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Environmental risk factors for type 1 diabetes
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The incidence of type 1 diabetes has risen considerably in the past 30 years due to changes in the environment that have been only partially identified. In this Series paper, we critically discuss candidate triggers of islet autoimmunity and factors thought to promote progression from autoimmunity to overt type 1 diabetes. We revisit previously proposed hypotheses to explain the growth in the incidence of type 1 diabetes in light of current data. Finally, we suggest a unified model in which immune tolerance to β cells can be broken by several environmental exposures that induce generation of hybrid peptides acting as neoautoantigens.
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“Under the GBD's comparative risk assessment framework, we do not currently capture risk factors that have been reported in the literature for type 1 diabetes.93, 94”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Rewers, M., & Ludvigsson, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Anschutz (US)
- Linköping University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Ludvigsson, Johnny
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-06
- Volume
- 387
- Issue
- 10035
- Pages
- 2340-2348
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- PMC
- PMC5571740
- OpenAlex
- W2416473596
- Semantic Scholar
- cfb08c15990c940ca28c917c4b6cd3743c3d269c
- Cited by
- 676
- References
- 136
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 75 · 2023: 83 · 2022: 94 · 2021: 84 · 2020: 88 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 69 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 7
- FWCI
- 7.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK 32493, R01DK032493, R37DK032493)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Keywords
- type 1 diabetes, environmental risk factors, islet autoimmunity, disease incidence, hybrid peptides, environmental exposure
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Autoantigens, Birth Weight, Breast Feeding, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diet, Environment, Fatty Acids, Unsaturated, Growth, Humans, Hygiene, Infant, Infant Food, Milk, Risk Factors, RNA, Toxins, Biological, Vaccines, Vitamin D, Autoimmunity, Insulin-Secreting Cells
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