and medication adherence found no passage addressing the attributed claim; the available passages have no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Partly supportedcites [88] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion says homeless people avoid outpatient contacts and have difficulty managing prescribed medications. It does not attribute those difficulties to lack of insurance, transportation barriers, or competing priorities. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“but compared with the general population, rates of tuberculosis infection were at least 20 times higher, and for USA studies, they were more than 40 times higher—a proportionate excess compared with the general population and more than other infectious diseases studied.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Infectious diseases
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [56] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion passages address traumatic brain injury among people who are homeless, not tuberculosis. Searches for tuberculosis infection rates, the 20- and 40-fold comparisons, and other infectious diseases found no passage in our copy addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Tobacco use is common in homeless populations; in the USA, 68–80% of homeless people are current smokers,61 which is four times the rate of the overall US population and 2·5 times that of the low-income population.105”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Tobacco use
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [61] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion addresses alcohol and drug problems among homeless people, but does not report smoking prevalence. Searches of the full-text copy for tobacco, smoking, the 68–80% figure, and the US population comparisons found no passage supporting the claim. (LLM, conf=0.77)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [105] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Several factors impede smoking cessation, including high rates of environmental exposure in shelters and other congregant living facilities, reduced access to health care,111 and competing health needs, which decrease health-care providers’”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Tobacco use
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [111] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s introductory discussion identifies pervasive tobacco use in homeless settings and assumptions about higher-priority needs, but it does not address reduced access to health care—the factor immediately preceding this citation. Searches for health-care access and medical-care availability found no passage supporting that factor. (LLM, conf=0.73)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Individual factors include poverty,9 early childhood adverse experiences,10 mental health and substance misuse problems,9,11 personal history of violence,11 and criminal justice system association.12”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Causes of homelessness
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Findings from ecological studies show that when structural support is not available, individuals with fewer individual vulnerabilities become homeless and rates of homelessness rise.7”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Causes of homelessness
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Structural factors that promote homelessness include the absence of low-cost housing, employment opportunities for low-skilled workers, and income support.7”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Causes of homelessness
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the USA, black Americans and Native Americans are overrepresented in the homeless population.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Point-in-time counts overestimate chronic homelessness and underestimate short periods of homelessness.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Reasons for late-life homelessness include housing problems secondary to changes in the housing market,33 loss through death or divorce of an important relationship, or health crises.33,34”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Ageing of the homeless population
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] source
- Not matchedcites [34]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Causes of excessive mortality include infections (HIV, tuberculosis), ischaemic heart disease, substance misuse, and external factors including unintentional injuries,40 suicides, homicides,46 and poisoning (from medication and illicit substances).”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Income inequality itself might be a structural factor that promotes homelessness: countries with greater levels of income inequality have higher rates of homelessness.20”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Causes of homelessness
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [20]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the early 1980s, the increase in homelessness was attributed to the closing of state psychiatric facilities, without a concomitant increase in community mental health services, a decrease in affordable housing, stagnating wages, changes in welfare policies, and the crack cocaine epidemic.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Risk factors for a person becoming chronically homeless include having mental health problems, substance misuse, or physical health problems, a history of criminal justice system association, and older age (44 years and older).21,29”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Patterns of homelessness
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 2012, in one night-time count, there were 2309 rough sleepers in England, 24% of whom lived in London (panel 2).”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although black Americans make up only 12% of the US population, they make up 39% of shelter populations.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The homeless population is ageing. In the USA, the median age of the homeless population now approaches 50 years.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Ageing of the homeless population
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the USA, a bimodal pattern of mortality is described: younger people die disproportionately from external causes of death (suicide, accidental overdoses, and homicide) and infectious diseases, and there is also a spike in older homeless people.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [47] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There is evidence that, despite expansion of services, the excess mortality has remained similar during the past two decades, although shifts in the cause of death have occurred with fewer deaths from HIV infection and more from drug overdose and substance misuse disorders.47”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [47] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“during one night-time count of homeless people in 2013, 23% of homeless individuals were children living in families (238 110 people in families were homeless).”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [23]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainn = 238,110- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although homelessness negatively affects health outcomes irrespective of duration, chronically homeless individuals have worse clinical outcomes than individuals who experience either intermittent or crisis homelessness.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Patterns of homelessness
