Cited by 676Diabetes and associated disordersDiabetes Management and ResearchT-cell and B-cell Immunology

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 134 of the 136 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Environmental risk factors for type 1 diabetes

Open access

Rewers, Marian, Ludvigsson, Johnny·2016·The Lancet

DOI 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30507-4PMC PMC5571740

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The incidence of type 1 diabetes has risen considerably in the past 30 years due to changes in the environment that have been only partially identified. In this Series paper, we critically discuss candidate triggers of islet autoimmunity and factors thought to promote progression from autoimmunity to overt type 1 diabetes. We revisit previously proposed hypotheses to explain the growth in the incidence of type 1 diabetes in light of current data. Finally, we suggest a unified model in which immune tolerance to β cells can be broken by several environmental exposures that induce generation of hybrid peptides acting as neoautoantigens.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30507-4

Cites

134 of 134 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Metabolites produced by commensal bacteria promote peripheral regulatory T-cell generation
Arpaia, N., Campbell, C., Fan, X., Dikiy, S., van der Veeken, J., deRoos, P., Liu, H., Cross, J. R., Pfeffer, K., Coffer, P. J., et al. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12726 · Cited by 4,838
The Effect of Infections on Susceptibility to Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases
Bach, J. (2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra020100 · Cited by 2,723
Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes
Fajans, S. S. (1990) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,356
Innate immunity and intestinal microbiota in the development of Type 1 diabetes
Wen, L., Ley, R. E., Volchkov, P. Y., Stranges, P. B., Avanesyan, L., Stonebraker, A. C., Hu, C., Wong, F. S., Szot, G. L., Bluestone, J. A., et al. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07336 · Cited by 1,921
Incidence trends for childhood type 1 diabetes in Europe during 1989-2003 and predicted new cases 2005-20: a multicentre prospective registration study
Patterson, C. C., Dahlquist, G. G., Gyürüs, E., Green, A., & Soltész, G. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60568-7 · Cited by 1,854
(2) Classification and diagnosis of diabetes
American Diabetes Association (2015) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc15-s005 · Cited by 1,841
Seroconversion to multiple islet autoantibodies and risk of progression to diabetes in children
Ziegler, A. G., Rewers, M., Simell, O., Simell, T., Lempainen, J., Steck, A., Winkler, C., Ilonen, J., Veijola, R., Knip, M., et al. (2013) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2013.6285 · Cited by 1,312
Self-citation
Diet, gut microbiota and immune responses
Maslowski, K. M., & Mackay, C. R. (2011) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni0111-5 · Cited by 1,261
Staging presymptomatic type 1 diabetes: A scientific statement of JDRF, the Endocrine Society, and the American Diabetes Association
Insel, R. A., Dunne, J. L., Atkinson, M. A., Chiang, J. L., Dabelea, D., Gottlieb, P. A., Greenbaum, C. J., Herold, K. C., Krischer, J. P., Lernmark, Å., et al. (2015) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc15-1419 · Cited by 1,216
Self-citation
The Dynamics of the Human Infant Gut Microbiome in Development and in Progression toward Type 1 Diabetes
Kostic, A. D., Gevers, D., Siljander, H., Vatanen, T., Hyötyläinen, T., Hämäläinen, A., Peet, A., Tillmann, V., Pöhö, P., Mattila, I. M., et al. (2015) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2015.01.001 · Cited by 1,198
Virus-Induced Diabetes Mellitus
Yoon, J., Austin, M., Onodera, T., & Notkins, A. L. (1979) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm197905243002102 · Cited by 1,017
Toward defining the autoimmune microbiome for type 1 diabetes
Giongo, A., Gano, K. A., Crabb, D. B., Mukherjee, N., Novelo, L. L., Casella, G., Drew, J. C., Ilonen, J., Knip, M., Hyöty, H., et al. (2011) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/ismej.2010.92 · Cited by 806
Gut microbiota in children with type 1 diabetes differs from that in healthy children: a case-control study
Murri, M., Leiva, I., Gómez‐Zumaquero, J. M., Tinahones, F. J., Cardona, F., Soriguer, F., & Queipo‐Ortuño, M. I. (2013) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-46 · Cited by 783
Gut Microbiome Metagenomics Analysis Suggests a Functional Model for the Development of Autoimmunity for Type 1 Diabetes
Brown, C. T., Davis-Richardson, A. G., Giongo, A., Gano, K. A., Crabb, D. B., Mukherjee, N., Casella, G., Drew, J. C., Ilonen, J., Knip, M., et al. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025792 · Cited by 778
Endoplasmic reticulum stress, obesity and diabetes
Cnop, M., Foufelle, F., & Velloso, L. A. (2011) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2011.07.010 · Cited by 705
Vitamin D supplementation in early childhood and risk of type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Zipitis, C. S., & Akobeng, A. K. (2008) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.2007.128579 · Cited by 671
The accelerator hypothesis: weight gain as the missing link between type I and type II diabetes
Wilkin, T. J. (2001) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250100548 · Cited by 623
Fecal Microbiota Composition Differs Between Children With β-Cell Autoimmunity and Those Without
de Goffau, M. C., Luopajärvi, K., Knip, M., Ilonen, J., Ruohtula, T., Härkönen, T., Orivuori, L., Hakala, S., Welling, G. W., Harmsen, H. J. M., et al. (2012) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db12-0526 · Cited by 563
Early Infant Feeding and Risk of Developing Type 1 Diabetes–Associated Autoantibodies
Ziegler, A. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.290.13.1721 · Cited by 562
Genetic risk factors for type 1 diabetes
Pociot, F., & Lernmark, Å. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30582-7 · Cited by 553
[Classification and diagnosis of diabetes].
Boulin (1953) · PubMed · Cited by 516
Timing of initial cereal exposure in infancy and risk of islet autoimmunity
Norris, J. M. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.290.13.1713 · Cited by 515
Pathogenic CD4 T cells in type 1 diabetes recognize epitopes formed by peptide fusion
Delong, T., Wiles, T. A., Baker, R. L., Bradley, B., Barbour, G., Reisdorph, R. M., Armstrong, M., Powell, R. L., Reisdorph, N. A., Kumar, N., et al. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aad2791 · Cited by 507
The 6 year incidence of diabetes-associated autoantibodies in genetically at-risk children: the TEDDY study
the TEDDY Study Group, Krischer, J. P., Lynch, K. F., Schatz, D. A., Ilonen, J., Lernmark, Å., Hagopian, W. A., Rewers, M. J., She, J.-X., Simell, O. G., et al. (2015) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-015-3514-y · Cited by 444
Self-citation
A Prospective Study of the Role of Coxsackie B and Other Enterovirus Infections in the Pathogenesis of IDDM
Hyöty, H., Hiltunen, M., Knip, M., Laakkonen, M., Vähäsalo, P., Karjalainen, J., Koskela, P. U., Roivainen, M., Leinikki, P., Hovi, T., et al. (1995) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.44.6.652 · Cited by 420
Viral Antibodies in Diabetes Mellitus
Gamble, D. R., Kinsley, M., Fitzgerald, M. G., Bolton, R., & Taylor, K. W. (1969) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.3.5671.627 · Cited by 412
The prevalence of enteroviral capsid protein vp1 immunostaining in pancreatic islets in human type 1 diabetes
Richardson, S. J., Willcox, A., Bone, A. J., Foulis, A. K., & Morgan, N. G. (2009) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-009-1276-0 · Cited by 398
Differential Insulitic Profiles Determine the Extent of β-Cell Destruction and the Age at Onset of Type 1 Diabetes
Leete, P., O’Connell, A., Krogvold, L., Dahl‐Jørgensen, K., Foulis, A. K., Richardson, S. J., & Morgan, N. G. (2016) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db15-1615 · Cited by 340
Chromogranin A is an autoantigen in type 1 diabetes
Stadinski, B. D., Delong, T., Reisdorph, N. A., Reisdorph, R. M., Powell, R. L., Armstrong, M., Piganelli, J. D., Barbour, G., Bradley, B., Crawford, F., et al. (2010) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.1844 · Cited by 339
Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intake and Islet Autoimmunity in Children at Increased Risk for Type 1 Diabetes
Norris, J. M., Yin, X., Lamb, M. M., Barriga, K. J., Seifert, J. A., Hoffman, M., Orton, H. D., Barón, A. E., Clare-Salzler, M. J., Chase, H. P., et al. (2007) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.298.12.1420 · Cited by 323
Self-citation
Detection of a Low-Grade Enteroviral Infection in the Islets of Langerhans of Living Patients Newly Diagnosed With Type 1 Diabetes
Krogvold, L., Edwin, B., Buanes, T., Frisk, G., Skog, O., Anagandula, M., Korsgren, O., Undlien, D., Eike, M. C., Richardson, S. J., et al. (2015) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db14-1370 · Cited by 314
Self-citation
Dietary intervention in infancy and later signs of beta-cell autoimmunity
Knip, M., Virtanen, S. M., Seppä, K., Ilonen, J., Savilahti, E., Vaarala, O., Reunanen, A., Teramo, K., Hämäläinen, A.-M., Paronen, J., et al. (2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1004809 · Cited by 281
A missing link in the hygiene hypothesis?
Gale, E. (2002) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-002-0801-1 · Cited by 276
Type 1 diabetes as a relapsing–remitting disease?
von Herrath, M., Sanda, S., & Herold, K. C. (2007) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2192 · Cited by 272
Age-related islet autoantibody incidence in offspring of patients with type 1 diabetes
the BABYDIAB-BABYDIET Study Group, Ziegler, A.-G., & Bonifacio, E. (2012) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-012-2472-x · Cited by 264
Blood and Islet Phenotypes Indicate Immunological Heterogeneity in Type 1 Diabetes
Arif, S., Leete, P., Nguyen, V., Marks, K., Nor, N. M., Estorninho, M., Kronenberg‐Versteeg, D., Bingley, P. J., Todd, J. A., Guy, C., et al. (2014) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db14-0365 · Cited by 245
Increased Immune Cell Infiltration of the Exocrine Pancreas: A Possible Contribution to the Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes
Calvo, T. R., Ekwall, O., Amirian, N., Zapardiel‐Gonzalo, J., & von Herrath, M. G. (2014) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db14-0549 · Cited by 241
Enterovirus Infection and Progression From Islet Autoimmunity to Type 1 Diabetes
Stene, L. C., Oikarinen, S., Hyöty, H., Barriga, K. J., Norris, J. M., KLINGENSMITH, G. J., Hutton, J. C., Erlich, H. A., Eisenbarth, G. S., & Rewers, M. (2010) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db10-0866 · Cited by 228
Self-citation
Dietary factors and the risk of developing insulin dependent diabetes in childhood.
Dahlquist, G. G., Blom, L., Persson, L. Å., Sandström, A. I., & Wall, S. (1990) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.300.6735.1302 · Cited by 226
Maternal Enteroviral Infection During Pregnancy as a Risk Factor for ChildHood IDDM: A Population-Based Case-Control Study
Dahlquist, G. G., Ivarsson, S. A., Lindberg, B. A., & Forsgren, M. (1995) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.44.4.408 · Cited by 225
Birth Weight, Early Weight Gain, and Subsequent Risk of Type 1 Diabetes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Harder, T., Roepke, K., Diller, N., Stechling, Y., Dudenhausen, J. W., & Plagemann, A. (2009) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwp065 · Cited by 220
Primary Dietary Intervention Study to Reduce the Risk of Islet Autoimmunity in Children at Increased Risk for Type 1 Diabetes
Hummel, S., Pflüger, M., Hummel, M., Bonifacio, E. E., & Ziegler, A. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-2456 · Cited by 217
Acceleration of type 1 diabetes by a coxsackievirus infection requires a preexisting critical mass of autoreactive T-cells in pancreatic islets.
SERREZE, D. V., Ottendorfer, E. W., Ellis, T. M., Gauntt, C. J., & Atkinson, M. A. (2000) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.49.5.708 · Cited by 217
Vitamin D Intake and Risk of Type 1 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies
Dong, J., Zhang, W., Chen, J., Zhang, Z., Han, S.-F., & Qin, L. (2013) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu5093551 · Cited by 215
Patterns of β-Cell Autoantibody Appearance and Genetic Associations During the First Years of Life
Ilonen, J., Hammais, A., Laine, A., Lempainen, J., Vaarala, O., Veijola, R., Simell, O., & Knip, M. (2013) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db13-0300 · Cited by 206
Reduced Insulin Production Relieves Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Induces β Cell Proliferation
Szabat, M., Page, M. M., Panzhinskiy, E., Skovsø, S., Mojibian, M., Fernandez-Tajes, J. J., Bruin, J. E., Bround, M. J., Lee, J. T. C., Xu, E. E., et al. (2015) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2015.10.016 · Cited by 190
Maternal Serum Levels of 25-Hydroxy-Vitamin D During Pregnancy and Risk of Type 1 Diabetes in the Offspring
Sørensen, I. M., Joner, G., Jenum, P. A., Eskild, A., Torjesen, P. A., & Stene, L. C. (2011) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db11-0875 · Cited by 189
A six‐fold gradient in the incidence of type 1 diabetes at the eastern border of Finland
Kondrashova, A., Reunanen, A., Romanov, A., Karvonen, A., Viskari, H., Vesikari, T., Ilonen, J., Knip, M., & Hyöty, H. (2005) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890410018952 · Cited by 177
Compromised Gut Microbiota Networks in Children With Anti-Islet Cell Autoimmunity
Endesfelder, D., zu Castell, W., Ardissone, A. N., Davis‐Richardson, A. G., Achenbach, P., Hagen, M., Pflueger, M., Gano, K. A., Fagen, J. R., Drew, J. C., et al. (2014) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db13-1676 · Cited by 176
Hydrolyzed Infant Formula and Early β-Cell Autoimmunity
Knip, M., Åkerblom, H. K., BECKER, D. J., Dosch, H.-M., Dupre, J., Fraser, W. D., Howard, N. J., Ilonen, J., Krischer, J. P., Kordonouri, O., et al. (2014) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2014.5610 · Cited by 175
Infant feeding, early weight gain, and risk of type 1 diabetes. Childhood Diabetes in Finland (DiMe) Study Group.
Hyppönen, E., Kenward, M. G., Virtanen, S. M., Piitulainen, A., Virta-Autio, P., Tuomilehto, J., Knip, M., & Åkerblom, H. K. (1999) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.22.12.1961 · Cited by 168
The gut microbiota and Type 1 Diabetes
Gülden, E., Wong, F. S., & Li, W. (2015) · Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.clim.2015.05.013 · Cited by 165
Environmental Factors in Childhood IDDM: A population-based, case-control study
Verge, C. F., Howard, N. J., Irwig, L., Simpson, J. M., Mackerras, D., & Silink, M. (1994) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.17.12.1381 · Cited by 161
No association of vitamin D intake or 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in childhood with risk of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes: the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY)
Simpson, M. D., Brady, H., Yin, X., Seifert, J. A., Barriga, K. J., Hoffman, M., Bugawan, T. L., Barón, A. E., Sokol, R. J., Eisenbarth, G. S., et al. (2011) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-011-2278-2 · Cited by 160
Self-citation
No Protective Effect of Calcitriol on β-Cell Function in Recent-Onset Type 1 Diabetes
Bizzarri, C., Pitocco, D., Napoli, N., Stasio, E. D., Maggi, D., Manfrini, S., SURACI, C., Cavallo, M. G., Cappa, M., Ghirlanda, G., et al. (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-0814 · Cited by 158
Is Diabetes of Infectious Origin?
Gundersen, E. (1927) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/41.3.197 · Cited by 153
No Effect of the 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 on β-Cell Residual Function and Insulin Requirement in Adults With New-Onset Type 1 Diabetes
Walter, M., Kaupper, T., Adler, K., Foersch, J., Bonifacio, E. E., & Ziegler, A. (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-2297 · Cited by 152
A high weight gain early in life is associated with an increased risk of Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus
Johansson, C., Samuelsson, U., & Ludvigsson, J. (1994) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00428783 · Cited by 151
Self-citation
Infant Exposures and Development of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Frederiksen, B. N., Kroehl, M., Lamb, M. M., Seifert, J. A., Barriga, K. J., Eisenbarth, G. S., Rewers, M., & Norris, J. M. (2013) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.317 · Cited by 147
Self-citation
Early infant feeding and risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus—a nationwide population‐based case–control study in pre‐school children
Rosenbauer, J., Herzig, P., & Giani, G. (2007) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.791 · Cited by 143
Recognition of Posttranslationally Modified GAD65 Epitopes in Subjects With Type 1 Diabetes
McGinty, J. W., Chow, I.-T., Greenbaum, C., Odegard, J., Kwok, W., & James, E. (2014) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db13-1952 · Cited by 143
Expression of the enteroviral capsid protein VP1 in the islet cells of patients with type 1 diabetes is associated with induction of protein kinase R and downregulation of Mcl-1
Richardson, S. J., Leete, P., Bone, A. J., Foulis, A. K., & Morgan, N. G. (2012) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-012-2745-4 · Cited by 140
Lack of association between duration of breast-feeding or introduction of cow's milk and development of islet autoimmunity.
Couper, J., Steele, C., Beresford, S., Powell, T. L., McCaul, K. A., Pollard, A. C., Gellert, S. A., Tait, B. D., Harrison, L. C., & Colman, P. G. (1999) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.48.11.2145 · Cited by 140
The Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Network for Pancreatic Organ Donors with Diabetes ( nPOD ) Program: goals, operational model and emerging findings
Pugliese, A., Yang, M., Kusmartseva, I., Heiple, T., Vendrame, F., Wasserfall, C. H., Rowe, P. A., Moraski, J., Ball, S., