The DOI matches its Crossref record; 123 of the 129 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 58 of the 158 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations
Open accessAbstract
In the European Union, more than 400 000 individuals are homeless on any one night and more than 600 000 are homeless in the USA. The causes of homelessness are an interaction between individual and structural factors. Individual factors include poverty, family problems, and mental health and substance misuse problems. The availability of low-cost housing is thought to be the most important structural determinant for homelessness.
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Claims the paper makes
28 No full text of the sources · 20 Couldn’t confirm · 16 Partly supported · 10 No basis given · 9 Sources not found · 4 Not checked yet · 2 Supported so far · 2 Own result · 1 Mixed support · 1 Not supported · 1 Own method · 1 Own interpretation · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Evidence suggests that drug and alcohol misuse have strong associations with both the initiation and persistence of homelessness.13”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Causes of homelessness
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [13] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (§3.2) report higher alcohol and illegal-drug use among LGB youths with a history of homelessness. But use generally began after the first homeless episode, and the Discussion (§4.1) suggests it may be a consequence rather than a cause of homelessness. The paper does not establish an association with the persistence of homelessness. (LLM, conf=0.84)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Roma gypsies and other minorities are over-represented.26”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [26] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Recruitment and Eligibility section describes a sample from Toronto, Canada, not the EU. The Results compare racial-minority proportions between two groups of homeless women, but do not compare homeless people with the general population or mention Roma people. Searches for Roma, EU homelessness, and minority over-representation found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In the whole of the EU, an estimated 4·1 million people have a homeless episode in a year (panel 2).26”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [26] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction discusses homelessness in Canada and gives Toronto shelter figures, while Recruitment and Eligibility describes a Toronto sample. Searches for the 4.1 million figure and an annual EU homelessness estimate found no passage addressing that claim in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Homeless individuals have worse physical and emotional health status than the general population, including those from deprived neighbourhoods.32,49-51”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Physical and psychiatric health conditions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32]
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [49] source
- Could not verifycites [50] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Table 1 reports serious emotional problems among the homeless adults studied, and the Covariates section describes a measure of general health status. The Discussion compares food insufficiency and health-service use with the US general population, but our copy does not compare physical and emotional health status with either the general population or people from deprived neighbourhoods. (LLM, conf=0.73)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Crisis or transitional homelessness is often caused by a discrete event: either an act of nature or political crisis that displaces individuals, an economic disruption (severe recession, foreclosure crisis), or a personal crisis (job loss, illness).28”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Patterns of homelessness
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [28] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Subject Characteristics and Data Collection sections describe when and how long participants had been homeless, but not what caused their homelessness. Searches for crisis or transitional homelessness and for the proposed triggers—displacement, economic disruption, job loss, and illness—found no passage addressing the claim. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“This suggests a cohort effect: individuals born between 1954 and 1965 have experienced homelessness at a higher rate throughout their lives.31”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Ageing of the homeless population
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [31] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods describe a sample of Copenhagen hostel residents identified in 1991, and the Predictors of death section examines age in relation to mortality. Searches for a cohort effect, birth years 1954–1965, and higher lifetime rates of homelessness found no passage addressing those claims in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The homeless population in EU states is changing from single, middle-aged men to migrants from other EU and non-EU countries, younger people, women, and families.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [26] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) says that women, including women with dependent children, are a growing segment of the homeless population in Canada. It does not establish a shift in EU states from single middle-aged men toward migrants, younger people, women, and families. The Recruitment and Eligibility section identifies the study population as homeless people in Toronto, Canada. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The relative risk compared with age-matched comparisons is higher for younger homeless people than it is for older people in two North American reports.39,47”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [39] source
The paper’s Results report much higher mortality rate ratios for younger homeless women than for older homeless women relative to women in the general population. Its introductory review also gives age-stratified figures from Boston and Toronto showing the same pattern among homeless men. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [47] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In all studies, however, hypertension and diabetes in homeless people are more likely to be poorly controlled than in the general population.80,82”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] source
- Could not verifycites [82] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background discusses poor access to care among homeless adults, and the Results report unmet health care needs, but neither assesses control of hypertension or diabetes against the general population. Searches for both conditions and poor disease control found no passage addressing that comparison; page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.73)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In Europe and Canada, compared with the general population, homeless people have higher rates of smoking, lower rates of obesity and hyperlipidaemia, and similar rates of diabetes and hypertension77-81 (table 3).”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [77] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion compare diabetes prevalence in Paris shelter residents with the French general population, but do not compare smoking rates. Searches for smoking, smokers, and tobacco found no passage addressing the claimed Europe-and-Canada comparison. (LLM, conf=0.73)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [78] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [79] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] source
- Partly supportedcites [81] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The section “Impact of Homelessness Upon All Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality” (page unavailable) reports that smoking rates in a Toronto homeless sample were two to three times those of an age- and sex-matched Canadian general population. It does not provide a corresponding comparison for Europe, so the European part of the claim is unsupported by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
- It may state two separate claims as one. 51
- Probably not a substantial claim. 4
Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Since a 2012 systematic review,56 two new studies69,70 of tuberculosis that reported a prevalence of between 4% and 8%, and one study71 of HIV (from New York City) reporting rates of HIV of 1·8% have been published (appendix).”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Infectious diseases
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [56] source
Citation 56 identifies a 2012 systematic review, and the Abstract identifies this paper as a systematic review of traumatic brain injury and homelessness. The tuberculosis and HIV figures are attached to separate citations (69–71), not attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Could not verifycites [69] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Study and Conclusions (page numbers unavailable) report hepatitis E findings among homeless persons in Marseille, not post-2012 tuberculosis studies or an HIV prevalence study in New York City. Searches for the tuberculosis prevalence range and the New York City HIV rate found no passage addressing either claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Disputedcites [70] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods section (page unavailable) says this paper surveyed homeless adults in Pittsburgh and Philadelphia in 1997, not New York City. Published in 2005, it also cannot be one of the studies published since the 2012 review. The passages do not report an HIV prevalence of 1.8%. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [71] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“Findings from a study of 500 homeless people in three cities in British Columbia, Canada, showed that three-quarters of homeless people reported one form of abuse, with more than half reporting a history of sexual abuse.95”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Psychiatric disorders, and drug and alcohol misuse
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [95] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods and Results describe a study in inner-Sydney with 105 participants, not 500 people in three British Columbia cities. The Results report that 49 of 102 respondents (48%) experienced violence in the previous year; the cited paper does not report the claimed abuse or sexual-abuse figures. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plainn = 500- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Disputed
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Findings from several studies have shown that mortality is substantially increased in homeless people,35-45 with the excess risk most evident in younger people39,46 and, in some studies, women.”
