The DOI matches its Crossref record; 123 of the 129 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 58 of the 158 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations
Open accessAbstract
In the European Union, more than 400 000 individuals are homeless on any one night and more than 600 000 are homeless in the USA. The causes of homelessness are an interaction between individual and structural factors. Individual factors include poverty, family problems, and mental health and substance misuse problems. The availability of low-cost housing is thought to be the most important structural determinant for homelessness.
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Claims the paper makes
28 No full text of the sources · 20 Couldn’t confirm · 16 Partly supported · 10 No basis given · 9 Sources not found · 4 Not checked yet · 2 Supported so far · 2 Own result · 1 Mixed support · 1 Not supported · 1 Own method · 1 Own interpretation · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Evidence suggests that drug and alcohol misuse have strong associations with both the initiation and persistence of homelessness.13”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Causes of homelessness
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [13] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (§3.2) report higher alcohol and illegal-drug use among LGB youths with a history of homelessness. But use generally began after the first homeless episode, and the Discussion (§4.1) suggests it may be a consequence rather than a cause of homelessness. The paper does not establish an association with the persistence of homelessness. (LLM, conf=0.84)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Roma gypsies and other minorities are over-represented.26”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [26] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Recruitment and Eligibility section describes a sample from Toronto, Canada, not the EU. The Results compare racial-minority proportions between two groups of homeless women, but do not compare homeless people with the general population or mention Roma people. Searches for Roma, EU homelessness, and minority over-representation found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In the whole of the EU, an estimated 4·1 million people have a homeless episode in a year (panel 2).26”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [26] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction discusses homelessness in Canada and gives Toronto shelter figures, while Recruitment and Eligibility describes a Toronto sample. Searches for the 4.1 million figure and an annual EU homelessness estimate found no passage addressing that claim in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Homeless individuals have worse physical and emotional health status than the general population, including those from deprived neighbourhoods.32,49-51”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Physical and psychiatric health conditions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32]
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [49] source
- Could not verifycites [50] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Table 1 reports serious emotional problems among the homeless adults studied, and the Covariates section describes a measure of general health status. The Discussion compares food insufficiency and health-service use with the US general population, but our copy does not compare physical and emotional health status with either the general population or people from deprived neighbourhoods. (LLM, conf=0.73)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Crisis or transitional homelessness is often caused by a discrete event: either an act of nature or political crisis that displaces individuals, an economic disruption (severe recession, foreclosure crisis), or a personal crisis (job loss, illness).28”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Patterns of homelessness
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [28] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Subject Characteristics and Data Collection sections describe when and how long participants had been homeless, but not what caused their homelessness. Searches for crisis or transitional homelessness and for the proposed triggers—displacement, economic disruption, job loss, and illness—found no passage addressing the claim. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“This suggests a cohort effect: individuals born between 1954 and 1965 have experienced homelessness at a higher rate throughout their lives.31”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Ageing of the homeless population
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [31] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods describe a sample of Copenhagen hostel residents identified in 1991, and the Predictors of death section examines age in relation to mortality. Searches for a cohort effect, birth years 1954–1965, and higher lifetime rates of homelessness found no passage addressing those claims in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The homeless population in EU states is changing from single, middle-aged men to migrants from other EU and non-EU countries, younger people, women, and families.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [26] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) says that women, including women with dependent children, are a growing segment of the homeless population in Canada. It does not establish a shift in EU states from single middle-aged men toward migrants, younger people, women, and families. The Recruitment and Eligibility section identifies the study population as homeless people in Toronto, Canada. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The relative risk compared with age-matched comparisons is higher for younger homeless people than it is for older people in two North American reports.39,47”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [39] source
The paper’s Results report much higher mortality rate ratios for younger homeless women than for older homeless women relative to women in the general population. Its introductory review also gives age-stratified figures from Boston and Toronto showing the same pattern among homeless men. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [47] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In all studies, however, hypertension and diabetes in homeless people are more likely to be poorly controlled than in the general population.80,82”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] source
- Could not verifycites [82] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background discusses poor access to care among homeless adults, and the Results report unmet health care needs, but neither assesses control of hypertension or diabetes against the general population. Searches for both conditions and poor disease control found no passage addressing that comparison; page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.73)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In Europe and Canada, compared with the general population, homeless people have higher rates of smoking, lower rates of obesity and hyperlipidaemia, and similar rates of diabetes and hypertension77-81 (table 3).”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [77] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion compare diabetes prevalence in Paris shelter residents with the French general population, but do not compare smoking rates. Searches for smoking, smokers, and tobacco found no passage addressing the claimed Europe-and-Canada comparison. (LLM, conf=0.73)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [78] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [79] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] source
- Partly supportedcites [81] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The section “Impact of Homelessness Upon All Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality” (page unavailable) reports that smoking rates in a Toronto homeless sample were two to three times those of an age- and sex-matched Canadian general population. It does not provide a corresponding comparison for Europe, so the European part of the claim is unsupported by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
- It may state two separate claims as one. 51
- Probably not a substantial claim. 4
Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Since a 2012 systematic review,56 two new studies69,70 of tuberculosis that reported a prevalence of between 4% and 8%, and one study71 of HIV (from New York City) reporting rates of HIV of 1·8% have been published (appendix).”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Infectious diseases
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [56] source
Citation 56 identifies a 2012 systematic review, and the Abstract identifies this paper as a systematic review of traumatic brain injury and homelessness. The tuberculosis and HIV figures are attached to separate citations (69–71), not attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Could not verifycites [69] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Study and Conclusions (page numbers unavailable) report hepatitis E findings among homeless persons in Marseille, not post-2012 tuberculosis studies or an HIV prevalence study in New York City. Searches for the tuberculosis prevalence range and the New York City HIV rate found no passage addressing either claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Disputedcites [70] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods section (page unavailable) says this paper surveyed homeless adults in Pittsburgh and Philadelphia in 1997, not New York City. Published in 2005, it also cannot be one of the studies published since the 2012 review. The passages do not report an HIV prevalence of 1.8%. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [71] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“Findings from a study of 500 homeless people in three cities in British Columbia, Canada, showed that three-quarters of homeless people reported one form of abuse, with more than half reporting a history of sexual abuse.95”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Psychiatric disorders, and drug and alcohol misuse
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [95] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods and Results describe a study in inner-Sydney with 105 participants, not 500 people in three British Columbia cities. The Results report that 49 of 102 respondents (48%) experienced violence in the previous year; the cited paper does not report the claimed abuse or sexual-abuse figures. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plainn = 500- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Disputed
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Findings from several studies have shown that mortality is substantially increased in homeless people,35-45 with the excess risk most evident in younger people39,46 and, in some studies, women.”