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The 2010 US Interagency Council on Homelessness Federal Strategic Plan to Prevent and End Homelessness reported an increase during the preceding 30 years in the number of people who were homeless, with a substantial increase in the number of children and families who were homeless.21”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Suicide rates have increased, with a Danish study reporting a standardised mortality ratio of 7 from 1999–2009,42 which may be even higher in younger homeless people.46”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Denmark is the only country that reports higher relative risk of mortality for women, although the absolute death rate is higher in men than women.42”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [42] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mental health and substance misuse disorders both increase the risk of and are exacerbated by homelessness.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Physical and psychiatric health conditions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although crisis homelessness has severe negative effects on health, in general, those who experience crisis homelessness have better clinical outcomes than individuals who experience chronic or intermittent homelessness.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Patterns of homelessness
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Family homelessness (defined as adults with minor children) is often episodic, and is more prevalent in the USA than in EU countries.20”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Patterns of homelessness
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [20]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In a study90 based in three Canadian cities, 58% of homeless people had dual diagnosis, with some patterns of comorbidity being prominent (including depression co-occurring with alcohol, and post-traumatic stress disorder with crack cocaine).”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Psychiatric disorders, and drug and alcohol misuse
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [90] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Unintentional injuries are a major cause of morbidity and emergency department use in homeless people57 and represent around 9% of all admissions to hospital for this population; rates are higher than the general or housed poor population, although the discrepancy is greatest in elderly people.58”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Unintentional injuries
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This review also identified that the prevalence of psychosis was typically as high as that of depression, which contrasts with results from surveys in community and other high-risk populations such as prisoners in which depression is at least twice as common.91”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Psychiatric disorders, and drug and alcohol misuse
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [91] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In relation to substance misuse and dependence, this review focused on dependence, which for alcohol varied between 8% and 58%, and for drug dependence ranged from 5% to 54%, with very little information about women.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Psychiatric disorders, and drug and alcohol misuse
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [89] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Homeless individuals not only have higher rates of hospital admission but also have longer stays once admitted—at least 2 days longer for acute admissions to hospital in one study.126”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Health service use
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [126]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Rates of traumatic brain injury are increased in homeless people, compared with non-homeless poverty populations, with rates typically ranging from 38% to 53%.60”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Unintentional injuries
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, homelessness is an independent risk factor for hospital admission and emergency department attendance after accounting for these predisposing factors because of lower hospital admission thresholds caused by the complexities of management of acute medical crises in homeless people, barriers to timely care that might allow health problems to deteriorate beyond what can be managed safely as”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Health service use
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
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Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Living in marginal housing in impoverished environments may be more prevalent than homelessness and may create comparably severe consequences. 4-6”
From The Hotel Study—Clinical and Health Service Effectiveness in a Cohort of Homeless or Marginally Housed Persons (2017) · cites this paper as [5]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
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Street Medicine: Creating a “Classroom Without Walls” for Teaching Population Health
Doohan, N. C., & Mishori, R. (2019) · Medical Science Educator · doi:10.1007/s40670-019-00849-4 · Cited by 21
Disaster Planning for Homeless Populations: Analysis and Recommendations for Communities
Morris, S. C. (2020) · Prehospital and Disaster Medicine · doi:10.1017/s1049023x20000278 · Cited by 21
Homeless people hospitalized with COVID-19 in Brussels
Schrooyen, L., Delforge, M., Lebout, F., Vanbaelen, T., Lecompte, A., & Dauby, N. (2020) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2020.08.002 · Cited by 20
Experiencing homelessness and progression through the HIV cascade of care among people who use drugs
Reddon, H., Fairbairn, N. S., Grant, C. C., & Milloy, M. (2023) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0000000000003570 · Cited by 21
“Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer H People who are homeless tend to have increased psychiatric comorbidities and engage in higher intensity substance use, both of which can limit engagement with health services [51,52].”
BackgroundWhat drives the high health care costs of the homeless?
Zaretzky, K., Flatau, P., Spicer, B., Conroy, E., & Burns, L. (2017) · Housing Studies · doi:10.1080/02673037.2017.1280777 · Cited by 26
“…general population (Chartier et al., 2012; Cheung et al., 2015; Conroy et al., 2014; Corporation for Supportive Housing, 2004; Culhane et al., 2002; Fazel et al., 2014; Flatau et al., 2008, 2012; Fuehrlein et al., 2015; Hwang et al., 2011; Kim et al., 2006; Kushel et al., 2002; Parsell et al.,…”
BackgroundInfluentialAgeing with schizophrenia: an update
Solomon, H. V., Sinopoli, M., & DeLisi, L. E. (2021) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000694 · Cited by 20
“There has been a large increase in the proportion of older homeless persons in the United States, with a median age of 50 years [86].”
BackgroundSystemic barriers to care coordination for marginalized and vulnerable populations
Santos, P., Faughnan, K., Prost, C. A., & Tschampl, C. A. (2021) · Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless · doi:10.1080/10530789.2021.2021361 · Cited by 24
“…worse health (Bailey et al., 2017; Bor et al., 2017; Braveman & Gottlieb, 2014; Williams & Mohammed, 2013) and higher health-related social needs (Fazel et al., 2014; Fortuna et al., 2019; Grant et al., 2013; Ryan et al., 2016) than other groups, yet receive more fragmented care and face higher…”
BackgroundInfluentialLiu, M., Richard, L., Campitelli, M. A., Nisenbaum, R. A., Dhalla, I. A., Wadhera, R. K., Shariff, S. Z., & Hwang, S. W. (2022) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-022-07506-4 · Cited by 20
Yue, D., Pourat, N., Essien, E. A., Chen, X., Zhou, W., & O’Masta, B. (2022) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6773.14009 · Cited by 21
“3,13 They had minimal social support from relatives and friends and experienced substantial discrimination.”
Jego-Sablier, M., Grassineau, D., Balique, H., Loundou, A., Sambuc, R., Daguzan, A., Gentile, G., & Gentile, S. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013610 · Cited by 21
“The average age of death is between 40 and 50 years(12) 13 and the standardised mortality ratios in high-income countries is typically reported from 2 to 5 times the age-standardised general population.(9) They face difficulties in accessing primary care and go through inadequate therapeutic itineraries, with multiple…”
BackgroundKlop, H. T., van Dongen, S. I., Francke, A. L., et al. (2018) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2018.05.026 · Cited by 20
Interventions to reduce tobacco use in people experiencing homelessness
Vijayaraghavan, M., Elser, H. C., & Apollonio, D. E. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013413 · Cited by 21
Life goals over time among homeless adults in permanent supportive housing
Wenzel, S. L., Rhoades, H., Moore, H., Lahey, J., Henwood, B., La Motte‐Kerr, W., & Bird, M. (2018) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12237 · Cited by 19
Roy, R., Raman, K. J., Elangovan, A. R., & Varambally, S. S. (2024) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640231217173 · Cited by 19
“The prevalence of mental health issues is higher among the homeless population than the general population (Fazel et al., 2014, 2008; 2000).”
Schindel, D., Kleyer, C., & Schenk, L. (2020) · Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz · doi:10.1007/s00103-020-03213-9 · Cited by 25
“skizzieren die Heterogenität des Begriffs [35].”
BackgroundInfluentialPolicy coordination and housing outcomes during COVID-19
Mason, C., Moran, M., & Earles, A. (2020) · AHURI Final Report · doi:10.18408/ahuri5125801 · Cited by 19
Mullins, R. M., Kelly, B. E., Chiappalone, S., & Lewis, V. J. (2021) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.13235 · Cited by 24
Papageorgiou, V., Davies, B., Cooper, E., Singer, A., & Ward, H. (2021) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-021-03551-y · Cited by 25
Schiffler, T., Kapan, A., Gansterer, A., Pass, T., Lehner, L., Gil-Salmerón, A., McDermott, D. T., & Grabovac, I. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20010892 · Cited by 25
“As this population continues to grow, the mental health of PEH is fast becoming a social and public health problem of great global importance [6].”
