The DOI matches its Crossref record; 123 of the 129 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 58 of the 158 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations
Open accessAbstract
In the European Union, more than 400 000 individuals are homeless on any one night and more than 600 000 are homeless in the USA. The causes of homelessness are an interaction between individual and structural factors. Individual factors include poverty, family problems, and mental health and substance misuse problems. The availability of low-cost housing is thought to be the most important structural determinant for homelessness.
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Claims the paper makes
28 No full text of the sources · 20 Couldn’t confirm · 16 Partly supported · 10 No basis given · 9 Sources not found · 4 Not checked yet · 2 Supported so far · 2 Own result · 1 Mixed support · 1 Not supported · 1 Own method · 1 Own interpretation · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Evidence suggests that drug and alcohol misuse have strong associations with both the initiation and persistence of homelessness.13”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Causes of homelessness
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [13] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (§3.2) report higher alcohol and illegal-drug use among LGB youths with a history of homelessness. But use generally began after the first homeless episode, and the Discussion (§4.1) suggests it may be a consequence rather than a cause of homelessness. The paper does not establish an association with the persistence of homelessness. (LLM, conf=0.84)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Roma gypsies and other minorities are over-represented.26”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [26] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Recruitment and Eligibility section describes a sample from Toronto, Canada, not the EU. The Results compare racial-minority proportions between two groups of homeless women, but do not compare homeless people with the general population or mention Roma people. Searches for Roma, EU homelessness, and minority over-representation found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In the whole of the EU, an estimated 4·1 million people have a homeless episode in a year (panel 2).26”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [26] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction discusses homelessness in Canada and gives Toronto shelter figures, while Recruitment and Eligibility describes a Toronto sample. Searches for the 4.1 million figure and an annual EU homelessness estimate found no passage addressing that claim in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Homeless individuals have worse physical and emotional health status than the general population, including those from deprived neighbourhoods.32,49-51”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Physical and psychiatric health conditions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32]
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [49] source
- Could not verifycites [50] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Table 1 reports serious emotional problems among the homeless adults studied, and the Covariates section describes a measure of general health status. The Discussion compares food insufficiency and health-service use with the US general population, but our copy does not compare physical and emotional health status with either the general population or people from deprived neighbourhoods. (LLM, conf=0.73)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Crisis or transitional homelessness is often caused by a discrete event: either an act of nature or political crisis that displaces individuals, an economic disruption (severe recession, foreclosure crisis), or a personal crisis (job loss, illness).28”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Patterns of homelessness
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [28] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Subject Characteristics and Data Collection sections describe when and how long participants had been homeless, but not what caused their homelessness. Searches for crisis or transitional homelessness and for the proposed triggers—displacement, economic disruption, job loss, and illness—found no passage addressing the claim. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“This suggests a cohort effect: individuals born between 1954 and 1965 have experienced homelessness at a higher rate throughout their lives.31”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Ageing of the homeless population
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [31] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods describe a sample of Copenhagen hostel residents identified in 1991, and the Predictors of death section examines age in relation to mortality. Searches for a cohort effect, birth years 1954–1965, and higher lifetime rates of homelessness found no passage addressing those claims in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The homeless population in EU states is changing from single, middle-aged men to migrants from other EU and non-EU countries, younger people, women, and families.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [26] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) says that women, including women with dependent children, are a growing segment of the homeless population in Canada. It does not establish a shift in EU states from single middle-aged men toward migrants, younger people, women, and families. The Recruitment and Eligibility section identifies the study population as homeless people in Toronto, Canada. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The relative risk compared with age-matched comparisons is higher for younger homeless people than it is for older people in two North American reports.39,47”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [39] source
The paper’s Results report much higher mortality rate ratios for younger homeless women than for older homeless women relative to women in the general population. Its introductory review also gives age-stratified figures from Boston and Toronto showing the same pattern among homeless men. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [47] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In all studies, however, hypertension and diabetes in homeless people are more likely to be poorly controlled than in the general population.80,82”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] source
- Could not verifycites [82] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background discusses poor access to care among homeless adults, and the Results report unmet health care needs, but neither assesses control of hypertension or diabetes against the general population. Searches for both conditions and poor disease control found no passage addressing that comparison; page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.73)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In Europe and Canada, compared with the general population, homeless people have higher rates of smoking, lower rates of obesity and hyperlipidaemia, and similar rates of diabetes and hypertension77-81 (table 3).”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [77] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion compare diabetes prevalence in Paris shelter residents with the French general population, but do not compare smoking rates. Searches for smoking, smokers, and tobacco found no passage addressing the claimed Europe-and-Canada comparison. (LLM, conf=0.73)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [78] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [79] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] source
- Partly supportedcites [81] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The section “Impact of Homelessness Upon All Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality” (page unavailable) reports that smoking rates in a Toronto homeless sample were two to three times those of an age- and sex-matched Canadian general population. It does not provide a corresponding comparison for Europe, so the European part of the claim is unsupported by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
- It may state two separate claims as one. 51
- Probably not a substantial claim. 4
Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Since a 2012 systematic review,56 two new studies69,70 of tuberculosis that reported a prevalence of between 4% and 8%, and one study71 of HIV (from New York City) reporting rates of HIV of 1·8% have been published (appendix).”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Infectious diseases
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [56] source
Citation 56 identifies a 2012 systematic review, and the Abstract identifies this paper as a systematic review of traumatic brain injury and homelessness. The tuberculosis and HIV figures are attached to separate citations (69–71), not attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Could not verifycites [69] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Study and Conclusions (page numbers unavailable) report hepatitis E findings among homeless persons in Marseille, not post-2012 tuberculosis studies or an HIV prevalence study in New York City. Searches for the tuberculosis prevalence range and the New York City HIV rate found no passage addressing either claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Disputedcites [70] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods section (page unavailable) says this paper surveyed homeless adults in Pittsburgh and Philadelphia in 1997, not New York City. Published in 2005, it also cannot be one of the studies published since the 2012 review. The passages do not report an HIV prevalence of 1.8%. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [71] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“Findings from a study of 500 homeless people in three cities in British Columbia, Canada, showed that three-quarters of homeless people reported one form of abuse, with more than half reporting a history of sexual abuse.95”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Psychiatric disorders, and drug and alcohol misuse
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [95] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods and Results describe a study in inner-Sydney with 105 participants, not 500 people in three British Columbia cities. The Results report that 49 of 102 respondents (48%) experienced violence in the previous year; the cited paper does not report the claimed abuse or sexual-abuse figures. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plainn = 500- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Disputed
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Findings from several studies have shown that mortality is substantially increased in homeless people,35-45 with the excess risk most evident in younger people39,46 and, in some studies, women.”