- Also stated in: § Mortality · plain
“Findings from several studies have shown that mortality is substantially increased in homeless people,35-45 with the excess risk most evident in younger people39,46 and, in some studies, women.35,41,42”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [35] source
- Partly supportedcites [36] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract reports substantially higher mortality among homeless and marginally housed people, with the highest rate ratios at younger ages; the Results confirm that rate ratios were higher at younger ages for both sexes. The Discussion reports excess mortality among women, but does not show that the overall excess risk was more pronounced in women than in men. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Supportedcites [37] source
The Discussion reports mortality 3.5 times higher among homeless people than in Rotterdam’s general population. It finds the greatest relative disadvantages in younger age groups and homeless women, and notes that other studies have also found higher excess mortality in women. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [38] source
- Supportedcites [39] source
The Results report substantially elevated mortality among younger homeless women compared with women in the general population, with much smaller excess mortality among older women. The paper also reports elevated mortality among homeless men, especially younger men, and notes that younger homeless women in several cities had mortality rates similar to younger homeless men (Interpretation, p. 1245). (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [40] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [41] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [42] source
- Supportedcites [43] source
The Results section, “Mortality rate ratios by age and sex” (page not provided), reports substantially higher mortality among homeless adults than among Massachusetts adults, with the largest disparities at ages 25–44. In that age group, the reported all-cause mortality ratio was 9.6 for women and 8.6 for men, consistent with the claim’s qualified reference to women. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [44] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Mortality; page not provided) show elevated mortality among homeless children and adults aged 25–49 compared with NYC residents. But overall adult mortality among family-shelter users was similar to the comparison populations, and the female mortality estimate was not statistically conclusive. The paper therefore supports excess risk in some younger groups, not a substantial increase across homeless people generally or a clear excess among women. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Mortality · plain
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Primary individual risk factors for homelessness in young people (unaccompanied individuals aged 12–25 years) are family conflict and victimisation,14 non-heterosexual sexual identity,15,16 and having been in the child welfare system.17-19”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Causes of homelessness
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [14] source
The citation range attached to this paper concerns prior child-welfare involvement, not the other risk factors in the sentence. The Abstract identifies youths aging out of foster care as at high risk of homelessness and reports substantially higher homelessness rates for them than for a general youth sample. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not matchedcites [15]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In homeless families in New York, the overall mortality was not higher than that in residents of low-income neighbourhoods, although the excess was still present in homeless children.48”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [48] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract discusses adult homelessness and adverse childhood experiences, and the Discussion addresses adult mental and physical health outcomes. Searches for mortality in homeless families in New York and excess mortality in homeless children found no passage reporting the claimed comparison with low-income-neighbourhood residents. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“There are no consistent differences in mortality risks between homeless men and women, although most studies report that the proportionate excess of mortality in women is similar to men.40,45,47”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [40] source
- Could not verifycites [45] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s background passage says homeless people have high rates of premature mortality compared with the general population, but it does not compare mortality risks for homeless men and women. Searches for sex-specific mortality risk and proportionate excess mortality found no passage addressing either claim; the paper instead analyzes health status and health care use. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [47] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In 2012–13, 53 540 UK households were eligible for homelessness assistance. Of these households, 65% were white, 15% black, 8% Asian, and 3% mixed race (indicating an over-representation of black and Asian people); 64% had dependent children.25”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [25] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 2 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Homelessness seems to have increased in the past 5 years; only Finland and the Netherlands have reported reductions.26”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [26] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction discusses a growing segment of the homeless population in Canada, while Recruitment and Eligibility describes a Toronto sample. Searches for Finland, the Netherlands, EU homelessness trends, and a five-year increase found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The reasons for this are multifactorial and include risk factors that increase individuals’ risk for homelessness and are associated with poor health outcomes, such as early life poverty52 and mental health and substance misuse disorders.49,53”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Physical and psychiatric health conditions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [49] source
- Partly supportedcites [52] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction reports substantially increased morbidity among homeless people and higher prevalence of mental disorders. The Discussion also identifies injection drug use as a risk factor worth further study for infectious diseases. Neither section establishes that mental health or substance misuse disorders increase the risk of becoming homeless; a search for early-life poverty found no relevant passage, though that example has a separate citation in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [53] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction reports elevated rates of mental illness and substance use disorders among homeless people and says psychiatric illness or substance abuse commonly precipitates hospital care. It does not establish that these disorders increase the risk of becoming homeless. Early-life poverty is attached to citation 52, not to this source. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In Europe and Canada, compared with the general population, homeless people have higher rates of smoking, lower rates of obesity and hyperlipidaemia, and similar rates of diabetes and hypertension77-81 (table 3).”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [77] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results compare obesity among shelter attendees with and without diabetes, not with the general population. The paper’s general-population comparison concerns diabetes prevalence; the passages found for obesity, cholesterol and hyperlipidaemia do not establish lower rates of obesity or hyperlipidaemia among homeless people in Europe or Canada. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.77)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [78] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [79] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] source
- Partly supportedcites [81] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In the section on homelessness and cardiovascular mortality (page unavailable), a Toronto study found that elevated body mass index was not more prevalent among homeless adults than in a matched Canadian population. That does not establish a lower obesity rate. The section provides no Europe-wide comparison or evidence of lower hyperlipidaemia rates; it says the direction of differences in most traditional risk factors remains unclear. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The increased risk of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease is probably a result of high rates of behavioural risk factors (illicit drug use, tobacco use); poor control of hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidaemia; and poor access to care for early cardiac disease.80,85”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] source
- Partly supportedcites [85] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Drug Dependence; page unavailable) report a high prevalence of drug dependence among homeless people, supporting one behavioural-risk component. The Introduction reports elevated overall mortality, but neither passage links cardiovascular morbidity or mortality to drug or tobacco use, control of hypertension, diabetes or hyperlipidaemia, or access to early cardiac care. (LLM, conf=0.78)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Results from these studies showed that homeless individuals (compared with low-income non-homeless individuals) are more likely to seek medical care for falls, cold-related injury (hypothermia, frostbite), burns, poisonings (from medication and illicit substances), assaults, traumatic brain injuries, and self-harm and are less likely to seek care for transport-related injuries.32,57,58,60,96”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Unintentional injuries
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [32]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [57] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [58] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] source
- Partly supportedcites [96] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Heterogeneity between individual tuberculosis studies is partly explained by different diagnostic methods (higher rates when chest radiography was used vs sputum analysis) and differences in the underlying rate in the general population.56”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Infectious diseases