- Also stated in: § Mortality · plain
“Findings from several studies have shown that mortality is substantially increased in homeless people,35-45 with the excess risk most evident in younger people39,46 and, in some studies, women.35,41,42”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [35] source
- Partly supportedcites [36] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract reports substantially higher mortality among homeless and marginally housed people, with the highest rate ratios at younger ages; the Results confirm that rate ratios were higher at younger ages for both sexes. The Discussion reports excess mortality among women, but does not show that the overall excess risk was more pronounced in women than in men. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Supportedcites [37] source
The Discussion reports mortality 3.5 times higher among homeless people than in Rotterdam’s general population. It finds the greatest relative disadvantages in younger age groups and homeless women, and notes that other studies have also found higher excess mortality in women. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [38] source
- Supportedcites [39] source
The Results report substantially elevated mortality among younger homeless women compared with women in the general population, with much smaller excess mortality among older women. The paper also reports elevated mortality among homeless men, especially younger men, and notes that younger homeless women in several cities had mortality rates similar to younger homeless men (Interpretation, p. 1245). (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [40] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [41] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [42] source
- Supportedcites [43] source
The Results section, “Mortality rate ratios by age and sex” (page not provided), reports substantially higher mortality among homeless adults than among Massachusetts adults, with the largest disparities at ages 25–44. In that age group, the reported all-cause mortality ratio was 9.6 for women and 8.6 for men, consistent with the claim’s qualified reference to women. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [44] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Mortality; page not provided) show elevated mortality among homeless children and adults aged 25–49 compared with NYC residents. But overall adult mortality among family-shelter users was similar to the comparison populations, and the female mortality estimate was not statistically conclusive. The paper therefore supports excess risk in some younger groups, not a substantial increase across homeless people generally or a clear excess among women. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Mortality · plain
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Primary individual risk factors for homelessness in young people (unaccompanied individuals aged 12–25 years) are family conflict and victimisation,14 non-heterosexual sexual identity,15,16 and having been in the child welfare system.17-19”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Causes of homelessness
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [14] source
The citation range attached to this paper concerns prior child-welfare involvement, not the other risk factors in the sentence. The Abstract identifies youths aging out of foster care as at high risk of homelessness and reports substantially higher homelessness rates for them than for a general youth sample. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not matchedcites [15]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In homeless families in New York, the overall mortality was not higher than that in residents of low-income neighbourhoods, although the excess was still present in homeless children.48”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [48] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract discusses adult homelessness and adverse childhood experiences, and the Discussion addresses adult mental and physical health outcomes. Searches for mortality in homeless families in New York and excess mortality in homeless children found no passage reporting the claimed comparison with low-income-neighbourhood residents. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“There are no consistent differences in mortality risks between homeless men and women, although most studies report that the proportionate excess of mortality in women is similar to men.40,45,47”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [40] source
- Could not verifycites [45] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s background passage says homeless people have high rates of premature mortality compared with the general population, but it does not compare mortality risks for homeless men and women. Searches for sex-specific mortality risk and proportionate excess mortality found no passage addressing either claim; the paper instead analyzes health status and health care use. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [47] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In 2012–13, 53 540 UK households were eligible for homelessness assistance. Of these households, 65% were white, 15% black, 8% Asian, and 3% mixed race (indicating an over-representation of black and Asian people); 64% had dependent children.25”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [25] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 2 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Homelessness seems to have increased in the past 5 years; only Finland and the Netherlands have reported reductions.26”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [26] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction discusses a growing segment of the homeless population in Canada, while Recruitment and Eligibility describes a Toronto sample. Searches for Finland, the Netherlands, EU homelessness trends, and a five-year increase found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The reasons for this are multifactorial and include risk factors that increase individuals’ risk for homelessness and are associated with poor health outcomes, such as early life poverty52 and mental health and substance misuse disorders.49,53”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Physical and psychiatric health conditions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [49] source
- Partly supportedcites [52] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction reports substantially increased morbidity among homeless people and higher prevalence of mental disorders. The Discussion also identifies injection drug use as a risk factor worth further study for infectious diseases. Neither section establishes that mental health or substance misuse disorders increase the risk of becoming homeless; a search for early-life poverty found no relevant passage, though that example has a separate citation in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [53] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction reports elevated rates of mental illness and substance use disorders among homeless people and says psychiatric illness or substance abuse commonly precipitates hospital care. It does not establish that these disorders increase the risk of becoming homeless. Early-life poverty is attached to citation 52, not to this source. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In Europe and Canada, compared with the general population, homeless people have higher rates of smoking, lower rates of obesity and hyperlipidaemia, and similar rates of diabetes and hypertension77-81 (table 3).”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [77] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results compare obesity among shelter attendees with and without diabetes, not with the general population. The paper’s general-population comparison concerns diabetes prevalence; the passages found for obesity, cholesterol and hyperlipidaemia do not establish lower rates of obesity or hyperlipidaemia among homeless people in Europe or Canada. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.77)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [78] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [79] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] source
- Partly supportedcites [81] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In the section on homelessness and cardiovascular mortality (page unavailable), a Toronto study found that elevated body mass index was not more prevalent among homeless adults than in a matched Canadian population. That does not establish a lower obesity rate. The section provides no Europe-wide comparison or evidence of lower hyperlipidaemia rates; it says the direction of differences in most traditional risk factors remains unclear. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The increased risk of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease is probably a result of high rates of behavioural risk factors (illicit drug use, tobacco use); poor control of hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidaemia; and poor access to care for early cardiac disease.80,85”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] source
- Partly supportedcites [85] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Drug Dependence; page unavailable) report a high prevalence of drug dependence among homeless people, supporting one behavioural-risk component. The Introduction reports elevated overall mortality, but neither passage links cardiovascular morbidity or mortality to drug or tobacco use, control of hypertension, diabetes or hyperlipidaemia, or access to early cardiac care. (LLM, conf=0.78)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Results from these studies showed that homeless individuals (compared with low-income non-homeless individuals) are more likely to seek medical care for falls, cold-related injury (hypothermia, frostbite), burns, poisonings (from medication and illicit substances), assaults, traumatic brain injuries, and self-harm and are less likely to seek care for transport-related injuries.32,57,58,60,96”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Unintentional injuries
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [32]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [57] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [58] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] source
- Partly supportedcites [96] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Heterogeneity between individual tuberculosis studies is partly explained by different diagnostic methods (higher rates when chest radiography was used vs sputum analysis) and differences in the underlying rate in the general population.56”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Infectious diseases