BackgroundAssociation of Housing Status With Types of Operations and Postoperative Health Care Utilization
Decker, H. C., Kanzaria, H. K., Evans, J. L., Pierce, L., & Wick, E. C. (2023) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0000000000005917 · Cited by 19
Siersbaek, R., Ford, J. A., Cheallaigh, C. N., Thomas, S., & Burke, S. (2023) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-023-02029-8 · Cited by 22
Gicas, K. M., Giesbrecht, C. J., Panenka, W. J., Lang, D. J., Smith, G. N., Vila‐Rodriguez, F., Leonova, O., Jones, A. A., Barr, A. M., Procyshyn, R. M., et al. (2016) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000304 · Cited by 20
Carvalho, P. M. R. D. S., de Matos, M. A., Martins, R. M. B., et al. (2017) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/0102-311x00109216 · Cited by 19
WHEN HOUSING FIRST LASTS: EXPLORING THE LIVED EXPERIENCE OF SINGLE‐SITE HOUSING FIRST RESIDENTS
Stahl, N., Collins, S. E., Clifasefi, S. L., & Hagopian, A. (2016) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.21783 · Cited by 24
Bio-behavioral survey of syphilis in homeless men in Central Brazil: a cross-sectional study
Barros, C. V. D. L., Júnior, H. G., Rezza, G., Guimarães, R. A., Ferreira, P. M., Souza, C. M., Guimarães, L. C. D. C., Barros, D. A. C., & Brunini, S. M. (2018) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/0102-311x00033317 · Cited by 21
Nelson, R. E., Suo, Y., Pettey, W. B. P., Vanneman, M. E., Montgomery, A. E., Byrne, T. H., Fargo, J. D., & Gundlapalli, A. V. (2018) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6773.13054 · Cited by 19
The dual burden of malnutrition in the United States and the role of non-profit organizations
Bowers, K. S., Francis, E. B., & Kraschnewski, J. L. (2018) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.10.002 · Cited by 19
“, 2014) Similarly, heightened mortality seen among the homeless, can be attributed to an unparalleled rate of ischemic heart disease related to poor diet (Fazel et al., 2014).”
BackgroundZalk, N. V., & Smith, R. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00350 · Cited by 20
“The link between homelessness and internalizing psychopathology has been well-documented, as homeless individuals commonly report high symptoms of depression and anxiety (e.g., Edens et al., 2011; Fitzpatrick et al., 2012, 2015; Cruwys et al., 2014; Fazel et al., 2014; Fitzpatrick, 2017).”
BackgroundNilsson, S. F., Laursen, T. M., Hjorthøj, C. R., & Nordentoft, M. (2019) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13082 · Cited by 19
“A large number of studies have identified mental illnesses and substance use disorders to be associated with increased risk of becoming homeless in high-income countries (1).”
BackgroundComparing the Impact of Primary Care Practice Design in Two Inner City UK Homelessness Services
Zeitler, M., Williamson, A. E., Budd, J., Spencer, R. E., Queen, A., & Lowrie, R. (2020) · Journal of Primary Care & Community Health · doi:10.1177/2150132720910568 · Cited by 19
“05 Nurse consultation per patientc 2 (4-49) 0 (0-6) <.”
BackgroundMontgomery, M. P., Paulin, H. N., Morris, A., Cotton, A., Speers, A., Boyd, A. T., Buff, A. M., Mathews, D., Wells, A., Marchman, C., et al. (2021) · Journal of Public Health Management and Practice · doi:10.1097/phh.0000000000001349 · Cited by 19
Living libraries: Nurse integration in interprofessional homeless health care team
Mariano, M. A., & Harmon, M. J. (2018) · Public Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/phn.12561 · Cited by 19
Ralevski, A., Taiyab, N., Nossal, M., Mico, L., Piekos, S. N., & Hadlock, J. (2024) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/63445 · Cited by 29
“It is well known that people who are experiencing housing instability are at greater risk for other health issues, including substance use, comorbidities, and mental illness [3,7,8].”
Currie, J., Grech, E., Longbottom, E., Yee, J., Hastings, R., Aitkenhead, A., Cason, A., & Obrecht, K. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0254100 · Cited by 18
“Often secondary to unintentional injury [9], the lifetime prevalence of TBI is high among those experiencing homelessness and associated with poorer health outcomes and higher suicidality [30].”
BackgroundInfluentialVogel, M., Choi, F., Westenberg, J. N., Cabanis, M., Nikoo, N., Nikoo, M., Hwang, S. W., Somers, J. M., Schütz, C. G., & Krausz, M. R. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19010005 · Cited by 18
“Compared to the general population, homeless persons suffer disproportionately from adverse health conditions and chronic diseases [3].”