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [56] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract and Limitations of the evidence base discuss traumatic brain injury among people who are homeless, including variation in how TBI was assessed. Searches for tuberculosis, chest radiography, sputum analysis, and underlying population rates found no passage addressing the claimed explanation for heterogeneity between tuberculosis studies. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Data from the USA are similar, with the exception that rates of hypertension in homeless people are higher than in the general population, but similar to the non-homeless, low-income population.82”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [82] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background compares U.S. homeless, low-income, and general populations on emergency-department use, not hypertension rates. A search for “hypertension” found no passage in our copy addressing the claimed comparison. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Few studies of hepatitis B have been published, but they report high rates that are typically around 20–30%,68,72 and 3% have recent or ongoing hepatitis E.73”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Infectious diseases
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [68] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [72] source
- Could not verifycites [73] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citation 73 is attached to the claim that 3% of homeless people have recent or ongoing hepatitis E; the hepatitis B figures have separate citations. Our copy’s Results report diabetes, pre-diabetes and metabolic syndrome in a homeless population, but no passage addresses hepatitis E (searched for hepatitis E and viral infection). (LLM, conf=0.77)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Other risk factors are secondary to the conditions of homelessness itself, such as poor nutrition,54,55 exposure to communicable diseases,56 harsh living environments,57,58 high rates of victimisation59 and unintentional injuries,57,60 and increased rates of tobacco use.61,62”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Physical and psychiatric health conditions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [54] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] source
- Partly supportedcites [56] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports high rates of traumatic brain injury among people who are homeless, supporting the injury-related part of the citation. It does not establish that these injuries were unintentional or caused by the conditions of homelessness; it says the first brain injury preceded homelessness for most participants in the studies that examined timing. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Poor health status is exacerbated by poor access to health care63-65 and challenges in adherence to medication.66,67”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Physical and psychiatric health conditions
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [63] source
The citation is attached to the medication-adherence clause, not the separate claim about access to health care. The Discussion (page not provided) reports suboptimal ART adherence linked to homelessness and describes barriers homeless individuals face in storing medication and prioritizing adherence. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites [64] source
The Abstract (page not provided) states that homeless people face barriers to accessing healthcare and that these barriers contribute to the spread of infections. This supports the poor-access portion of the citing sentence; medication adherence has a separate citation group and is not attributed to this source here. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Could not verifycites [65] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports a much higher incidence of TB among homeless people, but does not attribute poor health to limited health-care access or difficulty adhering to medication. The Methods describe free TB treatment for participants; they do not assess access barriers or adherence. Searches for both mechanisms found no passage addressing them. (LLM, conf=0.74)
- Could not verifycites [66] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background describes elevated TB risk and poor outcomes among homeless people, but attributes risk to factors such as nutrition and housing, not poor access to health care. Searches of our full-text copy for health-care access and medication adherence found no passage addressing either proposed explanation for poor health status. (LLM, conf=0.74)
- Could not verifycites [67] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The citation placement attributes the poor-access-to-health-care point to this source; medication adherence has separate citations. The Introduction reports higher morbidity and mortality among homeless people, and the Discussion recommends offering HIV/STI services, but neither passage says that poor access exacerbates health status. Searches for poor access to health care and medication adherence found no passage establishing those links (pages unavailable in our copy). (LLM, conf=0.74)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Homeless people have difficulty accessing medical care and adhering to medications because of an absence of medical insurance, transportation barriers, and the need to attend to competing priorities.63,86-88”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [63] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) links homelessness to poorer ART adherence and suggests that immediate survival needs can take priority over medication. It also discusses financial barriers to treatment in settings without universal access, but does not identify lack of insurance or transportation as reasons homeless people have difficulty accessing care and taking medications. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [86] source
- Could not verifycites [87] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Implications and Avenues for future research sections discuss mental-health treatment and treatment adherence among prisoners, not barriers faced by homeless people. Searches for homelessness, insurance, transportation, competing priorities, and medication adherence found no passage addressing the attributed claim; the available passages have no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Partly supportedcites [88] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion says homeless people avoid outpatient contacts and have difficulty managing prescribed medications. It does not attribute those difficulties to lack of insurance, transportation barriers, or competing priorities. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“but compared with the general population, rates of tuberculosis infection were at least 20 times higher, and for USA studies, they were more than 40 times higher—a proportionate excess compared with the general population and more than other infectious diseases studied.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Infectious diseases
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [56] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion passages address traumatic brain injury among people who are homeless, not tuberculosis. Searches for tuberculosis infection rates, the 20- and 40-fold comparisons, and other infectious diseases found no passage in our copy addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Tobacco use is common in homeless populations; in the USA, 68–80% of homeless people are current smokers,61 which is four times the rate of the overall US population and 2·5 times that of the low-income population.105”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Tobacco use
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [61] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion addresses alcohol and drug problems among homeless people, but does not report smoking prevalence. Searches of the full-text copy for tobacco, smoking, the 68–80% figure, and the US population comparisons found no passage supporting the claim. (LLM, conf=0.77)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [105] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Several factors impede smoking cessation, including high rates of environmental exposure in shelters and other congregant living facilities, reduced access to health care,111 and competing health needs, which decrease health-care providers’”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Tobacco use
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [111] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s introductory discussion identifies pervasive tobacco use in homeless settings and assumptions about higher-priority needs, but it does not address reduced access to health care—the factor immediately preceding this citation. Searches for health-care access and medical-care availability found no passage supporting that factor. (LLM, conf=0.73)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Individual factors include poverty,9 early childhood adverse experiences,10 mental health and substance misuse problems,9,11 personal history of violence,11 and criminal justice system association.12”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Causes of homelessness
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Findings from ecological studies show that when structural support is not available, individuals with fewer individual vulnerabilities become homeless and rates of homelessness rise.7”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Causes of homelessness
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Structural factors that promote homelessness include the absence of low-cost housing, employment opportunities for low-skilled workers, and income support.7”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Causes of homelessness
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the USA, black Americans and Native Americans are overrepresented in the homeless population.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Point-in-time counts overestimate chronic homelessness and underestimate short periods of homelessness.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Reasons for late-life homelessness include housing problems secondary to changes in the housing market,33 loss through death or divorce of an important relationship, or health crises.33,34”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Ageing of the homeless population
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] source
- Not matchedcites [34]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Causes of excessive mortality include infections (HIV, tuberculosis), ischaemic heart disease, substance misuse, and external factors including unintentional injuries,40 suicides, homicides,46 and poisoning (from medication and illicit substances).”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Income inequality itself might be a structural factor that promotes homelessness: countries with greater levels of income inequality have higher rates of homelessness.20”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Causes of homelessness