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [56] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract and Limitations of the evidence base discuss traumatic brain injury among people who are homeless, including variation in how TBI was assessed. Searches for tuberculosis, chest radiography, sputum analysis, and underlying population rates found no passage addressing the claimed explanation for heterogeneity between tuberculosis studies. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Data from the USA are similar, with the exception that rates of hypertension in homeless people are higher than in the general population, but similar to the non-homeless, low-income population.82”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [82] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background compares U.S. homeless, low-income, and general populations on emergency-department use, not hypertension rates. A search for “hypertension” found no passage in our copy addressing the claimed comparison. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Few studies of hepatitis B have been published, but they report high rates that are typically around 20–30%,68,72 and 3% have recent or ongoing hepatitis E.73”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Infectious diseases
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [68] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [72] source
- Could not verifycites [73] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citation 73 is attached to the claim that 3% of homeless people have recent or ongoing hepatitis E; the hepatitis B figures have separate citations. Our copy’s Results report diabetes, pre-diabetes and metabolic syndrome in a homeless population, but no passage addresses hepatitis E (searched for hepatitis E and viral infection). (LLM, conf=0.77)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Other risk factors are secondary to the conditions of homelessness itself, such as poor nutrition,54,55 exposure to communicable diseases,56 harsh living environments,57,58 high rates of victimisation59 and unintentional injuries,57,60 and increased rates of tobacco use.61,62”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Physical and psychiatric health conditions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [54] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] source
- Partly supportedcites [56] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports high rates of traumatic brain injury among people who are homeless, supporting the injury-related part of the citation. It does not establish that these injuries were unintentional or caused by the conditions of homelessness; it says the first brain injury preceded homelessness for most participants in the studies that examined timing. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Poor health status is exacerbated by poor access to health care63-65 and challenges in adherence to medication.66,67”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Physical and psychiatric health conditions
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [63] source
The citation is attached to the medication-adherence clause, not the separate claim about access to health care. The Discussion (page not provided) reports suboptimal ART adherence linked to homelessness and describes barriers homeless individuals face in storing medication and prioritizing adherence. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites [64] source
The Abstract (page not provided) states that homeless people face barriers to accessing healthcare and that these barriers contribute to the spread of infections. This supports the poor-access portion of the citing sentence; medication adherence has a separate citation group and is not attributed to this source here. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Could not verifycites [65] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports a much higher incidence of TB among homeless people, but does not attribute poor health to limited health-care access or difficulty adhering to medication. The Methods describe free TB treatment for participants; they do not assess access barriers or adherence. Searches for both mechanisms found no passage addressing them. (LLM, conf=0.74)
- Could not verifycites [66] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background describes elevated TB risk and poor outcomes among homeless people, but attributes risk to factors such as nutrition and housing, not poor access to health care. Searches of our full-text copy for health-care access and medication adherence found no passage addressing either proposed explanation for poor health status. (LLM, conf=0.74)
- Could not verifycites [67] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The citation placement attributes the poor-access-to-health-care point to this source; medication adherence has separate citations. The Introduction reports higher morbidity and mortality among homeless people, and the Discussion recommends offering HIV/STI services, but neither passage says that poor access exacerbates health status. Searches for poor access to health care and medication adherence found no passage establishing those links (pages unavailable in our copy). (LLM, conf=0.74)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Homeless people have difficulty accessing medical care and adhering to medications because of an absence of medical insurance, transportation barriers, and the need to attend to competing priorities.63,86-88”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [63] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) links homelessness to poorer ART adherence and suggests that immediate survival needs can take priority over medication. It also discusses financial barriers to treatment in settings without universal access, but does not identify lack of insurance or transportation as reasons homeless people have difficulty accessing care and taking medications. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [86] source
- Could not verifycites [87] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Implications and Avenues for future research sections discuss mental-health treatment and treatment adherence among prisoners, not barriers faced by homeless people. Searches for homelessness, insurance, transportation, competing priorities, and medication adherence found no passage addressing the attributed claim; the available passages have no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Partly supportedcites [88] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion says homeless people avoid outpatient contacts and have difficulty managing prescribed medications. It does not attribute those difficulties to lack of insurance, transportation barriers, or competing priorities. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“but compared with the general population, rates of tuberculosis infection were at least 20 times higher, and for USA studies, they were more than 40 times higher—a proportionate excess compared with the general population and more than other infectious diseases studied.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Infectious diseases
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [56] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion passages address traumatic brain injury among people who are homeless, not tuberculosis. Searches for tuberculosis infection rates, the 20- and 40-fold comparisons, and other infectious diseases found no passage in our copy addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Tobacco use is common in homeless populations; in the USA, 68–80% of homeless people are current smokers,61 which is four times the rate of the overall US population and 2·5 times that of the low-income population.105”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Tobacco use
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [61] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion addresses alcohol and drug problems among homeless people, but does not report smoking prevalence. Searches of the full-text copy for tobacco, smoking, the 68–80% figure, and the US population comparisons found no passage supporting the claim. (LLM, conf=0.77)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [105] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Several factors impede smoking cessation, including high rates of environmental exposure in shelters and other congregant living facilities, reduced access to health care,111 and competing health needs, which decrease health-care providers’”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Tobacco use
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [111] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s introductory discussion identifies pervasive tobacco use in homeless settings and assumptions about higher-priority needs, but it does not address reduced access to health care—the factor immediately preceding this citation. Searches for health-care access and medical-care availability found no passage supporting that factor. (LLM, conf=0.73)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Individual factors include poverty,9 early childhood adverse experiences,10 mental health and substance misuse problems,9,11 personal history of violence,11 and criminal justice system association.12”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Causes of homelessness
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Findings from ecological studies show that when structural support is not available, individuals with fewer individual vulnerabilities become homeless and rates of homelessness rise.7”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Causes of homelessness
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Structural factors that promote homelessness include the absence of low-cost housing, employment opportunities for low-skilled workers, and income support.7”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Causes of homelessness
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the USA, black Americans and Native Americans are overrepresented in the homeless population.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Point-in-time counts overestimate chronic homelessness and underestimate short periods of homelessness.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Reasons for late-life homelessness include housing problems secondary to changes in the housing market,33 loss through death or divorce of an important relationship, or health crises.33,34”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Ageing of the homeless population
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] source
- Not matchedcites [34]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Causes of excessive mortality include infections (HIV, tuberculosis), ischaemic heart disease, substance misuse, and external factors including unintentional injuries,40 suicides, homicides,46 and poisoning (from medication and illicit substances).”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Income inequality itself might be a structural factor that promotes homelessness: countries with greater levels of income inequality have higher rates of homelessness.20”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Causes of homelessness
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [20]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the early 1980s, the increase in homelessness was attributed to the closing of state psychiatric facilities, without a concomitant increase in community mental health services, a decrease in affordable housing, stagnating wages, changes in welfare policies, and the crack cocaine epidemic.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Risk factors for a person becoming chronically homeless include having mental health problems, substance misuse, or physical health problems, a history of criminal justice system association, and older age (44 years and older).21,29”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Patterns of homelessness
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 2012, in one night-time count, there were 2309 rough sleepers in England, 24% of whom lived in London (panel 2).”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although black Americans make up only 12% of the US population, they make up 39% of shelter populations.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The homeless population is ageing. In the USA, the median age of the homeless population now approaches 50 years.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Ageing of the homeless population
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the USA, a bimodal pattern of mortality is described: younger people die disproportionately from external causes of death (suicide, accidental overdoses, and homicide) and infectious diseases, and there is also a spike in older homeless people.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [47] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There is evidence that, despite expansion of services, the excess mortality has remained similar during the past two decades, although shifts in the cause of death have occurred with fewer deaths from HIV infection and more from drug overdose and substance misuse disorders.47”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [47] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“during one night-time count of homeless people in 2013, 23% of homeless individuals were children living in families (238 110 people in families were homeless).”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [23]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainn = 238,110- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although homelessness negatively affects health outcomes irrespective of duration, chronically homeless individuals have worse clinical outcomes than individuals who experience either intermittent or crisis homelessness.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Patterns of homelessness
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The 2010 US Interagency Council on Homelessness Federal Strategic Plan to Prevent and End Homelessness reported an increase during the preceding 30 years in the number of people who were homeless, with a substantial increase in the number of children and families who were homeless.21”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Suicide rates have increased, with a Danish study reporting a standardised mortality ratio of 7 from 1999–2009,42 which may be even higher in younger homeless people.46”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Denmark is the only country that reports higher relative risk of mortality for women, although the absolute death rate is higher in men than women.42”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [42] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mental health and substance misuse disorders both increase the risk of and are exacerbated by homelessness.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Physical and psychiatric health conditions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although crisis homelessness has severe negative effects on health, in general, those who experience crisis homelessness have better clinical outcomes than individuals who experience chronic or intermittent homelessness.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Patterns of homelessness
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Family homelessness (defined as adults with minor children) is often episodic, and is more prevalent in the USA than in EU countries.20”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Patterns of homelessness
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [20]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In a study90 based in three Canadian cities, 58% of homeless people had dual diagnosis, with some patterns of comorbidity being prominent (including depression co-occurring with alcohol, and post-traumatic stress disorder with crack cocaine).”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Psychiatric disorders, and drug and alcohol misuse
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [90] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Unintentional injuries are a major cause of morbidity and emergency department use in homeless people57 and represent around 9% of all admissions to hospital for this population; rates are higher than the general or housed poor population, although the discrepancy is greatest in elderly people.58”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Unintentional injuries
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This review also identified that the prevalence of psychosis was typically as high as that of depression, which contrasts with results from surveys in community and other high-risk populations such as prisoners in which depression is at least twice as common.91”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Psychiatric disorders, and drug and alcohol misuse
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [91] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In relation to substance misuse and dependence, this review focused on dependence, which for alcohol varied between 8% and 58%, and for drug dependence ranged from 5% to 54%, with very little information about women.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Psychiatric disorders, and drug and alcohol misuse
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [89] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Homeless individuals not only have higher rates of hospital admission but also have longer stays once admitted—at least 2 days longer for acute admissions to hospital in one study.126”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Health service use
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [126]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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In the paper
“Rates of traumatic brain injury are increased in homeless people, compared with non-homeless poverty populations, with rates typically ranging from 38% to 53%.60”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Unintentional injuries
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, homelessness is an independent risk factor for hospital admission and emergency department attendance after accounting for these predisposing factors because of lower hospital admission thresholds caused by the complexities of management of acute medical crises in homeless people, barriers to timely care that might allow health problems to deteriorate beyond what can be managed safely as”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Health service use
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
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The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Living in marginal housing in impoverished environments may be more prevalent than homelessness and may create comparably severe consequences. 4-6”
From The Hotel Study—Clinical and Health Service Effectiveness in a Cohort of Homeless or Marginally Housed Persons (2017) · cites this paper as [5]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citations
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The unmet health care needs of homeless adults: a national study
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Jail Incarceration, Homelessness, and Mental Health: A National Study
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 601–700 of 1,561
Ingram, C., Buggy, C., Elabbasy, D., & Perrotta, C. (2023) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-023-01934-0 · Cited by 12
“Similar disparities have been widely reported internationally (Fazel et al. 2014; Vohra et al. 2022).”
InfluentialPlage, S., Baker, K., Parsell, C., et al. (2023) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.13858 · Cited by 10
Homeless and mentally ill – a mental healthcare challenge for E urope
Gäebel, W., & Zielasek, J. (2015) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12394 · Cited by 10
“Importantly, it is well known that there are specific highrisk periods for becoming homeless, for example, when being released from prison or following treatment in psychiatric facilities, individuals ageing out of the child welfare system and those fleeing violence (3).”
BackgroundInfluentialWhiteford, M., & Simpson, G. (2015) · International Journal of Care Coordination · doi:10.1177/2053434515603734 · Cited by 10
“Drawing on in-depth qualitative interviews with hospital-based clinicians and community-based health and social care practitioners, we identify four central features of the Liverpool protocol: (1) local prioritisation, (2) good systems of communication, (3) partnership working and (4) access to appropriate post-discha…”
BackgroundImproving outcomes for homeless inpatients in mental health
Khan, Z., Koehne, S., Haine, P., et al. (2018) · Housing Care and Support · doi:10.1108/hcs-07-2018-0016 · Cited by 10
Aizuddin, A. N., Jabar, S. W. A., & Idris, I. B. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6871-5 · Cited by 10
Mental Health and Service Use of Migrants in Contact with the Public Psychiatry System in Paris
Tortelli, A., Perquier, F., Melchior, M., Lair, F., Encatassamy, F., Masson, C., K’ourio, H., Gourévitch, R., & Mercuel, A. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17249397 · Cited by 9
“Social adversity has been put forward as one the main explanations [15,34], because it is associated not only with the development of psychiatric disorders [35,36] but also with barriers to access and continuity of care, in addition to well-known barriers such as language and cultural aspects [8].”