- Also stated in: § Mortality · plain
“Findings from several studies have shown that mortality is substantially increased in homeless people,35-45 with the excess risk most evident in younger people39,46 and, in some studies, women.35,41,42”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [35] source
- Partly supportedcites [36] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract reports substantially higher mortality among homeless and marginally housed people, with the highest rate ratios at younger ages; the Results confirm that rate ratios were higher at younger ages for both sexes. The Discussion reports excess mortality among women, but does not show that the overall excess risk was more pronounced in women than in men. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Supportedcites [37] source
The Discussion reports mortality 3.5 times higher among homeless people than in Rotterdam’s general population. It finds the greatest relative disadvantages in younger age groups and homeless women, and notes that other studies have also found higher excess mortality in women. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [38] source
- Supportedcites [39] source
The Results report substantially elevated mortality among younger homeless women compared with women in the general population, with much smaller excess mortality among older women. The paper also reports elevated mortality among homeless men, especially younger men, and notes that younger homeless women in several cities had mortality rates similar to younger homeless men (Interpretation, p. 1245). (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [40] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [41] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [42] source
- Supportedcites [43] source
The Results section, “Mortality rate ratios by age and sex” (page not provided), reports substantially higher mortality among homeless adults than among Massachusetts adults, with the largest disparities at ages 25–44. In that age group, the reported all-cause mortality ratio was 9.6 for women and 8.6 for men, consistent with the claim’s qualified reference to women. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [44] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Mortality; page not provided) show elevated mortality among homeless children and adults aged 25–49 compared with NYC residents. But overall adult mortality among family-shelter users was similar to the comparison populations, and the female mortality estimate was not statistically conclusive. The paper therefore supports excess risk in some younger groups, not a substantial increase across homeless people generally or a clear excess among women. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Mortality · plain
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Primary individual risk factors for homelessness in young people (unaccompanied individuals aged 12–25 years) are family conflict and victimisation,14 non-heterosexual sexual identity,15,16 and having been in the child welfare system.17-19”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Causes of homelessness
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [14] source
The citation range attached to this paper concerns prior child-welfare involvement, not the other risk factors in the sentence. The Abstract identifies youths aging out of foster care as at high risk of homelessness and reports substantially higher homelessness rates for them than for a general youth sample. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not matchedcites [15]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In homeless families in New York, the overall mortality was not higher than that in residents of low-income neighbourhoods, although the excess was still present in homeless children.48”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [48] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract discusses adult homelessness and adverse childhood experiences, and the Discussion addresses adult mental and physical health outcomes. Searches for mortality in homeless families in New York and excess mortality in homeless children found no passage reporting the claimed comparison with low-income-neighbourhood residents. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“There are no consistent differences in mortality risks between homeless men and women, although most studies report that the proportionate excess of mortality in women is similar to men.40,45,47”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [40] source
- Could not verifycites [45] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s background passage says homeless people have high rates of premature mortality compared with the general population, but it does not compare mortality risks for homeless men and women. Searches for sex-specific mortality risk and proportionate excess mortality found no passage addressing either claim; the paper instead analyzes health status and health care use. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [47] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In 2012–13, 53 540 UK households were eligible for homelessness assistance. Of these households, 65% were white, 15% black, 8% Asian, and 3% mixed race (indicating an over-representation of black and Asian people); 64% had dependent children.25”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [25] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 2 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Homelessness seems to have increased in the past 5 years; only Finland and the Netherlands have reported reductions.26”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [26] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction discusses a growing segment of the homeless population in Canada, while Recruitment and Eligibility describes a Toronto sample. Searches for Finland, the Netherlands, EU homelessness trends, and a five-year increase found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The reasons for this are multifactorial and include risk factors that increase individuals’ risk for homelessness and are associated with poor health outcomes, such as early life poverty52 and mental health and substance misuse disorders.49,53”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Physical and psychiatric health conditions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [49] source
- Partly supportedcites [52] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction reports substantially increased morbidity among homeless people and higher prevalence of mental disorders. The Discussion also identifies injection drug use as a risk factor worth further study for infectious diseases. Neither section establishes that mental health or substance misuse disorders increase the risk of becoming homeless; a search for early-life poverty found no relevant passage, though that example has a separate citation in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [53] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction reports elevated rates of mental illness and substance use disorders among homeless people and says psychiatric illness or substance abuse commonly precipitates hospital care. It does not establish that these disorders increase the risk of becoming homeless. Early-life poverty is attached to citation 52, not to this source. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In Europe and Canada, compared with the general population, homeless people have higher rates of smoking, lower rates of obesity and hyperlipidaemia, and similar rates of diabetes and hypertension77-81 (table 3).”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [77] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results compare obesity among shelter attendees with and without diabetes, not with the general population. The paper’s general-population comparison concerns diabetes prevalence; the passages found for obesity, cholesterol and hyperlipidaemia do not establish lower rates of obesity or hyperlipidaemia among homeless people in Europe or Canada. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.77)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [78] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [79] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] source
- Partly supportedcites [81] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In the section on homelessness and cardiovascular mortality (page unavailable), a Toronto study found that elevated body mass index was not more prevalent among homeless adults than in a matched Canadian population. That does not establish a lower obesity rate. The section provides no Europe-wide comparison or evidence of lower hyperlipidaemia rates; it says the direction of differences in most traditional risk factors remains unclear. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The increased risk of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease is probably a result of high rates of behavioural risk factors (illicit drug use, tobacco use); poor control of hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidaemia; and poor access to care for early cardiac disease.80,85”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] source
- Partly supportedcites [85] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Drug Dependence; page unavailable) report a high prevalence of drug dependence among homeless people, supporting one behavioural-risk component. The Introduction reports elevated overall mortality, but neither passage links cardiovascular morbidity or mortality to drug or tobacco use, control of hypertension, diabetes or hyperlipidaemia, or access to early cardiac care. (LLM, conf=0.78)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Results from these studies showed that homeless individuals (compared with low-income non-homeless individuals) are more likely to seek medical care for falls, cold-related injury (hypothermia, frostbite), burns, poisonings (from medication and illicit substances), assaults, traumatic brain injuries, and self-harm and are less likely to seek care for transport-related injuries.32,57,58,60,96”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Unintentional injuries
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [32]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [57] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [58] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] source
