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Environmental risk factors for type 1 diabetes
Open accessAbstract
The incidence of type 1 diabetes has risen considerably in the past 30 years due to changes in the environment that have been only partially identified. In this Series paper, we critically discuss candidate triggers of islet autoimmunity and factors thought to promote progression from autoimmunity to overt type 1 diabetes. We revisit previously proposed hypotheses to explain the growth in the incidence of type 1 diabetes in light of current data. Finally, we suggest a unified model in which immune tolerance to β cells can be broken by several environmental exposures that induce generation of hybrid peptides acting as neoautoantigens.
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“Under the GBD's comparative risk assessment framework, we do not currently capture risk factors that have been reported in the literature for type 1 diabetes.93, 94”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Rewers, M., & Ludvigsson, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Anschutz (US)
- Linköping University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Ludvigsson, Johnny
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-06
- Volume
- 387
- Issue
- 10035
- Pages
- 2340-2348
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- PMC
- PMC5571740
- OpenAlex
- W2416473596
- Semantic Scholar
- cfb08c15990c940ca28c917c4b6cd3743c3d269c
- Cited by
- 676
- References
- 136
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 75 · 2023: 83 · 2022: 94 · 2021: 84 · 2020: 88 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 69 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 7
- FWCI
- 7.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK 32493, R01DK032493, R37DK032493)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Keywords
- type 1 diabetes, environmental risk factors, islet autoimmunity, disease incidence, hybrid peptides, environmental exposure
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Autoantigens, Birth Weight, Breast Feeding, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diet, Environment, Fatty Acids, Unsaturated, Growth, Humans, Hygiene, Infant, Infant Food, Milk, Risk Factors, RNA, Toxins, Biological, Vaccines, Vitamin D, Autoimmunity, Insulin-Secreting Cells
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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