BackgroundHajek, A., Bertram, F., van Rüth, V., Kretzler, B., Püschel, K., Heinrich, F., & König, H. (2021) · Risk Management and Healthcare Policy · doi:10.2147/rmhp.s317039 · Cited by 8
Mattsson, E., Lindblad, M., Kneck, Å., Salzmann‐Erikson, M., Klarare, A., & Women Advisory Board for Inclusion Health (2023) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-023-02157-x · Cited by 10
“The causes of increased risk of COVID-19 infection and related hospitalizations and mortality among people experiencing homelessness [3] are an interaction between individual and structural factors [7, 39].”
BackgroundInfluentialRates and causes of mortality among the homeless in Sydney
Woodman, L., Staples, L., Karin, E., et al. (2023) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/10398562231176734 · Cited by 9
“The findings are consistent with the poor physical health identified in studies of homeless populations worldwide.(1,4) However, there were a higher Table 1.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSilver, C. M., Janczewski, L. M., Royan, R., Chung, J. W., Bentrem, D. J., Kanzaria, H. K., Stey, A. M., Bilimoria, K. Y., & Merkow, R. P. (2023) · Annals of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1245/s10434-023-14713-8 · Cited by 9
“5,49 It should be noted that while the small size of our PEH cohort may be due to misclassification bias, it likely reflects significant underdiagnosis of malignancy and poor access to surgical care among PEH.”
Begum, T., Murrell, K., & Robinson, A. (2024) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.70076 · Cited by 9
“Furthermore, studies have reported higher rates of multimorbidity, mental health disorders, substance abuse and social isolation among this vulnerable minority group [3, 7 – 9].”
BackgroundDemakakos, P., Lewer, D., Jackson, S. E., & Hayward, A. C. (2020) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2019.12.017 · Cited by 9
“We measured the following ten ACE variables: (1) unfavourable childhood circumstances (this included multiple mutually exclusive categories such as having spent most of childhood in single-parent family or living with foster parents or in residential care (children's homes or other institutions), (2) separation from m…”
MethodDickins, K. A., Philpotts, L. L., Flanagan, J. M., Bartels, S. J., Baggett, T. P., & Looby, S. E. D. (2020) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2020.8557 · Cited by 8
Never Let a Crisis Go to Waste: Opportunities to Reduce Social Disadvantage from COVID-19
Baxter, J., Cobb‐Clark, D. A., Cornish, A., Ho, T., Kalb, G. R. J., MAZEROLLE, L. G., Parsell, C., Pawson, H., Thorpe, K. J., Silva, L. D., et al. (2020) · Australian Economic Review · doi:10.1111/1467-8462.12428 · Cited by 11
Mabhala, M. A., Esealuka, W. A., Nwufo, A. N., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18063066 · Cited by 9
“These differences shape the debate about whether the policy on homelessness should focus on tackling poverty as a fundamental cause of homelessness, or on immediate causes and harmful effects of homelessness [13,15,19,20].”
BackgroundInfluentialFelipetto, L. G., Teider-Junior, P. I., da Silva, F. F. V., et al. (2021) · The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.bjid.2021.101602 · Cited by 9
“Similarly, other infectious diseases frequently occur in this population.(3,4) A recent report estimates 221,869 homeless persons living in Brazil, of which 24,344 in S~ ao Paulo city.”
BackgroundTrends and age-related characteristics of substance use in the hospitalized homeless population
Chun, S.-Y., Yoo, J. W., Park, H., et al. (2022) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000028917 · Cited by 9
“Unsheltered environments lead homeless individuals with mental illness to a high risk of substance abuse and dependence unless underlying mental health conditions are appropriately treated.([14]) Homeless individuals with mental health conditions are more vulnerable to escalating risks of sexually transmitted diseases…”
BackgroundReddon, H., & Ivers, J. (2022) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.1080/16066359.2022.2132238 · Cited by 10
“In particular, there was a high prevalence of homelessness in this sample (86%) and people experiencing homelessness tend to have more severe psychiatric conditions and engage in higher intensity substance use, which may translate to higher rates of lapse/relapse in this sample (Fazel et al. 2014; Schreiter et al. 201…”
BackgroundDurey, A., Lette, H., Saunders, J., & Slack-Smith, L. M. (2022) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.14070 · Cited by 9
“Oral health disorders are broad and include dental caries, gum disease and other oral cavity problems where risk factors include a poor diet, tobacco smoking and alcohol use (Caton et al., 2016; Fazel et al., 2014; Priyanka et al., 2017; Shekarchizadeh et al., 2013).”
BackgroundWohnungslosigkeit und Gesundheit
Steiger, I. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-35279-0_27-1 · Cited by 9
Nambiar, D., Mathew, B., Dubey, S., & Moola, S. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-15410-7 · Cited by 9
“Thus, homeless people have disproportionately higher levels of morbidity and mortality compared to the general population, [11, 12] and the homelessness of pregnant women is associated with poor health outcomes of children [13, 14].”
BackgroundZahir, A. T., Yip, D., Garcia, C. M., Smith, A. N., Dhatt, Z. K., Duke, M. R., & Kushel, M. (2023) · Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1177/23337214231172650 · Cited by 10
“homeless, older adults, telehealth, telemedicine, COVID-19 Manuscript received: December 8, 2022; final revision received: April 5, 2023; accepted: April 11, 2023. limited access to non-acute healthcare services (Fazel et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationRichards, J., Henwood, B. F., Porter, N. A. C., et al. (2023) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.06.013 · Cited by 9
Vickery, K. D., Ford, B. R., Gelberg, L., Bonilla, Z. E., Strother, E., Gust, S., Adair, E., Montori, V. M., Linzer, M., Evans, M. D., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1225777 · Cited by 9
“, 2021) and others (Baggett et al., 2013; Fazel et al., 2014) has demonstrated the substantial multi-morbidity experienced by PEH especially the overlap of physical, mental health, and substance use conditions.”
BackgroundUsing Critical Pedagogy to Advance Antiracism in Health Professions Education
Onuoha, C., Tsai, J. W., & Khazanchi, R. (2024) · The AMA Journal of Ethic · doi:10.1001/amajethics.2024.36 · Cited by 11
Rosenblad, A., Klarare, A., Rapaport, P., Mattsson, E., & Gaber, S. N. (2024) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/daae019 · Cited by 9
“While excess mortality and morbidity among people experiencing homelessness are widely reported (Fazel et al ., 2014; Aldridge et al ., 2018), there is a knowledge gap regarding other aspects of well-being in this population.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialYeniocak, S., Kalkan, A., Söğüt, Ö., Karadana, G. A., & Toptaş, M. (2017) · Turkish Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.tjem.2017.09.002 · Cited by 9
Homeless people's experiences of medical respite care following acute hospitalisation in Denmark
Pedersen, M., Bring, C. N., Brünés, N., Andersen, O., Petersen, J., & Jarden, M. (2018) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.12550 · Cited by 9
Young, J. T., Borschmann, R., Preen, D. B., Spittal, M. J., Brophy, L. M., Wang, E. A., Heffernan, E., & Kinner, S. A. (2019) · Injury Prevention · doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2018-043092 · Cited by 9
Homelessness and the Practice of Emergency Medicine: Challenges, Gaps in Care, and Moral Obligations
Raven, M. C. (2019) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.08.440 · Cited by 12
Jones, P. W., Thornton, A. E., Jones, A. A., Knerich, V., Lang, D. J., Woodward, M. L., Panenka, W. J., Su, W., Barr, A. M., Buchanan, T., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00097 · Cited by 11
“Second, variation in the local social and economic landscapes may limit the generalizability of our findings to other settings, although our sample’s characteristics are consistent with international reports on homelessness (Fazel et al., 2014).”