- Partly supportedcites [96] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Heterogeneity between individual tuberculosis studies is partly explained by different diagnostic methods (higher rates when chest radiography was used vs sputum analysis) and differences in the underlying rate in the general population.56”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Infectious diseases
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [56] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract and Limitations of the evidence base discuss traumatic brain injury among people who are homeless, including variation in how TBI was assessed. Searches for tuberculosis, chest radiography, sputum analysis, and underlying population rates found no passage addressing the claimed explanation for heterogeneity between tuberculosis studies. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Data from the USA are similar, with the exception that rates of hypertension in homeless people are higher than in the general population, but similar to the non-homeless, low-income population.82”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [82] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background compares U.S. homeless, low-income, and general populations on emergency-department use, not hypertension rates. A search for “hypertension” found no passage in our copy addressing the claimed comparison. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Few studies of hepatitis B have been published, but they report high rates that are typically around 20–30%,68,72 and 3% have recent or ongoing hepatitis E.73”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Infectious diseases
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [68] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [72] source
- Could not verifycites [73] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citation 73 is attached to the claim that 3% of homeless people have recent or ongoing hepatitis E; the hepatitis B figures have separate citations. Our copy’s Results report diabetes, pre-diabetes and metabolic syndrome in a homeless population, but no passage addresses hepatitis E (searched for hepatitis E and viral infection). (LLM, conf=0.77)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Other risk factors are secondary to the conditions of homelessness itself, such as poor nutrition,54,55 exposure to communicable diseases,56 harsh living environments,57,58 high rates of victimisation59 and unintentional injuries,57,60 and increased rates of tobacco use.61,62”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Physical and psychiatric health conditions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [54] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] source
- Partly supportedcites [56] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports high rates of traumatic brain injury among people who are homeless, supporting the injury-related part of the citation. It does not establish that these injuries were unintentional or caused by the conditions of homelessness; it says the first brain injury preceded homelessness for most participants in the studies that examined timing. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Poor health status is exacerbated by poor access to health care63-65 and challenges in adherence to medication.66,67”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Physical and psychiatric health conditions
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [63] source
The citation is attached to the medication-adherence clause, not the separate claim about access to health care. The Discussion (page not provided) reports suboptimal ART adherence linked to homelessness and describes barriers homeless individuals face in storing medication and prioritizing adherence. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites [64] source
The Abstract (page not provided) states that homeless people face barriers to accessing healthcare and that these barriers contribute to the spread of infections. This supports the poor-access portion of the citing sentence; medication adherence has a separate citation group and is not attributed to this source here. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Could not verifycites [65] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports a much higher incidence of TB among homeless people, but does not attribute poor health to limited health-care access or difficulty adhering to medication. The Methods describe free TB treatment for participants; they do not assess access barriers or adherence. Searches for both mechanisms found no passage addressing them. (LLM, conf=0.74)
- Could not verifycites [66] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background describes elevated TB risk and poor outcomes among homeless people, but attributes risk to factors such as nutrition and housing, not poor access to health care. Searches of our full-text copy for health-care access and medication adherence found no passage addressing either proposed explanation for poor health status. (LLM, conf=0.74)
- Could not verifycites [67] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The citation placement attributes the poor-access-to-health-care point to this source; medication adherence has separate citations. The Introduction reports higher morbidity and mortality among homeless people, and the Discussion recommends offering HIV/STI services, but neither passage says that poor access exacerbates health status. Searches for poor access to health care and medication adherence found no passage establishing those links (pages unavailable in our copy). (LLM, conf=0.74)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Homeless people have difficulty accessing medical care and adhering to medications because of an absence of medical insurance, transportation barriers, and the need to attend to competing priorities.63,86-88”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [63] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) links homelessness to poorer ART adherence and suggests that immediate survival needs can take priority over medication. It also discusses financial barriers to treatment in settings without universal access, but does not identify lack of insurance or transportation as reasons homeless people have difficulty accessing care and taking medications. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [86] source
- Could not verifycites [87] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Implications and Avenues for future research sections discuss mental-health treatment and treatment adherence among prisoners, not barriers faced by homeless people. Searches for homelessness, insurance, transportation, competing priorities, and medication adherence found no passage addressing the attributed claim; the available passages have no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Partly supportedcites [88] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion says homeless people avoid outpatient contacts and have difficulty managing prescribed medications. It does not attribute those difficulties to lack of insurance, transportation barriers, or competing priorities. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“but compared with the general population, rates of tuberculosis infection were at least 20 times higher, and for USA studies, they were more than 40 times higher—a proportionate excess compared with the general population and more than other infectious diseases studied.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Infectious diseases
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [56] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion passages address traumatic brain injury among people who are homeless, not tuberculosis. Searches for tuberculosis infection rates, the 20- and 40-fold comparisons, and other infectious diseases found no passage in our copy addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Tobacco use is common in homeless populations; in the USA, 68–80% of homeless people are current smokers,61 which is four times the rate of the overall US population and 2·5 times that of the low-income population.105”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Tobacco use
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [61] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion addresses alcohol and drug problems among homeless people, but does not report smoking prevalence. Searches of the full-text copy for tobacco, smoking, the 68–80% figure, and the US population comparisons found no passage supporting the claim. (LLM, conf=0.77)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [105] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Several factors impede smoking cessation, including high rates of environmental exposure in shelters and other congregant living facilities, reduced access to health care,111 and competing health needs, which decrease health-care providers’”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Tobacco use
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [111] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s introductory discussion identifies pervasive tobacco use in homeless settings and assumptions about higher-priority needs, but it does not address reduced access to health care—the factor immediately preceding this citation. Searches for health-care access and medical-care availability found no passage supporting that factor. (LLM, conf=0.73)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Individual factors include poverty,9 early childhood adverse experiences,10 mental health and substance misuse problems,9,11 personal history of violence,11 and criminal justice system association.12”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Causes of homelessness
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Findings from ecological studies show that when structural support is not available, individuals with fewer individual vulnerabilities become homeless and rates of homelessness rise.7”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Causes of homelessness
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Structural factors that promote homelessness include the absence of low-cost housing, employment opportunities for low-skilled workers, and income support.7”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Causes of homelessness