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [20]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the early 1980s, the increase in homelessness was attributed to the closing of state psychiatric facilities, without a concomitant increase in community mental health services, a decrease in affordable housing, stagnating wages, changes in welfare policies, and the crack cocaine epidemic.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Risk factors for a person becoming chronically homeless include having mental health problems, substance misuse, or physical health problems, a history of criminal justice system association, and older age (44 years and older).21,29”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Patterns of homelessness
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 2012, in one night-time count, there were 2309 rough sleepers in England, 24% of whom lived in London (panel 2).”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although black Americans make up only 12% of the US population, they make up 39% of shelter populations.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The homeless population is ageing. In the USA, the median age of the homeless population now approaches 50 years.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Ageing of the homeless population
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the USA, a bimodal pattern of mortality is described: younger people die disproportionately from external causes of death (suicide, accidental overdoses, and homicide) and infectious diseases, and there is also a spike in older homeless people.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [47] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There is evidence that, despite expansion of services, the excess mortality has remained similar during the past two decades, although shifts in the cause of death have occurred with fewer deaths from HIV infection and more from drug overdose and substance misuse disorders.47”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [47] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“during one night-time count of homeless people in 2013, 23% of homeless individuals were children living in families (238 110 people in families were homeless).”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [23]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainn = 238,110- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although homelessness negatively affects health outcomes irrespective of duration, chronically homeless individuals have worse clinical outcomes than individuals who experience either intermittent or crisis homelessness.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Patterns of homelessness
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The 2010 US Interagency Council on Homelessness Federal Strategic Plan to Prevent and End Homelessness reported an increase during the preceding 30 years in the number of people who were homeless, with a substantial increase in the number of children and families who were homeless.21”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Suicide rates have increased, with a Danish study reporting a standardised mortality ratio of 7 from 1999–2009,42 which may be even higher in younger homeless people.46”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Denmark is the only country that reports higher relative risk of mortality for women, although the absolute death rate is higher in men than women.42”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [42] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mental health and substance misuse disorders both increase the risk of and are exacerbated by homelessness.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Physical and psychiatric health conditions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although crisis homelessness has severe negative effects on health, in general, those who experience crisis homelessness have better clinical outcomes than individuals who experience chronic or intermittent homelessness.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Patterns of homelessness
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Family homelessness (defined as adults with minor children) is often episodic, and is more prevalent in the USA than in EU countries.20”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Patterns of homelessness
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [20]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In a study90 based in three Canadian cities, 58% of homeless people had dual diagnosis, with some patterns of comorbidity being prominent (including depression co-occurring with alcohol, and post-traumatic stress disorder with crack cocaine).”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Psychiatric disorders, and drug and alcohol misuse
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [90] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Unintentional injuries are a major cause of morbidity and emergency department use in homeless people57 and represent around 9% of all admissions to hospital for this population; rates are higher than the general or housed poor population, although the discrepancy is greatest in elderly people.58”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Unintentional injuries
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This review also identified that the prevalence of psychosis was typically as high as that of depression, which contrasts with results from surveys in community and other high-risk populations such as prisoners in which depression is at least twice as common.91”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Psychiatric disorders, and drug and alcohol misuse
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [91] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In relation to substance misuse and dependence, this review focused on dependence, which for alcohol varied between 8% and 58%, and for drug dependence ranged from 5% to 54%, with very little information about women.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Psychiatric disorders, and drug and alcohol misuse
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [89] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Homeless individuals not only have higher rates of hospital admission but also have longer stays once admitted—at least 2 days longer for acute admissions to hospital in one study.126”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Health service use
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [126]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“Rates of traumatic brain injury are increased in homeless people, compared with non-homeless poverty populations, with rates typically ranging from 38% to 53%.60”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Unintentional injuries
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, homelessness is an independent risk factor for hospital admission and emergency department attendance after accounting for these predisposing factors because of lower hospital admission thresholds caused by the complexities of management of acute medical crises in homeless people, barriers to timely care that might allow health problems to deteriorate beyond what can be managed safely as”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Health service use
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
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The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Living in marginal housing in impoverished environments may be more prevalent than homelessness and may create comparably severe consequences. 4-6”
From The Hotel Study—Clinical and Health Service Effectiveness in a Cohort of Homeless or Marginally Housed Persons (2017) · cites this paper as [5]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–600 of 1,561
Nelson, E.-U. E., & Alichie, B. O. (2022) · Journal of Drug Issues · doi:10.1177/00220426221083655 · Cited by 12
“…injuries (Fazel, Geddes, & Kushel, 2014), which could become chronic following exposure to violence, traumatic experiences, mental health issues (Fazel et al., 2014; Frencher, Benedicto, Kendig, Herman, Barlow, & Pressley, 2010; Larney, Conroy, Mills, Burns, & Teesson, 2009) and inadequate pain…”
BackgroundKlop, H. T., de Veer, A. J. E., Gootjes, J. R. G., van de Mheen, D., van Laere, I. R. A., Slockers, M. T., & Onwuteaka-Philipsen, B. D. (2022) · BMC Palliative Care · doi:10.1186/s12904-022-01000-8 · Cited by 12
The Clinical and Genomic Epidemiology of Rhinovirus in Homeless Shelters—King County, Washington
Chow, E. J., Casto, A. M., Roychoudhury, P., Han, P. D., Xie, H. J., Pfau, B., Nguyen, T. V., Sereewit, J., Rogers, J. H., Cox, S. N., et al. (2022) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiac239 · Cited by 12
“PEH have a disproportionate burden of chronic disease, 5 exacerbated by mental illnesses, substance use [3] and social inequities [4] leading to an 6 increased risk of premature mortality [5].”
BackgroundIncidence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among People Experiencing Homelessness in Toronto, Canada
Richard, L., Nisenbaum, R. A., Brown, M., Liu, M., Pedersen, C., Jenkinson, J., Mishra, S., Baral, S., Colwill, K., Gingras, A., et al. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.2774 · Cited by 12
Bark, P., Ramasawmy, M., Hayward, A. C., Luchenski, S. A., Aldridge, R. W., Burridge, S., & Banerjee, A. (2023) · Open Heart · doi:10.1136/openhrt-2022-002235 · Cited by 12
Gicas, K. M., Thornton, A. E., Waclawik, K., Wang, N., Jones, A. A., Panenka, W. J., Lang, D. J., Smith, G. N., Vila‐Rodriguez, F., Leonova, O., et al. (2018) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acy066 · Cited by 11
Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage among homeless population in Lisbon, Portugal
Conceição, T., Martins, H., Rodrigues, S., de LENCASTRE, H., & Aires-de-Sousa, M. (2019) · European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1007/s10096-019-03638-4 · Cited by 12
Teaching Social Work Students About Homelessness: An Interdisciplinary Interinstitutional Approach
Siegel, D. H., Smith, M., & Melucci, S. C. (2020) · Journal of Social Work Education · doi:10.1080/10437797.2020.1741479 · Cited by 12
“…homelessness (Sarradon-Eck et al., 2014) by treating it as an illness rather than as a social problem; how homelessness leads to premature death (Fazel et al., 2014); the distinguishing features of a traumainformed approach to working with people experiencing homelessness (Hopper et al., 2010;…”
BackgroundSocial network change after moving into permanent supportive housing: Who stays and who goes?