ResultExamining veteran housing instability and mortality by homicide, suicide, and unintentional injury
Cusack, M. C., Montgomery, A. E., Cashy, J., Dichter, M. E., Byrne, T. H., & Blosnich, J. R. (2020) · Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless · doi:10.1080/10530789.2020.1801020 · Cited by 10
“People experiencing homelessness have higher overall rates of premature mortality compared with the general population (Fazel et al., 2014).”
BackgroundFelipetto, L. G., Teider-Junior, P. I., da Silva, F. F. V., Yamakawa, A. C., Kmetiuk, L. B., do Couto, A. C., Martins, C. M., Vaz, E. S., Ullmann, L. S., Langoni, H., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.580637 · Cited by 9
“Morbidity and mortality of diseases have been reportedly higher in homeless than general population, probably due to social inequality associated with lack of settled home, job opportunity, and a series of family problems including drug addiction, mental health disorders, and social justice issues, mostly exacerbated…”
BackgroundEmergency Department Utilization by Adolescents Experiencing Homelessness in Massachusetts
Giannouchos, T. V., Gary, J. C., Anyatonwu, S. C., & Kum, H. (2021) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0000000000001436 · Cited by 9
Understanding the 100 highest users of health and social services in San Francisco
Cawley, C. L., Raven, M. C., Martinez, M. X., et al. (2021) · Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1111/acem.14299 · Cited by 9
Self-citationMore than a house: Women’s recovery from homelessness in Australia
Phipps, M., Dalton, L., Maxwell, H., & Cleary, M. L. (2021) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.13550 · Cited by 10
Keller, M., Shreffler, J. R., Wilmes, K., Polites, A., & Huecker, M. R. (2021) · The American Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2021.09.057 · Cited by 9
“This contrasts with previous studies demonstrating homelessness as an independent risk factor for admission [5].”
BackgroundResultGambling and homelessness in older adults: a qualitative investigation
Vandenberg, B., Livingstone, C. H., Carter, A., & O’Brien, K. (2021) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.15756 · Cited by 9
Aboutara, N., Müller, A., Jungen, H., Szewczyk, A., van Rüth, V., Bertram, F., Püschel, K., Heinrich, F., & Iwersen‐Bergmann, S. (2021) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.111147 · Cited by 8
Coleman, H. L. S., Levy-Philipp, L., Balt, E., Zuiderent‐Jerak, T., Mander, H., Bunders, J., & Syurina, E. V. (2022) · Global Public Health · doi:10.1080/17441692.2021.2023605 · Cited by 9
Health System Access for Precariously Housed Youth: A Participatory Youth Research Project
Nichols, N. E., & Malenfant, J. A. (2022) · Society and Mental Health · doi:10.1177/21568693221082206 · Cited by 9
“This is as true for youth as it is for other groups (e.g., older veterans or women with children), and the pattern is consistent across highincome countries (Fazel, Geddes, and Kushel 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialDonald, E. E., Whitlock, K., Dansereau, T., Sands, D. J., Small, D., & Stajduhar, K. (2022) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.13489 · Cited by 7
“Worse physical and mental health is coupled with an unmet need for care.(1,3) One study of unmet health need found no significant differences between people who were homeless and vulnerably”
BackgroundAwad, M. H., Sanchez, M., & Abikenari, M. A. (2022) · Journal of Business Venturing Insights · doi:10.1016/j.jbvi.2022.e00337 · Cited by 10
Marshall, C. A., Phillips, B., Holmes, J., Todd, E., Hill, R., Panter, G., Easton, C., Landry, T., Collins, S., Greening, T., et al. (2022) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.14035 · Cited by 9
Older people experiencing homelessness show marked impairment on tests of frontal lobe function
Rogoz, A., & Burke, D. (2015) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.4316 · Cited by 10
“The convention in old age psychiatry is that people are considered ‘older’ if aged 65 years or more, but it is generally accepted that homelessness leads to accelerated ageing (Fazel et al., 2014) and that ‘homeless older people’ should include those aged 50years or over (Cohen and Sokolovsky, 1989; Brown et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialMcLoughlin, A., Feeney, A., & Cooney, J. M. (2020) · Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -) · doi:10.1007/s11845-020-02392-3 · Cited by 9
“At an individual level, poverty, substance misuse, and mental health problems, in the context of reduced social/family supports, combined with structural factors such as a lack of access to affordable hous ing cont r ibu te towards homelessness [21] .”
BackgroundKlarare, A., Wikman, A., Söderlund, M., et al. (2020) · Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing · doi:10.1111/wvn.12477 · Cited by 9
“As a result of this delay, once the need for health care is urgent, persons experiencing homelessness have been found to seek emergency care (Daiski, 2007; Fazel et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialHealth Patterns Reveal Interdependent Needs of Dutch Homeless Service Users
van Everdingen, C., Peerenboom, P. B., van der Velden, K., & Delespaul, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.614526 · Cited by 10
Western Journal of Emergency Medicine
Lam, J. (2022) · Western Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.5811/westjem.2022.8.59370 · Cited by 9
Homelessness and mortality: an extraordinary or unextraordinary phenomenon?
Cooper, V., & McCulloch, D. (2023) · Mortality · doi:10.1080/13576275.2023.2176214 · Cited by 8
“Homeless individuals are also disproportionately likely to die due to violent, unintentional accidents, such as being run over by a motor vehicle or being crushed in a bin lorry (Fazel et al., 2014; Gladding et al., 2020).”
BackgroundTreatment of trauma-related conditions for people in homelessness: a scoping review
Klarare, A., Ekström, V., Godskesen, T., Westman, J., Mattsson, E., & Kneck, Å. (2024) · Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless · doi:10.1080/10530789.2024.2310948 · Cited by 8
“Homelessness presents a global challenge and the number of people in homelessness is increasing (Fazel et al., 2014; FEANTSA, 2023; United Kingdom, 2019).”