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the USA, black Americans and Native Americans are overrepresented in the homeless population.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Point-in-time counts overestimate chronic homelessness and underestimate short periods of homelessness.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Reasons for late-life homelessness include housing problems secondary to changes in the housing market,33 loss through death or divorce of an important relationship, or health crises.33,34”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Ageing of the homeless population
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] source
- Not matchedcites [34]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Causes of excessive mortality include infections (HIV, tuberculosis), ischaemic heart disease, substance misuse, and external factors including unintentional injuries,40 suicides, homicides,46 and poisoning (from medication and illicit substances).”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Income inequality itself might be a structural factor that promotes homelessness: countries with greater levels of income inequality have higher rates of homelessness.20”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Causes of homelessness
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [20]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the early 1980s, the increase in homelessness was attributed to the closing of state psychiatric facilities, without a concomitant increase in community mental health services, a decrease in affordable housing, stagnating wages, changes in welfare policies, and the crack cocaine epidemic.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Risk factors for a person becoming chronically homeless include having mental health problems, substance misuse, or physical health problems, a history of criminal justice system association, and older age (44 years and older).21,29”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Patterns of homelessness
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 2012, in one night-time count, there were 2309 rough sleepers in England, 24% of whom lived in London (panel 2).”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although black Americans make up only 12% of the US population, they make up 39% of shelter populations.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The homeless population is ageing. In the USA, the median age of the homeless population now approaches 50 years.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Ageing of the homeless population
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the USA, a bimodal pattern of mortality is described: younger people die disproportionately from external causes of death (suicide, accidental overdoses, and homicide) and infectious diseases, and there is also a spike in older homeless people.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [47] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There is evidence that, despite expansion of services, the excess mortality has remained similar during the past two decades, although shifts in the cause of death have occurred with fewer deaths from HIV infection and more from drug overdose and substance misuse disorders.47”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [47] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“during one night-time count of homeless people in 2013, 23% of homeless individuals were children living in families (238 110 people in families were homeless).”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [23]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainn = 238,110- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although homelessness negatively affects health outcomes irrespective of duration, chronically homeless individuals have worse clinical outcomes than individuals who experience either intermittent or crisis homelessness.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Patterns of homelessness
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The 2010 US Interagency Council on Homelessness Federal Strategic Plan to Prevent and End Homelessness reported an increase during the preceding 30 years in the number of people who were homeless, with a substantial increase in the number of children and families who were homeless.21”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Suicide rates have increased, with a Danish study reporting a standardised mortality ratio of 7 from 1999–2009,42 which may be even higher in younger homeless people.46”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Denmark is the only country that reports higher relative risk of mortality for women, although the absolute death rate is higher in men than women.42”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [42] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mental health and substance misuse disorders both increase the risk of and are exacerbated by homelessness.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Physical and psychiatric health conditions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although crisis homelessness has severe negative effects on health, in general, those who experience crisis homelessness have better clinical outcomes than individuals who experience chronic or intermittent homelessness.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Patterns of homelessness
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Family homelessness (defined as adults with minor children) is often episodic, and is more prevalent in the USA than in EU countries.20”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Patterns of homelessness
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [20]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In a study90 based in three Canadian cities, 58% of homeless people had dual diagnosis, with some patterns of comorbidity being prominent (including depression co-occurring with alcohol, and post-traumatic stress disorder with crack cocaine).”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Psychiatric disorders, and drug and alcohol misuse
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [90] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Unintentional injuries are a major cause of morbidity and emergency department use in homeless people57 and represent around 9% of all admissions to hospital for this population; rates are higher than the general or housed poor population, although the discrepancy is greatest in elderly people.58”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Unintentional injuries
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This review also identified that the prevalence of psychosis was typically as high as that of depression, which contrasts with results from surveys in community and other high-risk populations such as prisoners in which depression is at least twice as common.91”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Psychiatric disorders, and drug and alcohol misuse
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [91] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In relation to substance misuse and dependence, this review focused on dependence, which for alcohol varied between 8% and 58%, and for drug dependence ranged from 5% to 54%, with very little information about women.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Psychiatric disorders, and drug and alcohol misuse
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [89] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Homeless individuals not only have higher rates of hospital admission but also have longer stays once admitted—at least 2 days longer for acute admissions to hospital in one study.126”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Health service use
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [126]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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In the paper
“Rates of traumatic brain injury are increased in homeless people, compared with non-homeless poverty populations, with rates typically ranging from 38% to 53%.60”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Unintentional injuries
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, homelessness is an independent risk factor for hospital admission and emergency department attendance after accounting for these predisposing factors because of lower hospital admission thresholds caused by the complexities of management of acute medical crises in homeless people, barriers to timely care that might allow health problems to deteriorate beyond what can be managed safely as”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Health service use
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
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The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Living in marginal housing in impoverished environments may be more prevalent than homelessness and may create comparably severe consequences. 4-6”
From The Hotel Study—Clinical and Health Service Effectiveness in a Cohort of Homeless or Marginally Housed Persons (2017) · cites this paper as [5]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citations
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Self-citationHousing, housing policy, and deaths of despair.
Venkataramani, A., & Tsai, A. (2020) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6773.13260 · Cited by 13
Stubbs, J. L., Thornton, A. E., Gicas, K. M., O’Connor, T. A., Livingston, E. M., Lu, H. Y., Mehta, A. K., Lang, D. J., Vertinsky, A. T., Field, T. S., et al. (2022) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/07067437211000665 · Cited by 15
“An estimated 200,000 people experience homelessness annually in Canada, with higher estimates worldwide.(1,2) Homeless individuals have higher rates of premature mortality, infectious diseases, and psychiatric illness than the general population.”
BackgroundKiernan, S., Mockler, D., Cheallaigh, C. N., & Broderick, J. M. (2021) · HRB Open Research · doi:10.12688/hrbopenres.13011.2 · Cited by 15
Chisholm, E., Bierre, S., Davies, C., & Howden‐Chapman, P. (2021) · Health Promotion Journal of Australia · doi:10.1002/hpja.526 · Cited by 15
Nurse‐led mental and physical healthcare for the homeless community: A qualitative evaluation
Bell, L., Whelan, M., Fernandez, E., & Lycett, D. (2022) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.13778 · Cited by 14
“Increased morbidity and mortality are associated with accident and injury, suicide and long- term conditions including infectious and cardiovascular diseases (Aldridge et al., 2018; Fazel et al., 2014; Field et al., 2019; Queen et al., 2017).”