Rhoades, H., Hsu, H.-T., Rice, E. R. W., Harris, T. E., Motte‐Kerr, W. L., Winetrobe, H., Henwood, B. F., & Wenzel, S. L. (2020) · Network Science · doi:10.1017/nws.2020.19 · Cited by 13
Mollayeva, T., Hurst, M., Chan, V., Escobar, M., Sutton, M., & Colantonio, A. (2020) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106213 · Cited by 12
Trick, W. E., Badri, S. M., Doshi, K., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0240202 · Cited by 12
“Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; SVI, social vulnerability index. a Time periods: Influenza, 10/1/2019-5/11/2020; COVID-19, 3/16/2020-5/11/2020. b Obese defined as Body Mass Index�30 kg/m2. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240202.t001 Abbreviations: SVI, Social Vulnerability Index. a We…”
MethodInfluentialGil-Salmerón, A., Smith, L., Yang, L., Rieder, A., & Grabovac, I. (2021) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.13313 · Cited by 12
Lifetime prevalence of suicidal attempt among homeless individuals in North America: a meta-analysis
Xiang, J., Kaminga, A. C., Wu, X. Y., Lai, Z., Yang, J., Lian, Y., Wang, X., Wen, S. W., Liu, A., & Dai, W. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.03.052 · Cited by 13
Fernandes, A. M., Marques, J. G., Bento, A., & Telles‐Correia, D. (2021) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852921000547 · Cited by 14
Vitorino, L. M., Possetti, J. G., Silva, M. T., Santos, G. D. S., Lucchetti, G., Moreira‐Almeida, A., & Guimarães, M. V. C. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.035 · Cited by 16
Buitenweg, D. C., Bongers, I. L., van de Mheen, D., OERS, H. A. M. V., & van Nieuwenhuizen, C. (2018) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1721 · Cited by 12
Managed alcohol programs in the context of housing first
Schiff, R., Pauly, B., Hall, S., Vallance, K., Ivsins, A., Brown, M., Gray, E., Krysowaty, B., & Evans, J. (2019) · Housing Care and Support · doi:10.1108/hcs-02-2019-0006 · Cited by 11
Mackelprang, J. L., Clifasefi, S. L., Grazioli, V. S., & Collins, S. E. (2021) · Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved · doi:10.1353/hpu.2021.0035 · Cited by 11
Risk of psychiatric readmission in the homeless population: A 10-year follow-up study
Herrera-Imbroda, J., Parra, J. G., Bordallo-Aragón, A., Moreno‐Küstner, B., & Mayoral, F. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1128158 · Cited by 11
“, 2018), which may have to do with various factors, such as increased disease burden or aging (Fazel et al., 2014).”
BackgroundGrune, J., Savelsberg, D., Kobus, M., Lindner, A. K., Herrmann, W., & Schuster, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1148029 · Cited by 11
The Impact of Being Homeless on the Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19: Systematic Review
Ogbonna, O., Bull, F., Spinks, B., Williams, D., Lewis, R. A., & Edwards, A. (2023) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.3389/ijph.2023.1605893 · Cited by 14
“Additionally, there is perceived stigma and judgement from much of the general population, and feelings of isolation which can play into worse psychosocial wellbeing [10, 11].”
BackgroundXie, F., Wang, S., Viveros, L. A., Rich, A., Nguyen, H. Q., Padilla, A., Lyons, L., & Nau, C. (2023) · JAMIA Open · doi:10.1093/jamiaopen/ooad082 · Cited by 11
“Housing instability, the perceived risk of losing one’s apartment, room, or home, and homelessness are important social determinants of health (SDOH).(1,2) Housing instability and homelessness bring about many challenges to a person’s daily life(3) and can result in poor physical health outcomes, decreased life expect…”
BackgroundDawes, J., Rogans-Watson, R., & Broderick, J. M. (2024) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2023-107562 · Cited by 13
Cronley, C. C., Fackler, A., First, J. M., Lee, S., & Tsouris, I. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21080984 · Cited by 14
“The homeless community is vulnerable to various risks associated with flooding and heavy rain, including infectious disease outbreaks, drownings, and a heightened incidence of anxiety and depression [31].”
BackgroundInpatient Care and Outcomes Among People With Cancer Experiencing Homelessness
Shah, K. J., Santos, P. M. G., Boe, L. A., Barnes, J. M., Tao, A., Tsai, C. J., & Chino, F. L. (2024) · JAMA Oncology · doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2024.3645 · Cited by 11
Decoding Homelessness: Z-Codes and the Recognition of Homelessness as a Comorbid Condition
Nepal, S., Haber, L. A., & Stella, S. A. (2024) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-024-09136-4 · Cited by 11
A History of Women’s Homelessness: The Making of a Crisis
Oudshoorn, A., Berkum, A. V., & Loon, C. V. (2018) · Journal of Social Inclusion · doi:10.36251/josi.128 · Cited by 11
A building concern? The health needs of families in temporary accommodation
Croft, L. A., Marossy, A., Wilson, T., et al. (2020) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdaa056 · Cited by 11
Byrne, T., Baggett, T., Land, T., Bernson, D., Hood, M.-E., Kennedy-Perez, C., Monterrey, R., Smelson, D., Dones, M., & Bharel, M. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0237905 · Cited by 11
Rodriguez‐Moreno, S., Farchione, T. J., Roca, P., Marín‐Martín, C., Guillén, A. I., & Panadero, S. (2020) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445520982562 · Cited by 11
“The economic development in high-income countries is in sharp contrast with the exponential growth of homelessness that has occurred worldwide during the last three decades: around four million people are in a homeless situation each year in Europe and around three million in the USA (Fazel et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialBenefits of GP care in outreach settings for people experiencing homelessness: a qualitative study
Hirst, V., & Cuthill, F. M. (2021) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp.2020.0749 · Cited by 11
Paat, Y., Morales, J., Escajeda, A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Progressive Human Services · doi:10.1080/10428232.2021.1969719 · Cited by 11
“Homelessness, characterized by the lack of adequate, safe, and stable housing, is a global concern that affects millions of people worldwide (Chamie, 2020; Fazel et al., 2014; Hugh & Fox, 2020).”