InfluentialPouille, A., Ruysscher, C. D., van Selm, L., et al. (2024) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/s12954-024-01110-x · Cited by 8
Housing Status and Cancer Screening in US Veterans
Decker, H. C., Graham, L. A., Titan, A. L., Hawn, M. T., Kushel, M., Kanzaria, H. K., & Wick, E. (2025) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-024-09098-7 · Cited by 8
Self-citationHeat-Related Illness Among US Patients Experiencing Homelessness
Weckstein, T. N., Woolhandler, S. J., Himmelstein, D. U., et al. (2025) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2025.1407 · Cited by 8
Some aspects of the health status of homeless people
Bartosovic, I. (2016) · Clinical Social Work and Health Intervention · doi:10.22359/cswhi_7_1_04 · Cited by 9
Miyawaki, A., Khullar, D., & Tsugawa, Y. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046959 · Cited by 8
Thurman, W., Moczygemba, L. R., & Baffoe, J. O. (2021) · Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.08.015 · Cited by 8
Kiran, T., Craig-Neil, A., Das, P., et al. (2022) · Healthcare policy · doi:10.12927/hcpol.2022.26730 · Cited by 8
“People experiencing homelessness also have higher rates of chronic conditions, making them more vulnerable to COVID-19 complications (Fazel et al. 2014).”
BackgroundAppropriate and acceptable health assessments for people experiencing homelessness
Gordon, S. J., Baker, N., & Steffens, M. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13723-7 · Cited by 8
“It is well-established internationally that an initial event of homelessness can become a recurring cycle from which individuals find it difficult to escape [3].”
BackgroundMoss, C., Anselmi, L., & Sutton, M. (2023) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckac191 · Cited by 10
Considerations for Defining Homelessness in Public Health Data Collection
Meehan, A. A., Waddell, C. J., Marx, G. E., et al. (2023) · Public Health Reports · doi:10.1177/00333549231215850 · Cited by 8
Kennedy, F., Cheallaigh, C. N., Romero‐Ortuño, R., Doyle, S. L., & Broderick, J. M. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0301926 · Cited by 10
Natalino, M. A. C. (2023) · Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (Ipea) eBooks · doi:10.38116/td2944-port · Cited by 8
Victor, J. M., Shouting, M., DeGroot, C., Vonkeman, L., Rock, M. B., & Hunt, R. (2019) · International Journal of Indigenous Health · doi:10.32799/ijih.v14i1.31939 · Cited by 8
Supporting Primary Care Access and Use among Homeless Persons
Dickins, K. A., Buchholz, S. W., Ingram, D., Braun, L. T., Hamilton, R., Earle, M., & Karnik, N. S. (2020) · Social Work in Public Health · doi:10.1080/19371918.2020.1809589 · Cited by 9
“Elevated rates of mental health conditions (Breakey et al., 1989; Fazel et al., 2014) present unique challenges to healthcare delivery (Chrystal et al., 2015; Hwang & Burns, 2014), and are often co-morbid with high rates of substance use disorders (Baggett et al., 2013; Breakey et al., 1989), and…”
BackgroundA Critical Ethnography of Outreach Nursing for People Experiencing Homelessness
Paradis-Gagné, É., Pariseau‐Legault, P., Villemure, M., & Chauvette, S. (2020) · Journal of Community Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/07370016.2020.1809858 · Cited by 8
Trummer, U. F., Novak-Zezula, S., Chrzanowska, M., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17239114 · Cited by 8
“Programs focused on high-risk groups, such as individuals leaving prisons and psychiatric hospitals, as well as the introduction of national and state-wide plans that target homeless people are named as likely to improve outcomes in terms of the physical and mental health of homeless people [3].”
BackgroundInfluentialKaltsidis, G., Grenier, G., Cao, Z., L’Espérance, N., & Fleury, M. (2021) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-021-01768-y · Cited by 8
“Yet despite high prevalence of problems in health and social functioning within the homeless population [32], studies have rarely examined variables like perceived health, functional disability, and use of public and community-based services.”
BackgroundMercer, T., & Khurshid, A. (2021) · Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved · doi:10.1353/hpu.2021.0062 · Cited by 9
Homeless women's perspectives on smoking and smoking cessation programs: A qualitative study
Rubin, S., Vijayaraghavan, M., Weiser, S. D., Tsoh, J. Y., Cohee, A., Delucchi, K., & Riley, E. D. (2021) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103377 · Cited by 8
Tsai, J., Szymkowiak, D., & Iheanacho, T. (2021) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.2829 · Cited by 8
“Third, many homeless clients have chronic medical conditions (Fazel et al., 2014), which also increase risk for drug interactions and their need for medical treatment may interfere with their ability to attend mental health treatment.”
BackgroundMosites, E. M., Harrison, B., Montgomery, M. P., et al. (2022) · Public Health Reports · doi:10.1177/00333549221083643 · Cited by 8
Jenkinson, J., Sniderman, R., Gogosis, E., Liu, M., Nisenbaum, R. A., Pedersen, C., Spandier, O., Tibebu, T., Dyer, A., Crichlow, F., et al. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064225 · Cited by 7
Flike, K., Hayman, L. L., Byrne, T. H., Song, Q., & Aronowitz, T. B. (2022) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.14007 · Cited by 9
Smith, P. D., Groves, A. K., Langellier, B. A., Keene, D. E., Rosenberg, A. P., & Blankenship, K. M. (2022) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.101956 · Cited by 10
“2 services (for medical needs and/or shelter) (Fazel et al., 2014; Khandor et al., 2011; Ma et al., 2008).”
Association of Social Needs and Housing Status Among Urban Emergency Department Patients
Wormley, K., Dickson, D. C., Alter, H., Njoku, N., Imani, P., & Anderson, E. S. (2022) · Western Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.5811/westjem.2022.8.55705 · Cited by 9
“Characteristic Housed N = 281 Unstably housed N = 213 Homeless N = 264 P value n % n % n % Health and healthcare usage characteristics - chart review ED visits in past 12 months, median (IQR) 2 (1-3) 2 (1-3) 2 (1-5) P=0.”
Chan, S., Wong, H., Chen, Y., & Tang, M.-Y. V. (2023) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640231152208 · Cited by 8
“, 2018); homeless people bear a disproportionate burden from physical and mental health issues, even vis-a-vis comparable impoverished but housing populations (Fazel et al., 2014; Figueiredo et al., 2013; Onapa et al., 2022).”