BackgroundKithulgoda, C. I., Vaithianathan, R., & Culhane, D. P. (2022) · Journal of Technology in Human Services · doi:10.1080/15228835.2022.2042461 · Cited by 14
Tarfa, A., Pecanac, K. E., & Shiyanbola, O. O. (2022) · Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.rcsop.2022.100207 · Cited by 14
“4 health outcomes than the general population.(51) Individuals who are homeless or in marginal housing conditions have an elevated burden of infection with HIV.”
BackgroundGutkind, S., Shmulewitz, D., & Hasin, D. S. (2023) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2023.107422 · Cited by 15
de Oliveira, G. C. M., Martins, A. C., Pazini, D. D. S., et al. (2023) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-81232023286.13582022 · Cited by 14
“A violência compõe a história das pessoas em situação de rua; estudos publicados em diversos países demonstraram alguns mecanismos dos quais essa população é vítima, ao mesmo tempo em que é culpabilizada pela violência 8-12 .”
Homelessness and predictors of criminal reoffending: A retrospective cohort study
Mitchell, R. J., Burns, N., Glozier, N., & Nielssen, O. B. (2023) · Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/cbm.2298 · Cited by 14
Housing instability: Exploring socioecological influences on the health of birthing people
Robinson, K., Gresh, A., Russell, N., Jeffers, N. K., & Alexander, K. A. (2023) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.15684 · Cited by 14
Health Care of People Experiencing Homelessness: Part I
Taylor, S. N., & Munson, D. (2023) · NEJM Evidence · doi:10.1056/evidra2300123 · Cited by 14
Characteristics and Health Care Utilization of Patients With Housing Insecurity in the ED
Ball, M. A. Z., Sack, D. E., Druffner, S. A., Jones, I. D., Wrenn, J. O., Sexton, M. M., Shinn, M., & Hess, J. J. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.8565 · Cited by 16
Reducing Homelessness by Embracing Housing as a Medicaid Benefit
Bamberger, J. D. (2016) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.2615 · Cited by 14
Results of a metabolic health clinic at a hostel for homeless men
Nielssen, O. B., Chudleigh, A., Chen, M., et al. (2017) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1039856217695705 · Cited by 14
Benjaminsen, L., & Birkelund, J. F. (2018) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494818759839 · Cited by 14
Yang, D., Hur, J.-W., Kwak, Y. B., & Choi, S. (2018) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2018.03.15 · Cited by 10
Cumulative Risk Factors Associated with Food Insecurity among Adults who Experience Homelessness
Hernandez, D. C., Daundasekara, S. S., Arlinghaus, K. R., Tobar, N., Reitzel, L. R., Kendzor, D. E., & Businelle, M. S. (2019) · Health Behavior Research · doi:10.4148/2572-1836.1033 · Cited by 14
“Foster care placement is also considered to increase the risk of experiencing homelessness as an adult (Bassuk et al., 1997; Fowler, Toro, & Miles, 2009; Roman & Wolfe, 1995).”
Vallesi, S., Flatau, P., Thielking, M., Mackelprang, J. L., Taylor, K. M., Sala, L. L., Spiers, J. A., Wood, L. J., Martin, K., Kragt, D., et al. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6644-1 · Cited by 17
Himsworth, C., Paudyal, P., & Sargeant, C. (2020) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp20x710141 · Cited by 14
Correlates of Homelessness Among Patients in Methadone Maintenance Treatment
Gazzola, M. G., Beitel, M., Oberleitner, L., Oberleitner, D. E., Madden, L. M., Tamberelli, J. F., & Barry, D. T. (2020) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0000000000001414 · Cited by 14
Reilly, J., Hassanally, K., Budd, J., & Mercer, S. W. (2020) · BJGP Open · doi:10.3399/bjgpopen20x101089 · Cited by 15
Flike, K., & Aronowitz, T. B. (2021) · Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association · doi:10.1177/1078390320985286 · Cited by 15
“…informed care in homeless services was provided by the strong inverse relationship between QoL and substance use among PEH (Magee et al., 2019; O’Brien et al., 2015; Stergiopolous et al., 2014) and the reported high rates of substance use among PEH in highincome countries (Fazel et al., 2014).”
BackgroundHousing First and Severe Mental Disorders: The Challenge of Exiting Homelessness
Lachaud, J., Mejía-Lancheros, C., Nisenbaum, R. A., Stergiopoulos, V., O'Campo, P. J., & Hwang, S. W. (2021) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716220987220 · Cited by 14
Valerio, H., Alavi, M., Law, M. G., McManus, H., Tillakeratne, S., Bajis, S., Martinello, M., Matthews, G. V., Amin, J., Janjua, N. Z., et al. (2021) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciab526 · Cited by 14
Bridging the transition from homelessness: Developing an occupational therapy framework
Marshall, C. A., Cooke, A., Gewurtz, R. E., Barbic, S. P., Roy, L., Ross, C., Becker, A., Lysaght, R. M., & Kirsh, B. H. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1080/11038128.2021.1962970 · Cited by 14
“Mental illness, trauma, and substance use difficulties are highly prevalent among persons experiencing homelessness [8].”
BackgroundGaber, S. N., Rosenblad, A., Mattsson, E., & Klarare, A. (2022) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-022-01744-8 · Cited by 15
Psychometric properties of the recovery measurement in homeless people with severe mental illness
Girard, V., Tinland, A., Mohamed, E. H., Boyer, L., & Auquier, P. (2015) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2015.10.007 · Cited by 14
Predictors of Mortality in Older Homeless Veterans
Schinka, J. A., Curtiss, G., Leventhal, K. C., Bossarte, R. M., Lapcevic, W. A., & Casey, R. J. (2016) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbw042 · Cited by 14
Grazioli, V. S., Collins, S. E., Paroz, S., Graap, C., & Daeppen, J. (2017) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.12.015 · Cited by 14
Medical complications of homelessness: a neglected side of men’s health
Brown, M. A., Gellatley, W., Hoffman, A. T., et al. (2018) · Internal Medicine Journal · doi:10.1111/imj.14139 · Cited by 14
Glasheen, C., Forman‐Hoffman, V. L., Hedden, S. L., et al. (2019) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-019-00385-w · Cited by 14
Gicas, K. M., Jones, A. A., Panenka, W. J., Giesbrecht, C. J., Lang, D. J., Vila‐Rodriguez, F., Leonova, O., Barr, A. M., Procyshyn, R. M., Su, W., et al. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0218201 · Cited by 14
Stergiopoulos, V., Naidu, A., Schuler, A., Bekele, T., Nisenbaum, R. A., Jbilou, J., Latimer, E. A., Schütz, C. G., Twamley, E. W., & Rourke, S. B. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00865 · Cited by 16
Cerveny, L. K., & Baur, J. W. R. (2019) · Journal of Forestry · doi:10.1093/jofore/fvz065 · Cited by 14
“Variations in types of nonrecreational campers suggest the need for different services and strategies to address the needs of marginalized peoples (Fazel et al. 2014).”