BackgroundTraumatic brain injury in precariously housed persons: Incidence and risks
O’Connor, T. A., Panenka, W. J., Livingston, E. M., Stubbs, J. L., Askew, J., Sahota, C. S., Feldman, S. J., Buchanan, T., Xu, L., Hu, X. J., et al. (2022) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101277 · Cited by 16
Azhdari, S. S., Yunesian, M., Hassanvand, M. S., Nabizadeh, R., Darvishali, S., Faridi, S., & Shamsipour, M. (2022) · Air Quality Atmosphere & Health · doi:10.1007/s11869-022-01199-8 · Cited by 11
“, 2016), socio-economic (Fazel et al., 2014), and behavioral factors (Toda & Okamura, 2016) play an important role in mental disorders, and environmental factors such as air and noise pollution are well-known as the other potential risk factors (Jensen et al.”
Santarém, V. Á., do Couto, A. C., Lescano, S. A. Z., et al. (2022) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-022-05499-x · Cited by 11
“9%) in the studied population corroborate other studies focused on high-risk sexually transmitted infections in persons experiencing homelessness [48, 49]; however, their presence was not associated with seropositivity for Toxocara antibodies.”
ResultLiu, M., Pridham, K. F., Jenkinson, J., Nisenbaum, R. A., Richard, L., Pedersen, C., Brown, R., Virani, S., Ellerington, F., Ranieri, A., et al. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065688 · Cited by 13
Marzana, D., Damia, S. M. M., Gaboardi, M., Scollato, A., & Marta, E. (2023) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.2683 · Cited by 11
Association of homelessness and skin conditions: a Danish population-based cohort study
Nilsson, S. F., Ali, Z., Laursen, T. M., Thyssen, J. P., Egeberg, A., Nordentoft, M., Hjorthøj, C. R., & Thomsen, S. F. (2023) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1093/bjd/ljad040 · Cited by 11
Yohannes, K., Målqvist, M., Bradby, H., Berhane, Y., & van Wees, S. H. (2023) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-023-01874-x · Cited by 15
“Homelessness is a complex global public health issue and a significant driver of poor health [11, 12].”
BackgroundEvictions and psychiatric treatment
Bradford, A. C., & Maclean, J. C. (2023) · Journal of Policy Analysis and Management · doi:10.1002/pam.22522 · Cited by 11
Perna, L. K., Patterson, C., Chairez, A. A., Lewis, J., Jordan, J., Komara, H., & Harris, H. (2024) · Cogent Social Sciences · doi:10.1080/23311886.2024.2328895 · Cited by 12
“…such as trauma history, adverse childhood experiences, and cognitive impairment common in Peh are associated with poor health outcomes (Fazel et al., 2014; Paudyal et al., 2019). all of these factors have multiplicative effects that further compromise the overall health, quality of…”
Klein, J. W., & Reddy, S. (2015) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2015.05.011 · Cited by 13
Restoring the Public Health response to Homelessness in Scotland
Hetherington, K., & Hamlet, N. (2015) · Cited by 11
Leung, A. K. C., To, M. J., Luong, L., Vahabi, Z. S., Gonçalves, V. L., Song, J. Y., & Hwang, S. W. (2016) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-016-0105-2 · Cited by 11
“They have standardized mortality ratios ranging from two to five times higher than the general population [7], and due to social isolation, they are less likely to have substitute decision makers identified or available in end-of-life care situations [9, 10].”
BackgroundHanlon, P., Yeoman, L., Esiovwa, R., Gibson, L., Williamson, A. E., Mair, F. S., & Lowrie, R. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016756 · Cited by 12
French Housing First Study Group, Tinland, A., Zemmour, K., Auquier, P., Boucékine, M., Girard, V., Loubière, S., Fond, G. B., & Boyer, L. (2017) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-017-1411-z · Cited by 12
Determinants of Unmet Mental Healthcare Needs of Single Adults Who Are Homeless or Vulnerably Housed
Duhoux, A., Aubry, T., Ecker, J., Cherner, R., Agha, A., To, M. J., Hwang, S. W., & Palepu, A. (2017) · Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health · doi:10.7870/cjcmh-2017-028 · Cited by 17
Homelessness: An Emerging Threat
MD (Community Medicine), S. R., & Bhattacharya, S. (2018) · International Journal of Healthcare Education & Medical Informatics · doi:10.24321/2455.9199.201808 · Cited by 11
Petit, J. M., Loubière, S., Vargas-Moniz, M., Tinland, A., Spinnewijn, F., Greenwood, R. M., Santinello, M., Wolf, J., Bokszczanin, A., Bernad, R., et al. (2018) · Archives of Public Health · doi:10.1186/s13690-018-0317-x · Cited by 13
“heart disease, substance abuse, and psychosis when compared to the general population [5, 9, 10].”
BackgroundBaur, J. W. R., & Cerveny, L. K. (2019) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.12.006 · Cited by 12
“This outcome is consistent, in general, with research on homelessness in the U.S. (Fazel et al., 2014; Nooe & Patterson, 2010; Thompson et al., 2013).”
ResultHomelessness and Health Disparities: A Health Equity Lens
Bowen, E. A., Savino, R. F., & Irish, A. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-03727-7_3 · Cited by 12
Mabhala, M. A., & Yohannes, A. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16234620 · Cited by 11
“Some of the examples include the absence of low-cost housing, employment opportunities for low-skilled workers, income support, poor education, low education participation, and achievement [9,13].”