BackgroundInfluentialZhu, A., Bruketa, E., Svoboda, T. J., Patel, J., Elmi, N., Richandi, G. E.-K., Baral, S., & Orkin, A. M. (2022) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2022.03.004 · Cited by 19
Marshall, C. A., Boland, L., Westover, L. A., Goldszmidt, R. A., Bengall, J., Aryobi, S., Isard, R., Easton, C., & Gewurtz, R. E. (2022) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.13892 · Cited by 19
Luchenski, S. A., Dawes, J., Aldridge, R. W., Stevenson, F. A., Tariq, S., Hewett, N., & Hayward, A. C. (2022) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101657 · Cited by 19
Meehan, A. A., Milazzo, K. E., Bien, M., Nall, S. K., Vickery, K. D., Mosites, E. M., & Barocas, J. A. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-18681-w · Cited by 18
Hospital discharge planning for Canadians experiencing homelessness
Buccieri, K., Oudshoorn, A., Frederick, T. J., Schiff, R., Abramovich, A., Gaetz, S., & Forchuk, C. (2018) · Housing Care and Support · doi:10.1108/hcs-07-2018-0015 · Cited by 18
Dermatologic Care of Persons Experiencing Homelessness
Coates, S. J., Amerson, E. H., & Chang, A. Y. (2020) · JAMA Dermatology · doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2020.0902 · Cited by 18
Ly, T. D. A., Dao, T. L., Hoang, V. T., Braunstein, D., Brouqui, P., Lagier, J., Parola, P., & Gautret, P. (2020) · Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease · doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101768 · Cited by 18
Wang, A., Pridham, K. F., Nisenbaum, R. A., Pedersen, C., Brown, R. J., & Hwang, S. W. (2021) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-020-06483-w · Cited by 20
Cardiovascular Health Issues in Inner City Populations
Nayyar, D., & Hwang, S. W. (2015) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2015.04.011 · Cited by 19
Curtis, A. J., Felix, C., Mitchell, S., Ajayakumar, J., & Kerndt, P. R. (2018) · Annals of the American Association of Geographers · doi:10.1080/24694452.2018.1471386 · Cited by 18
“…health outcomes such as issues of mental health and exposure to infectious and chronic disease (Marshall et al. 2009; Beijer, Wolf, and Fazel 2012; Fazel, Geddes, and Kushel 2014) and the risk of interpersonal violence (McNeil et al. 2014), especially to sex workers (Shannon et al. 2008; Shannon…”
BackgroundRussolillo, A., Moniruzzaman, A., Carter, M., Raudzus, J., & Somers, J. M. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04945-z · Cited by 19
Why some homeless individuals are unsheltered: A narrative review of self-reported reasons
Tsai, J., Haley, G., & Kinney, R. L. (2024) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117179 · Cited by 17
McDaniel, M., Sundaram, S., Manjanatha, D., Odes, R., Lerman, P., Handley, M. A., Coffin, P. O., Myers, J. J., & Goldman, M. L. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-19596-2 · Cited by 21
“Compared to the housed population, PEH face increased risk factors for behavioral health crises, like underlying health conditions, substance use, and specific life stressors [11].”
BackgroundGREGG, E., Linn, C., Nace, E., Gelberg, L., Cowan, B., & Fulcher, J. A. (2020) · Journal of Primary Care & Community Health · doi:10.1177/2150132720908370 · Cited by 17
Alunni‐Menichini, K., Bertrand, K., Roy, L., & Brousselle, A. (2020) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102758 · Cited by 18
Marcus, R., Cha, S., Sionéan, C., Kanny, D., & for the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance Study Group (2021) · Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless · doi:10.1080/10530789.2021.1892931 · Cited by 17
“…syringes from an SSP. Reasons for higher rates of HIV testing among PWID experiencing homelessness may be due to the high rates of incarceration (Courtenay-Quirk et al., 2008) and use of emergency departments for medical care (Fazel et al., 2014), which can be venues for routine HIV testing.”
BackgroundParadis-Gagné, É., Jacques, M., Pariseau‐Legault, P., Ben-Ahmed, H. E., & Stroe, I. R. (2023) · Journal of research in nursing · doi:10.1177/17449871231159595 · Cited by 24
“…political dimensions, one can think of decreased funding in social programmes for access to employment and housing, budgetary restraint measures (neoliberal policies and austerity) and cuts in healthcare, among others (Donnan, 2014; Fazel et al., 2014; Gaetz et al., 2016; Stonehouse et al., 2022).”
BackgroundInfluentialHousing Status, Cancer Care, and Associated Outcomes Among US Veterans
Decker, H. C., Graham, L. A., Titan, A. L., Kanzaria, H. K., Hawn, M. T., Kushel, M., & Wick, E. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.49143 · Cited by 17
Self-citationWhittaker, E., Flatau, P., Swift, W., Dobbins, T., & Burns, L. (2016) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201500446 · Cited by 17
Clemenzi-Allen, A., Hartogensis, W., Cohen, S. E., Gandhi, M., Geng, E. H., & Christopoulos, K. (2018) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/olq.0000000000000939 · Cited by 17
Buitenweg, D. C., Bongers, I. L., van de Mheen, D., OERS, H. A. M. V., & van Nieuwenhuizen, C. (2018) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/12378 · Cited by 17
“Homeless individuals were included in this study because of the high prevalence of severe mental health problems in this group [38-40].”