Leavens, E. L. S., Ford, B. R., Ojo-Fati, O., Winkelman, T. N. A., Vickery, K. D., Japuntich, S. J., & Busch, A. M. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09919-4 · Cited by 15
Managed alcohol: one community’s innovative response to risk management during COVID-19
Brocious, H., Trawver, K. R., & Demientieff, L. X. (2021) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/s12954-021-00574-5 · Cited by 13
“Moreover, those who experienced homelessness have shown elevated risk of severe illness related to the disease due to advanced age, accelerated physical decline, lack of medical care, harsh living conditions, and other serious underlying medical conditions [7, 12, 18].”
BackgroundFour decades of overdose prevention centres: lessons for the future from a realist review
Keemink, J. R., Stevens, A., Shirley‐Beavan, S., Khadjesari, Z., & Shorter, G. W. (2025) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/s12954-025-01178-z · Cited by 13
“By unstably housed, we mean people who are living in temporary accommodation in which they have no rights of tenure and ‘no private and safe space for social relations’ [75], such as shelters and single-room occupant housing.”
Byrne, T. H., Roncarati, J. S., & Miller, D. P. (2021) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0000000000001500 · Cited by 13
Exploring Harm Reduction in Supportive Housing for Formerly Homeless Older Adults
Nixon, L. L., & Burns, V. F. (2022) · Canadian Geriatrics Journal · doi:10.5770/cgj.25.551 · Cited by 16
“Multimorbidity (≥ 2 chronic conditions) Yes (6)”
BackgroundInfluentialMcCosker, L. K., Maujean, A., Hill, N. L., et al. (2023) · Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless · doi:10.1080/10530789.2023.2205188 · Cited by 13
“It is possible that pet-friendly accommodation may reduce unsheltered homelessness, and so reduce the complications associated with being unsheltered, which include higher rates of physical and psychological morbidity and mortality (Aldridge et al., 2017; Fazel et al., 2014).”
Richard, L., Carter, B., Nisenbaum, R. A., Liu, M., & Hwang, S. W. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2024.111430 · Cited by 13
Chung, T., Curwood, S. E., Thang, H., Gruszecki, S., Beder, M., & Stergiopoulos, V. (2016) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-016-9692-0 · Cited by 14
“Service user involvement Homelessness is a widespread social challenge (Fazel et al. 2014), with over 235,000 people having experienced homelessness in Canada in 2014, and over 1.4 million in the USA in 2013 (Gaetz et al. 2014; Solari et al. 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialA Profile of the Health of Homeless at an Inner City Primary Health Care Clinic in South Africa
Johnston, D., McInerney, P. A., & Miot, J. (2019) · Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved · doi:10.1353/hpu.2019.0093 · Cited by 13
“6,7, This could be explained with reference to the reasons documented by the Institute of Medicine (U.S.) Committee on Health Care for Homeless People, 7 who described interactions between the homeless and health that are not observed elsewhere.”
Odoh, C., Businelle, M. S., Chen, T.-A., Kendzor, D. E., Obasi, E. M., & Reitzel, L. R. (2019) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-019-00674-w · Cited by 13
Homeless people's social representations about self-care
Silva, D. D. O., de Oliveira, J. F., Porcino, C. A., Gomes, A. M. T., Suto, C. S. S., & Carvalho, E. S. D. S. (2020) · Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0956 · Cited by 11
“and mortality rates are higher than in the general population(32).”
BackgroundBroderick, J. M., Kiernan, S., Murphy, N., Dowds, J., & Cheallaigh, C. N. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18031035 · Cited by 11
“People experiencing homelessness suffer a high burden of ill health and frequently have multiple chronic medical conditions [8,9] as well as mental illness and addiction issues [8].”
BackgroundCalvo, F., Garriga, O. T., Fàbregas, C., Alfranca, R., Calvet, A., Salvans, M., Giralt, C., Castillejos, S., Rived‐Ocaña, M., Calvo, P., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18041762 · Cited by 13
“Marginalized populations are poorly recorded in key data sources, which leave numerous gaps on the subject of homelessness [5,16].”
BackgroundQuotidiano de equipes de consultório na rua: tecendo redes para a promoção da saúde
Viegas, S. M. D. F., Nitschke, R. G., Bernardo, L. A., et al. (2021) · Escola Anna Nery · doi:10.1590/2177-9465-ean-2020-0222 · Cited by 13
Developing an Embedded Nursing Service within a Homeless Shelter: Client’s Perspectives
Warren, D., Gilmore, J., & Wright, C. M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18094719 · Cited by 13
Scoping Review: Suicide Specific Intervention Programmes for People Experiencing Homelessness
Murray, R. M., Conroy, É., Connolly, M., Stokes, D., Frazer, K., & Kroll, T. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18136729 · Cited by 14
“Causes of homelessness are complex and can be linked to profound mental health challenges, either as a contributing factor to becoming homeless or as a consequence of living without a home [8].”
BackgroundDistorting Tendencies in Understanding Homelessness in Europe
O’Sullivan, E., Pleace, N., Busch-Geertsema, V., & Hrast, M. F. (2020) · White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) · Cited by 13
Changes in health and health care utilization following eviction from public housing
Biederman, D. J., Callejo‐Black, P., Douglas, C. E., et al. (2021) · Public Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/phn.12964 · Cited by 13
Dankwa, E. A., Donnelly, C. A., Brouwer, A. F., Zhao, R., Montgomery, M. P., Weng, M. K., & Martin, N. K. (2021) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.10.001 · Cited by 16
Gambling and homelessness: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence
Vandenberg, B., Livingstone, C. H., Carter, A., & O’Brien, K. (2021) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107151 · Cited by 13
Padwa, H., Bass, B., & Urada, D. I. (2021) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108711 · Cited by 13
Jenkinson, J., Hwang, S. W., Strıke, C., & Ruggiero, E. D. (2022) · SSM - Qualitative Research in Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmqr.2022.100056 · Cited by 13
Durieux, J., Curtis, A. J., Mirka, M., Jefferis, E. S., Felix, C., & Essel, B. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19063149 · Cited by 13
Predicting Homelessness Among U.S. Army Soldiers No Longer on Active Duty
Koh, K. A., Montgomery, A. E., O’Brien, R. W., Kennedy, C. J., Luedtke, A. R., Sampson, N. A., Gildea, S. M., Hwang, I. H., King, A. J., Petriceks, A. H., et al. (2022) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2021.12.028 · Cited by 13
Women sleeping rough: The health, social and economic costs of homelessness
Box, E., Flatau, P., & Lester, L. (2022) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.13811 · Cited by 13
“…such as heart disease (Baggett et al., 2013; Fazel et al., 2014), HIV (Fazel et al., 2014), cancer (Baggett et al., 2013), mental illness (Fazel et al., 2014; Nielsen et al., 2011; Nielssen et al., 2018), as well as alcohol and other drug dependence and risky use (Baggett et al., 2013;…”
BackgroundInfluentialA typology of multiple exclusion homelessness
England, E., Thomas, I. C., Mackie, P., et al. (2022) · Housing Studies · doi:10.1080/02673037.2022.2077917 · Cited by 13
Richard, L., Nisenbaum, R. A., Liu, M., McGeer, A., Mishra, S., Gingras, A., Gommerman, J. L., Sniderman, R., Pedersen, C., Spandier, O., et al. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063234 · Cited by 13
Dimova, E. D., Strachan, H., Johnsen, S., Emslie, C., Whiteford, M., Rush, R., Smith, I. D., Stockwell, T. R., Whittaker, A., & Elliott, L. (2022) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.13548 · Cited by 12
“There is clear evidence showing that compared to the general population, people experiencing homelessness have more comorbidity, including long-term physical and mental health problems [28, 43] in addition to problematic drug use [44].”
BackgroundMarshall, C. A., Easton, C., Phillips, B., Boland, L., Isard, R., Holmes, J., Shanoff, C., Hawksley, K., Landry, T., Goldszmidt, R. A., et al. (2022) · Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless · doi:10.1080/10530789.2022.2141868 · Cited by 15
“…homelessness continue to struggle for many years of their lives, and often experience serious health inequities as a result, including high rates of mental illness and substance use disorder, infectious disease, brain injuries and physical disabilities (Fazel et al., 2014; Hossain et al., 2020).”
BackgroundThe mental and physical health of the homeless
Bertram, F., Hajek, A., Dost, K., Graf, W., Brennecke, A., Kowalski, V., van Rüth, V., König, H., Wulff, B., Ondruschka, B., et al. (2022) · Deutsches Ärzteblatt international · doi:10.3238/arztebl.m2022.0357 · Cited by 13
Lowrie, R., McPherson, A., Mair, F. S., Maguire, D., Paudyal, V., Blair, B., Brannan, D., Moir, J., Hughes, F., Duncan, C., et al. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064792 · Cited by 13
Bennett, J. E., Rashid, T., Zolfaghari, A., Doyle, Y., Süel, E., Pearson‐Stuttard, J., Davies, B., Fecht, D., Muller, E., Nathvani, R., et al. (2023) · The Lancet Regional Health - Europe · doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100580 · Cited by 14
Marshall, C. A., Phillips, B., Holmes, J., Todd, E., Hill, R., Panter, G., Easton, C., Landry, T., Collins, S., Greening, T., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1080/17482631.2023.2176979 · Cited by 13
“It is widely acknowledged that persons living with mental illness and substance use disorders are disproportionately and systematically affected by homelessness (Fazel et al., 2014; Hossain et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialCrane, M., Joly, L., Daly, B., Gage, H., Manthorpe, J., Cetrano, G., Ford, C., & Williams, P. (2023) · Health and Social Care Delivery Research · doi:10.3310/wxuw5103 · Cited by 15
Stergiopoulos, V., Gozdzik, A., Nisenbaum, R. A., Lamanna, D., Hwang, S. W., Tepper, J. D., & Wasylenki, D. (2017) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-017-9731-5 · Cited by 13
“They also face several barriers to accessing appropriate health care (Hwang 2001; Fazel et al. 2014; Salize et al. 2013), and correspondingly, have high rates of hospital and social service use, at substantially greater costs, compared to the general population (Hwang et al. 2011; Bharel et al.…”
Applying a prevention framework to address homelessness as a population health issue
Nicholas, W., & Henwood, B. F. (2018) · Journal of Public Health Policy · doi:10.1057/s41271-018-0137-9 · Cited by 13
Collins, S. E., Nelson, L. A., Stanton, J., Mayberry, N., Ubay, T., Taylor, E. M., Hoffmann, G., Goldstein, S. C., Saxon, A. J., Malone, D. K., et al. (2019) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897077.2019.1572049 · Cited by 13
Malden, S., Jepson, R. G., Laird, Y., & McAteer, J. (2019) · Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless · doi:10.1080/10530789.2019.1623365 · Cited by 18
Terán-Pérez, G., Arana-Lechuga, Y., Paredes, L., Atilano‐Barbosa, D., Velázquez‐Moctezuma, J., & Mercadillo, R. E. (2019) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2019.11.005 · Cited by 13
Abdel‐Samad, M., Calzo, J. P., Felner, J. K., Urada, L. A., Verbyla, M. E., Madanat, H. N., Adams, B. E., Alves, T. D. C. L., Appleyard, B. S., Chanin, J., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18042020 · Cited by 13
“This recognition relates to the dual function of housing instability and homelessness as determinants of physical and mental health problems, and outcomes resulting from myriad health problems [26,27].”
BackgroundFrénoy, P., Vandentorren, S., Arnaud, A., Vuillermoz, C., Berrocal, R. R., Martin‐Fernandez, J., Azria, É., de Lauzon‐Guillain, B., Bernard, J. Y., & Lioret, S. (2021) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.13167 · Cited by 12
“In particular, homeless families have scarcely been studied, despite their increasing numbers in the United States since the mid-1980s and in Europe since the late 1990s (Baptista et al., 2017; Fazel et al., 2014; Richards et al., 2011).”
Louie, A. D., Nwaiwu, C. A., Rozenberg, J., Banerjee, D., Lee, G. J., Senthoor, D., & Miner, T. J. (2021) · American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book · doi:10.1200/edbk_100027 · Cited by 12
Orciari, E. A., Perman‐Howe, P. R., & Foxcroft, D. (2021) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103524 · Cited by 14
Motta‐Ochoa, R., Incio-Serra, N., Poliquin, H., MacDonald, S.-A., Huỳnh, C., Côté, P.-B., Fallu, J., & Flores-Aranda, J. (2022) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/s12954-022-00616-6 · Cited by 13
“this notion with feelings of safety and belonging, sense of togetherness and connection with others, as well as with a space to enact activities of daily life and relearn social skills [6, 7].”