BackgroundMorris, M. C., Cooper, R. L., Ramesh, A., Tabatabai, M., Arcury, T. A., Shinn, M., Im, W., Juárez, P. D., & Matthews-Juarez, P. (2020) · Medical Science Educator · doi:10.1007/s40670-020-00930-3 · Cited by 13
Individuals experiencing chronic homelessness: A 10‐year follow‐up of a cohort in Spain
Calvo, F., Fitzpatrick, S., Fàbregas, C., Carbonell, X., Cohort Group, & Garriga, O. T. (2020) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.13005 · Cited by 11
Paisi, M., Witton, R., Withers, L., Plessas, A., Burrows, M., Morrison, S., McDonald, L., & Kay, E. J. (2020) · BDJ · doi:10.1038/s41415-020-1926-7 · Cited by 12
Health status and health behaviour of the Hungarian homeless people
Nagy-Borsy, E., Vági, Z., Skerlecz, P., Szeitl, B., Kiss, I., & Rákosy, Z. (2021) · Archives of Public Health · doi:10.1186/s13690-021-00534-2 · Cited by 11
Hajek, A., Bertram, F., Heinrich, F., van Rüth, V., Ondruschka, B., Kretzler, B., Schüler, C., Püschel, K., & König, H. (2021) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-021-06314-6 · Cited by 11
A Community Partnership to House and Care for Complex Patients
Gondi, S., Berchuck, S. I., Brown, R. T., Hinderlie, M., Easton, L., Smith, L., Berchuck, J. E., Burden, H. S., & Berchuck, C. M. (2021) · NEJM Catalyst · doi:10.1056/cat.21.0158 · Cited by 11
“, insulin) require refrigeration; many chronic conditions are worsened by exposure to harsh environments (physical environments, such as New England winters, and the consequences of living in high-poverty, high-crime areas); and behavioral conditions aremore challenging to treat without stable housing.(11) These chall…”
BackgroundEQ-5D-3L Health Status Among Homeless People in Stockholm, Sweden, 2006 and 2018
Burström, B., Irestig, R., & Burström, K. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.780753 · Cited by 11
Implementation of Baltimore City’s COVID-19 Isolation Hotel
Rosecrans, A. M., Moen, M., Harris, R. E., et al. (2022) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2022.306778 · Cited by 11
Goldstein, S. C., Spillane, N. S., Tate, M. C., Nelson, L. A., & Collins, S. E. (2022) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000833 · Cited by 11
Pottie, K. C., Mathew, C. M., Mendonca, O., Magwood, O., Saad, A., Abdalla, T., Stergiopoulos, V., Bloch, G. C., Brcic, V., Andermann, A. A. J., et al. (2019) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/cl2.1048 · Cited by 9
“People experiencing homelessness and those who have vulnerably housed experience a high proportion of mental health concerns compared to the general population (Fazel et al., 2014).”
Bennett‐Daly, G., Maxwell, H., & Bridgman, H. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19148368 · Cited by 12
Homelessness and mental health
Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., Ventriglio, A., & Bhugra, D. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780198861478.003.0032 · Cited by 11
Survey of symptomatic dermatologic disease in homeless patients at a shelter-based clinic
Contag, C. A., Lowenstein, S. E., Jain, S., & Amerson, E. H. (2017) · Our Dermatology Online · doi:10.7241/ourd.20172.37 · Cited by 11
“While there is extensive literature supporting the negative impact dermatologic conditions have on quality of life [7], and the negative impact of homelessness on general health [8], few studies have assessed the prevalence of skin disease in homeless populations.”
BackgroundYoun, S. J., Sauer-Zavala, S. E., Patrick, K. A., Ahles, E. M., Silvan, Y. A., Greig, A., Marques, L. M., & Shtasel, D. L. (2019) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001010 · Cited by 11
“…have also been shown to have higher rates of mental health illnesses, including anxiety, depression, and trauma, compared with housed individuals (Fazel et al., 2014; Whitbeck et al., 2015), with nearly 80% of individuals experiencing homelessness having had a life-altering traumatic event in…”
BackgroundReid, N., Mason, J., Kurdyak, P. A., et al. (2021) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743721996114 · Cited by 11
Hanlon, C., Smartt, C., Mutiso, V. N., Yaro, P., Misganaw, E., Read, U., Mayston, R., Birhanu, R., Dako-Gyeke, P., Ndetei, D. M., et al. (2025) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796025000186 · Cited by 11
“…from high-income countries, the co-occurrence of SMI and homelessness is associated with numerous adverse outcomes, including premature mortality (Fazel et al. , 2014); infectious disease (chiefly tuberculosis, HIV and hepatitis B)(Beijer et al. , 2012); non-communicable diseases (Scott et al. ,…”
Profile of homeless people in emergency departments
Burak, A. M., Wyszkowska, Z., Liebert, A., & Kłopocka, M. (2021) · International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health · doi:10.13075/ijomeh.1896.01842 · Cited by 10
Shepherd‐Banigan, M. E., Drake, C., Dietch, J. R., Shapiro, A. S., Tabriz, A. A., Voorhees, E. E. V., Uthappa, D. M., Wang, T.-W., Lusk, J. B., Salcedo, S., et al. (2022) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-021-07244-z · Cited by 10
Decker, H. C., Raguram, M., Kanzaria, H. K., Duke, M. R., & Wick, E. C. (2023) · Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.surg.2023.11.009 · Cited by 10
Decker, H. C., Colom, S., Evans, J. L., Graham-Squire, D., Pérez, K., Kushel, M., Wick, E., Raven, M. C., & Kanzaria, H. K. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-088303 · Cited by 10
Self-citationNilsson, S. F., Laursen, T. M., Erlangsen, A., Hawton, K. E., Nordentoft, M., & Fazel, S. (2025) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(25)00100-8 · Cited by 10
Self-citationNilsson, S. F., Erlangsen, A., Nielsen, C. M., Nordentoft, M., Fazel, S., & Laursen, T. M. (2025) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(25)00171-9 · Cited by 11
Self-citationA life course approach to understanding homelessness of shelter residents
Paat, Y., Morales, J., Tullius, R., et al. (2019) · Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless · doi:10.1080/10530789.2019.1640410 · Cited by 10
Who still dies young in a rich city? Revisiting the case of Oxford
Brimblecombe, N., Dorling, D., & Green, M. A. (2019) · Geographical Journal · doi:10.1111/geoj.12336 · Cited by 10
“Fazel and colleagues point to a combination of individual and structural factors including poverty, family problems, mental health and substance misuse problems, and availability of low-cost housing (Fazel et al., 2014).”
BackgroundAhuja, N. J., Nguyen, A., Winter, S. J., Freeman, M., Shi, R., Espinosa, P. R., & Heaney, C. A. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17197228 · Cited by 10
“Much research has documented the elevated prevalence of physical and mental health problems among homeless individuals [4].”