BackgroundMedical Comorbidities and Medication Use Among Homeless Adults Seeking Mental Health Treatment
Arnold, E. M., Strenth, C. R., Hedrick, L. P., Paterson, R. C., Curiel, J., Joseph, A. E., Brown, T. W., & Kimball, J. N. (2020) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-020-00552-4 · Cited by 16
Mansor-Lefebvre, S., Strat, Y. L., Bernadou, A., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17082854 · Cited by 17
“A number of studies—mainly from the US—have highlighted the detrimental effects of homelessness on health [5].”
BackgroundImproving the Health of the Homeless and How to Achieve It within the New NHS Architecture
Batchelor, P. A., & Kingsland, J. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17114100 · Cited by 17
Tan, Z., Mun, E., Nguyen, U., & Walters, S. T. (2021) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-020-00507-0 · Cited by 16
Exploring and understanding HCV patient journeys- HEPCARE Europe project
Glaspy, S., Avramovic, G., McHugh, T., et al. (2021) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-021-05928-9 · Cited by 17
“It is estimated that approximately half of all prison members have a history of illicit drug use [6], while studies have shown that the highest absolute rate of disease in homeless individuals is for hepatitis C [7, 8].”
BackgroundPalliative care for homeless and vulnerably housed people: scoping review and thematic synthesis
James, R., Flemming, K., Hodson, M., & Oxley, T. (2021) · BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care · doi:10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003020 · Cited by 17
Tinland, A., Loubière, S., Cantiello, M., Boucékine, M., Girard, V., Taylor, O., & Auquier, P. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11310-w · Cited by 18
Hashim, A., Bremner, S. A., Grove, J. I., Astbury, S., Mengozzi, M., O'Sullivan, M., Macken, L., Worthley, T., Katarey, D. R., Aithal, G. P., et al. (2021) · Liver International · doi:10.1111/liv.15122 · Cited by 17
Currie, L. B., Patterson, M., Moniruzzaman, A., McCandless, L. C., & Somers, J. M. (2018) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6773.12992 · Cited by 18
Dental problems and chronic diseases in mentally ill homeless adults: a cross-sectional study
Mejía-Lancheros, C., Lachaud, J., Nisenbaum, R. A., Wang, A., Stergiopoulos, V., Hwang, S. W., & O'Campo, P. J. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-08499-7 · Cited by 17
“Individuals who are homeless (those without a fixed, regular, and adequate night-time residence) had higher mortality rates and experience the dual burdens of DPs, CDs compared to the general population [4, 5, 14] due to structural and system-level barriers (e.”
BackgroundHomelessness youth and mental health service utilization: A long‐term follow‐up study
Russell, M. A., Soong, W., Nicholls, C., Griffiths, J., Curtis, K., Follett, D., Smith, W., & Waters, F. (2020) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12985 · Cited by 17
Social Determinants of Health Assessment Tool: Implications for Healthcare Practice
Winchester, S. B. (2019) · Social Work in Public Health · doi:10.1080/19371918.2019.1614507 · Cited by 17
“Housing stability Homelessness is a complex, public health concern with individuals experiencing homelessness presenting a unique vulnerability to poor long-term health including chronic health conditions, comorbidities, and higher mortality rates (Fazel, 2014).”
BackgroundInterpersonal relationships and drug use over time among homeless people: a qualitative study
de Espíndola, M. I., Bedendo, A., da Silva, E. A., & Noto, A. R. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09880-2 · Cited by 16
Pauly, B., Brown, M. E., Chow, C. M., Wettlaufer, A., East Side Illicit Drinkers Group for Education (EIDGE), Graham, B. M., Urbanoski, K. A., Callaghan, R. C., Rose, C., Jordan, M., et al. (2021) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/s12954-021-00512-5 · Cited by 16
“9% have been found among males experiencing homelessness [1, 10].”
BackgroundZhao, J., Stockwell, T. R., Pauly, B., Wettlaufer, A., & Chow, C. M. (2021) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agab078 · Cited by 16
Fleury, M., Cao, Z., Grenier, G., & Huỳnh, C. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19116607 · Cited by 18
“Poor material conditions are also associated with more recurrent hospitalization among patients, as identified in previous studies [12,59].”