BackgroundByrne, T. H., Hoang, M., Montgomery, A. E., Johns, E. L., Shinn, M., Mijanovich, T., Culhane, D. P., & Doran, K. M. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.26691 · Cited by 12
“Surveys included 2 single-item screening questions for self-perceived risk of future homelessness: (1) “Are you worried or concerned that in the next 2 months you may not have stable housing that you own, rent, or stay in as part of a household?” with responses of “yes” or “no,” and (2) “How likely do you think it wou…”
BackgroundLenta, M. M., Panadero, S., Cabrera, A., & Vázquez, J. J. (2022) · Public Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/phn.13130 · Cited by 11
“As found by Fazel et al. (2014), a relevant political initiative would be to set targets relating to the health of people experiencing homelessness for national and regional healthcare plans, including differential gender-specific considerations.”
BackgroundInfluentialMotta‐Ochoa, R., Incio-Serra, N., Brulotte, A., & Flores-Aranda, J. (2023) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/s12954-023-00757-2 · Cited by 12
“Lastly, alcohol use can serve as a barrier to health and social services, including primary or specialized health, mental health and housing services [3, 24, 55].”
BackgroundLee, J. J. W., Jagasia, E., & Wilson, P. (2023) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.15591 · Cited by 12
Hircock, C., Huan, P. W., Pizzola, C. A., & McDonald, M. (2024) · Canadian Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1503/cjs.004023 · Cited by 12
“15 Housing instability is associated with increased exposure to violence, assault, and unintentional injury, 15,19 and PEH are overrepresented among populations with traumatic and exposure injuries such as traumatic brain injury, 20 burns, 21 and facial fractures, 19 all of which are conditions…”
BackgroundHuber, K., Nohria, R., Nandagiri, V., et al. (2024) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2023.01044 · Cited by 12
Marshall, C. A., Easton, C., Javadizadeh, E., Holmes, J., Phillips, B., & Isard, R. (2024) · Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1177/00084174241233519 · Cited by 12
“Persons who experience homelessness face serious health inequities (Fazel et al., 2014; Gutwinski et al., 2021) that limit access to activities that are meaningful, and existing research associates participation in meaningful activity with increased psychosocial well-being during and following…”
BackgroundContinued Homelessness and Depressive Symptoms in Older Adults
Dobbins, S. K., Garcia, C. M., Evans, J. L., Valle, K. A., Guzman, D., & Kushel, M. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.27956 · Cited by 12
Self-citationThorley, H., Porter, K. N., Fleming, C., Jones, T., Kesten, J., Marques, E., Richards, A., & Savović, J. (2015) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-015-0114-3 · Cited by 9
Kargas, N., Harley, K., Roberts, A., & Sharman, S. (2019) · Journal of social distress and the homeless · doi:10.1080/10530789.2019.1607139 · Cited by 14
Avramovic, G., Oprea, C., Surey, J., Story, A., Macı́as, J., Cullen, W., Iglesias, M., Hugh, T. M., Crowley, D., Naughton, A. M., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2019.11.027 · Cited by 12
Mirzazadeh, A., Hosseini‐Hooshyar, S., Shahesmaeili, A., Bahramnejad, A., Barshan, A., Mousavian, G., Najafi, E., Sharifi, H. P., Haghdoost, A. A., Briceño, A., et al. (2020) · Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1186/s13011-020-00298-y · Cited by 12
Khan, B., Reid, N., Brown, R. J., Kozloff, N., & Stergiopoulos, V. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00779 · Cited by 15
Homeless persons with mental illness during COVID-19
Sharma, M., & Aggarwal, S. (2020) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102408 · Cited by 12
COVID ‐19 and emergency care for adults experiencing homelessness
Miller, J., Phillips, G. A., Hutton, J., et al. (2020) · Emergency Medicine Australasia · doi:10.1111/1742-6723.13652 · Cited by 12
“The standardised mortality ratio among the homeless population is 2 to 5 times greater than for the general population.(2) The majority of people experiencing homelessness in Australia sleep in ‘severely’ crowded dwellings (44%), supported accommodation (18%), boarding houses (15%) or with other households on a tempor…”
BackgroundParkin, S., Neale, J., Roberts, E., Brobbin, E., Bowen, A. M., Hermann, L. L., Dwyer, G.-J., Turner, R., Henderson, J., Kuester, L. B., et al. (2021) · Research Methods in Medicine & Health Sciences · doi:10.1177/26320843211061301 · Cited by 12
dos Santos, A. R., & de Almeida, P. F. (2021) · Saúde em Debate · doi:10.1590/0103-1104202112906 · Cited by 12
Westenberg, J. N., Kamel, M. M., Addorisio, S., Abusamak, M., Wong, J. S. H., Outadi, A., Jang, K. L., & Krausz, M. R. (2021) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/s12954-021-00555-8 · Cited by 12
“Background Individuals experiencing homelessness and who are dependent on alcohol are known to experience higher levels of chronic illness, concurrent substance use, mental health disorders, injuries, assaults, longer hospital stays, and higher levels of contact with the criminal justice system than the general popula…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Fazel, S., Geddes, J. R., & Kushel, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- San Francisco General Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fazel, Seena
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-10
- Volume
- 384
- Issue
- 9953
- Pages
- 1529-1540
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- PMC
- PMC4520328
- OpenAlex
- W2105368594
- Cited by
- 1,568
- References
- 129
- Citations by year
- 2026: 100 · 2025: 129 · 2024: 203 · 2023: 176 · 2022: 186 · 2021: 266 · 2020: 155 · 2019: 124 · 2018: 88 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 7.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (095806)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0611-10150)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homelessness and Social Issues
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban and Rural Development Challenges
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk
- Keywords
- homelessness, health of homeless people, premature mortality, suicide, unintentional injuries, infectious diseases, mental illness, substance abuse, non-communicable diseases, accelerated aging, housing affordability, poverty, healthcare engagement, emergency department visits, health surveillance, health policy, child welfare system, psychiatric hospitals
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Australia, Mental Disorders, Canada, Chronic Disease, Delivery of Health Care, Europe, Health Policy, Health Services, Health Status, Ill-Housed Persons, Humans, Infections, Middle Aged, Smoking, United States, Self-Injurious Behavior, Age Distribution, Developed Countries
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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