BackgroundMcCormack, F., & Fedorowicz, S. E. (2022) · Local Economy The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit · doi:10.1177/02690942231175091 · Cited by 8
“This is of particular concern given that people experiencing homelessness have higher rates of morbidity and mortality than the wider population (Fazel et al., 2014).”
BackgroundWalas, N., Müller, N. F., Parker, E., Henderson, A., Capone, D., Brown, J. M., Barker, T., & Graham, J. P. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170139 · Cited by 9
The GP role in improving outcomes for homeless inpatients
Khan, Z., Haine, P., & Dorney-Smith, S. (2018) · Housing Care and Support · doi:10.1108/hcs-07-2018-0017 · Cited by 8
The health issues of the homeless and the homeless issues of the ill-health
Dai, L. Y., & Zhou, P. (2018) · Socio-Economic Planning Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.seps.2018.12.004 · Cited by 8
“Based on these findings, a number of comparative studies across high-income countries are also conducted (Fazel et al., 2014, Fitzpatrick-Lewis et al., 2011, Hwang and Burns, 2014).”
BackgroundDynamic networks of psychotic symptoms in adults living in precarious housing or homelessness
Jones, A. A., Gicas, K. M., Mostafavi, S., Woodward, M. L., Leonova, O., Vila‐Rodriguez, F., Procyshyn, R. M., Cheng, A., Buchanan, T., Lang, D. J., et al. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720004444 · Cited by 8
“Urban, socially marginalized communities struggle with high rates of psychosis, as well as multiple interrelated factors such as poverty, substance use, trauma, and medical comorbidity (Ayano et al., 2019; Fazel et al., 2014; Olfson et al., 2002).”
BackgroundHunter, R. M., Anderson, R., Kirkpatrick, T., Lennox, C., Warren, F. C., Taylor, R. S., Shaw, J. J., Haddad, M., Stirzaker, A., Maguire, M., et al. (2021) · The European Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1007/s10198-021-01360-7 · Cited by 9
The effect of emergency financial assistance on healthcare use
Downes, H., Phillips, D. C., & Sullivan, J. X. (2022) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2022.104626 · Cited by 8
Unconditional cash transfers reduce homelessnessPreprint
Dwyer, R. J., Palepu, A., Williams, C., et al. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ukngr · Cited by 8
Western Journal of Emergency Medicine
Saucedo, C., & Do, N. (2022) · Western Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.5811/westjem.2022.3.56639 · Cited by 8
Corruption, Homelessness and Disasters
Breen, M., Gillanders, R., & McMullan, C. (2021) · Journal of International Development · doi:10.1002/jid.3804 · Cited by 10
Pediatric suicide: Review of a preventable tragedy
Greydanus, D. E., Nazeer, A., Qayyum, Z., Patel, D. R., Rausch, R., Hoang, L.-N., Miller, C., Chahin, S. S., Apple, R. W., Saha, G. K., et al. (2024) · Disease-a-Month · doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2024.101725 · Cited by 10
Brown, M. E., Hunt-Jinnouchi, F., Robinson, J., Clark, N., Mushquash, C. J., Milaney, K., & Pauly, B. (2024) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/s12954-024-01090-y · Cited by 7
Adams, E. A., & Ramsay, S. E. (2024) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-024-11897-x · Cited by 7
Mapping Marginalization: A Multilevel Exploration of Chronic Homelessness
Sarmento, M., Huber, C. M., & de Magalhães, C. M. R. (2025) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.70135 · Cited by 8
Palliative care access and use among homeless individuals: a scoping review
Rodericks-Schulwach, A., Gokani, R., & Martin, L. (2025) · BMC Palliative Care · doi:10.1186/s12904-025-01835-x · Cited by 7
“Homeless and vulnerably housed individuals experience severe health inequalities and premature mortality [5, 6].”
Health Care Needs of Homeless Older Adults:
Ye, V. M., Caplan, R. J., Consiglio-Ward, L., & Ellison, J. M. (2019) · Delaware Journal of Public Health · doi:10.32481/djph.2019.12.021 · Cited by 7
Total Joint Arthroplasty in Homeless Patients at an Urban Safety Net Hospital
Niu, R., Egan, C., Fang, C. J., Duru, N. O., Alley, M. C., Freccero, D. M., & Smith, E. L. (2022) · Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons · doi:10.5435/jaaos-d-21-00651 · Cited by 9
Needs Assessment of Clients Accessing a Community Mental Health Crisis Stabilization Unit
Love, K., Bolton, J. M., Hunzinger, E., & Hensel, J. M. (2022) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-022-01019-4 · Cited by 7
Lahiguera, D. R., de Fortuny, B. B., Gironella, T. C., Rodriguez, T. F., Ruiz, P. S., & Franch‐Nadal, J. (2022) · Atención Primaria · doi:10.1016/j.aprim.2022.102458 · Cited by 8
Zhao, Y., Shannon, K., Buxton, J. A., et al. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14113-9 · Cited by 7
“Homelessness and unstable housing among women have been associated with mortality, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, substance use, mental health conditions, injuries, and infectious diseases [6, 7].”
BackgroundByrne, T. H., Montgomery, A. E., Chapman, A. B., et al. (2022) · Evaluation and Program Planning · doi:10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2022.102223 · Cited by 7
Healthcare Disparities Among Homeless Patients Hospitalized With Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Subramanian, K., Alayo, Q. A., Sedarous, M., Nwaiwu, O., & Okafor, P. N. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/mcg.0000000000001742 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Fazel, S., Geddes, J. R., & Kushel, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- San Francisco General Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fazel, Seena
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-10
- Volume
- 384
- Issue
- 9953
- Pages
- 1529-1540
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- PMC
- PMC4520328
- OpenAlex
- W2105368594
- Cited by
- 1,568
- References
- 129
- Citations by year
- 2026: 100 · 2025: 129 · 2024: 203 · 2023: 176 · 2022: 186 · 2021: 266 · 2020: 155 · 2019: 124 · 2018: 88 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 7.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (095806)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0611-10150)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homelessness and Social Issues
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban and Rural Development Challenges
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk
- Keywords
- homelessness, health of homeless people, premature mortality, suicide, unintentional injuries, infectious diseases, mental illness, substance abuse, non-communicable diseases, accelerated aging, housing affordability, poverty, healthcare engagement, emergency department visits, health surveillance, health policy, child welfare system, psychiatric hospitals
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Australia, Mental Disorders, Canada, Chronic Disease, Delivery of Health Care, Europe, Health Policy, Health Services, Health Status, Ill-Housed Persons, Humans, Infections, Middle Aged, Smoking, United States, Self-Injurious Behavior, Age Distribution, Developed Countries
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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