BackgroundResultRosen, A. D., Beltran, J., Thomas, E. H., et al. (2022) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-022-00659-x · Cited by 16
“Numerous economic, structural, and racial disparities, both historical and current, underlie this vaccination gap [5].”
BackgroundLutchmun, W., Gach, J., Borup, C., & Froeschl, G. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14023-w · Cited by 16
“However, we describe a positive association between psychiatric illness and homelessness, consistent with numerous studies describing higher rates major depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder and alcohol and drug dependency among PEH [1, 4, 9, 18, 44].”
BackgroundResultStreet Medicine: A Scoping Review of Program Elements
Enich, M., Tiderington, E., & Ure, A. (2022) · International Journal on Homelessness · doi:10.5206/ijoh.2022.2.15134 · Cited by 16
Weightman, A. L., Kelson, M. J., Thomas, I., Mann, M. K., Searchfield, L., Willis, S., Hannigan, B., Smith, R. J., & Cordiner, R. (2023) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/cl2.1329 · Cited by 19
Whittaker, E., Swift, W., Flatau, P., Dobbins, T., Schollar‐Root, O., & Burns, L. (2015) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1700-y · Cited by 21
“Australian and international evidence highlights the heightened prevalence of substance use disorders and other mental health disorders across homeless populations [6,8-12].”
BackgroundInfluentialWhittaker, E., Dobbins, T., Swift, W., Flatau, P., & Burns, L. (2017) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1111/1753-6405.12631 · Cited by 16
Garey, L., Reitzel, L. R., Neisler, J., Kendzor, D. E., Zvolensky, M. J., Neighbors, C., Hernandez, D. C., & Businelle, M. S. (2018) · Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/08964289.2018.1447905 · Cited by 19
“Prevalence estimates for current smoking among current and chronically homeless individuals in the United States range from 70%–80%.(13,14) This prevalence is nearly five times the national average of 15% and nearly three times the rate of those who live below the poverty line (26%).”
BackgroundSelf-reported Animal and Ectoparasite Exposure among Urban Homeless People
Leibler, J. H., Robb, K., Joh, E., et al. (2018) · Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved · doi:10.1353/hpu.2018.0050 · Cited by 16
Spector, A. L., Quinn, K. G., McAuliffe, T. L., DiFranceisco, W. J., Bendixen, A. V., & Dickson‐Gómez, J. (2020) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-020-02482-w · Cited by 17
van Dongen, S. I., Klop, H. T., Onwuteaka-Philipsen, B. D., de Veer, A. J. E., Slockers, M. T., van Laere, I., van der Heide, A., & Rietjens, J. A. C. (2020) · Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1177/0269216320940559 · Cited by 19
Steer, K. J. D., Klassen, D. C., O’Gorman, C. M., Webster, M., Mitchell, M., Krichevsky, L., Christiansen, K., Benham, J. L., & Schindler, R. (2021) · Canadian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.17269/s41997-020-00466-4 · Cited by 16
Mejía-Lancheros, C., Lachaud, J., Aubry, T., Wiens, K., O'Campo, P. J., Stergiopoulos, V., & Hwang, S. W. (2021) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-021-02093-x · Cited by 17
“, discrimination and stigma, lack of access to social and health services) and physical and mental illness, including alcohol and substance use disorders [12, 13].”
BackgroundRathod, S. D., Guise, A., Annand, P., Hosseini, P., Williamson, E., Miners, A. H., Bowgett, K., Burrows, M., Aldridge, R. W., Luchenski, S. A., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050717 · Cited by 16
Ryan, P., Valencia, J. A. S., Cuevas, G., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103424 · Cited by 16
Langham, F. J., Curtis, S. J., Tang, M. J., Jomon, B., Doyle, J., Vujovic, O., & Stewardson, A. J. (2022) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.13525 · Cited by 16
“People experiencing homelessness have high rates of health care usage [32], and there is a clear association between unstable housing and bacterial infection risk [1], including injection site infections [33].”
BackgroundScreening for tuberculosis in an urban shelter for homeless in Switzerland: a prospective study
Janssens, J.-P., Wuillemin, T., Adler, D., et al. (2017) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-017-2449-y · Cited by 16
“In Europe, mortality in homeless persons is seven times higher than in the general population and morbidity, both somatic and psychiatric, is also significantly increased [3, 4].”
BackgroundPredictors of treatment initiation for alcohol use disorders in primary care
Watkins, K. E., Ober, A. J., McCullough, C., Setodji, C. M., Lamp, K., Lind, M., Hunter, S. B., & Osilla, K. C. (2018) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.06.021 · Cited by 17
Health Care Utilization of Individuals Affected by Homelessness
Madigan, D. M., & Friedman, L. S. (2021) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0000000000001444 · Cited by 15
Husain, M., Rachline, A., Cousien, A., et al. (2021) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2021.05.039 · Cited by 15
“Some studies show a high prevalence of SARSCoV-2 infection among the homeless [3,4] whose comorbidities [5] put them at high risk for severe SARS-CoV-2 infection [6].”
BackgroundResultAnalyzing U.S. tweets for stigma against people experiencing homelessness.
Kim, N. J., Lin, J. A., Hiller, C., et al. (2021) · Stigma and Health · doi:10.1037/sah0000251 · Cited by 15
“…exposures to lack of housing/exposure to the elements, inadequate nutrition, and unsafe living conditions leading to unsafe health-related behaviors account for a significant proportion of these disparities (Auerswald et al., 2016; Dachner & Tarasuk, 2002; Fazel et al., 2014; Hwang et al., 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialMosites, E. M., Hughes, L. J., & Butler, J. C. (2022) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiac352 · Cited by 15
Wilke, A. B. B., Damian, D., Litvinova, M., et al. (2023) · Acta Tropica · doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106833 · Cited by 15
Schiffler, T., Carmichael, C., Smith, L., Doñate-Martínez, A., Alhambra‐Borrás, T., Varadé, M. R., Cortés, J. B., Kouvari, M., Karnaki, P., Μουδάτσου, Μ., et al. (2023) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102095 · Cited by 16
Beijer, U., Bruce, D., & Burström, B. (2016) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494816671601 · Cited by 15
Wiens, K., Nisenbaum, R. A., Sucha, E., Aubry, T., Farrell, S., Palepu, A., Duhoux, A., Gadermann, A., & Hwang, S. W. (2021) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0000000000001379 · Cited by 16
Mejía-Lancheros, C., Alfayumi‐Zeadna, S., Lachaud, J., O'Campo, P. J., Gogosis, E., Silva, G. D., Stergiopoulos, V., Hwang, S. W., & Thulien, N. S. (2022) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.13826 · Cited by 18
“…chronic homelessness or residential instability have poorer physical and mental health and a higher prevalence of mental disorders (e.g. post- traumatic stress disorder, psychosis, depression) compared to the general population (Fazel et al., 2008, 2014; Hwang, 2001; Mejia- Lancheros et al., 2020).”
BackgroundKiernan, S., Mockler, D., Cheallaigh, C. N., & Broderick, J. M. (2020) · HRB Open Research · doi:10.12688/hrbopenres.13011.1 · Cited by 13
Mortality Trends Among Adults Experiencing Homelessness in Boston, Massachusetts From 2003 to 2018
Dickins, K. A., Fine, D. R., Adams, L. D., Horick, N., Lewis, E., Looby, S. E. D., & Baggett, T. P. (2023) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.7011 · Cited by 15
Metadata
- Authors
- Fazel, S., Geddes, J. R., & Kushel, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- San Francisco General Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fazel, Seena
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-10
- Volume
- 384
- Issue
- 9953
- Pages
- 1529-1540
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- PMC
- PMC4520328
- OpenAlex
- W2105368594
- Cited by
- 1,568
- References
- 129
- Citations by year
- 2026: 100 · 2025: 129 · 2024: 203 · 2023: 176 · 2022: 186 · 2021: 266 · 2020: 155 · 2019: 124 · 2018: 88 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 7.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (095806)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0611-10150)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homelessness and Social Issues
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban and Rural Development Challenges
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk
- Keywords
- homelessness, health of homeless people, premature mortality, suicide, unintentional injuries, infectious diseases, mental illness, substance abuse, non-communicable diseases, accelerated aging, housing affordability, poverty, healthcare engagement, emergency department visits, health surveillance, health policy, child welfare system, psychiatric hospitals
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Australia, Mental Disorders, Canada, Chronic Disease, Delivery of Health Care, Europe, Health Policy, Health Services, Health Status, Ill-Housed Persons, Humans, Infections, Middle Aged, Smoking, United States, Self-Injurious Behavior, Age Distribution, Developed Countries
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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