BackgroundAlarcón, J., & Khan, T. V. (2020) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2020.305956 · Cited by 10
Identifying Challenges and Solutions to Providing Diabetes Care for Those Experiencing Homelessness
Mancini, N. L., Campbell, R. B., Yaphe, H. M., Tibebu, T., Grewal, E., Saunders‐Smith, T., McBrien, K., & Campbell, D. J. T. (2021) · International Journal on Homelessness · doi:10.5206/ijoh.2022.1.13643 · Cited by 10
“Given the unique needs of individuals experiencing homelessness, who are generally poorly served by mainstream programs, a call to action has been emerging to discover and test approaches for providing care that are tailored to the needs of this unique population (Andermann et al., 2020; Campbell et al., 2019; Fazel e…”
BackgroundInfluentialRecovery Education for Adults Transitioning From Homelessness: A Longitudinal Outcome Evaluation
Durbin, A., Nisenbaum, R. A., Wang, R., Hwang, S. W., Kozloff, N., & Stergiopoulos, V. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.763396 · Cited by 14
South, E., Rodgers, M., Wright, K. E., Whitehead, M. M., & Sowden, A. J. (2021) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106916 · Cited by 10
Kershaw, K., Martelly, L., Stevens, C., McInnes, D. K., Silverman, A., Byrne, T. H., Aycinena, D., Sabin, L., Garvin, L. A., Vimalananda, V. G., et al. (2022) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076221129729 · Cited by 11
“This study examines the feasibility of this intervention to: (1) reduce ED visits and inpatient hospitalization, (2) improve outpatient appointment keeping, and (3) increase medication adherence, in an urban homeless population.”
BackgroundBorghi, G., Caillet, P., Devriendt, S., Lebeaupin, M., Poirier, M., & Poveda, J.-D. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0280273 · Cited by 13
“The relationship between housing conditions and the health status of people is complex, notably because homelessness can cause health problems and, conversely, a poor health status can be the starting point of homelessness [6, 8].”
BackgroundGuillén, A. I., Panadero, S., & Vázquez, J. J. (2023) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/10778012231178002 · Cited by 10
“Indeed, people experiencing homelessness have a high prevalence of mental disorders (Castellow et al., 2015; Duke, & Searby, 2019; Fazel et al., 2014; Lippert & Lee, 2015), which is notably higher than the prevalence of mental disorders in the general population (Lebrun-Harris et al., 2013;…”
Novak, M. D., Toegel, F., Holtyn, A. F., Rodewald, A. M., Arellano, M., Baranski, M., Barnett, N. P., Leoutsakos, J., Fingerhood, M., & Silverman, K. (2023) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2023.107655 · Cited by 10
Psychische Krankheit und subjektive Gesundheit bei Wohnungslosen in Zürich
Briner, D., Jäger, M., Kawohl, W., & Baumgartner-Nietlisbach, G. (2016) · Psychiatrische Praxis · doi:10.1055/s-0042-111742 · Cited by 6
Byrne, T. H., Troszak, L. K., Midboe, A. M., et al. (2019) · Public Health Reports · doi:10.1177/0033354918821071 · Cited by 10
Lemoine, C., Loubière, S., Boucékine, M., Girard, V., Tinland, A., & Auquier, P. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113692 · Cited by 12
Insights from homeless men about PRISM, an innovative shelter-based mental health service
Voisard, B., Whitley, R., Latimer, E. A., Looper, K. J., & Laliberté, V. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0250341 · Cited by 10
“People living with SMI are overrepresented in the homeless population [2, 3].”
BackgroundGicas, K. M., Mejía-Lancheros, C., Nisenbaum, R. A., Wang, R., Hwang, S. W., & Stergiopoulos, V. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721001550 · Cited by 10
Willison, C. E., Lillvis, D. F., Mauri, A. I., et al. (2021) · Journal of Health Politics Policy and Law · doi:10.1215/03616878-9349142 · Cited by 10
Riley, E. D., Delucchi, K., Rubin, S., Weiser, S. D., Vijayaraghavan, M., Lynch, K. L., & Tsoh, J. Y. (2021) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107125 · Cited by 11
Competencies for occupational therapy practice in homelessness: A Delphi study
Marshall, C. A., Cooke, A., Gewurtz, R. E., Barbic, S. P., Roy, L., Lysaght, R. M., & Kirsh, B. H. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1080/11038128.2021.2002404 · Cited by 11
“Homelessness is growing [1–3,5] and the prevalence of disability is known to be high in this population [11].”
BackgroundReid, N., Brown, R. J., Pedersen, C., Kozloff, N., Sosnowski, A., & Stergiopoulos, V. (2022) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.13442 · Cited by 12
Clements, C., Farooq, B., Hawton, K. E., Geulayov, G., Casey, D., Waters, K., Ness, J., Patel, A., Townsend, E., Appleby, L., et al. (2022) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2022.30 · Cited by 10
Thuong, D. T. H., Đăng, T. N., Phosri, A., Siriwong, W., Truong, T. T. D., Vy, N. T. T., & Kallawicha, K. (2022) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2022.113707 · Cited by 11
Invasive Meningococcal Disease Among People Experiencing Homelessness—United States, 2016–2019
Rudmann, K. C., Brown, N. E., Rubis, A. B., Burns, M., Ramsey, A., Nueces, D. D. L., Martin, T., Barnes, M., Davizon, E. S., Retchless, A. C., et al. (2022) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiac230 · Cited by 10
Mental health of homeless people in China amid and beyond COVID-19
Su, Z., Bentley, B. L., Cheshmehzangi, A., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific · doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100544 · Cited by 10
Nyamathi, A., Gelberg, L., Lee, D., Arce, N., Jones‐Patten, A., Yadav, K., Goodwine, M., Alikhani, M., Yao, M., Chang, A. H., et al. (2022) · Global Qualitative Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/23333936221108712 · Cited by 10
“However, for unsheltered homeless adults, the “Safer at Home” policies which were intended to limit COVID-19 transmission (Fenley, 2021), may have also resulted in adverse events.”
BackgroundLevesque, J., Babando, J., Loranger, N., et al. (2022) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-022-02089-x · Cited by 10
Metadata
- Authors
- Fazel, S., Geddes, J. R., & Kushel, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- San Francisco General Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fazel, Seena
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-10
- Volume
- 384
- Issue
- 9953
- Pages
- 1529-1540
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- PMC
- PMC4520328
- OpenAlex
- W2105368594
- Cited by
- 1,568
- References
- 129
- Citations by year
- 2026: 100 · 2025: 129 · 2024: 203 · 2023: 176 · 2022: 186 · 2021: 266 · 2020: 155 · 2019: 124 · 2018: 88 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 7.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (095806)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0611-10150)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homelessness and Social Issues
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban and Rural Development Challenges
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk
- Keywords
- homelessness, health of homeless people, premature mortality, suicide, unintentional injuries, infectious diseases, mental illness, substance abuse, non-communicable diseases, accelerated aging, housing affordability, poverty, healthcare engagement, emergency department visits, health surveillance, health policy, child welfare system, psychiatric hospitals
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Australia, Mental Disorders, Canada, Chronic Disease, Delivery of Health Care, Europe, Health Policy, Health Services, Health Status, Ill-Housed Persons, Humans, Infections, Middle Aged, Smoking, United States, Self-Injurious Behavior, Age Distribution, Developed Countries
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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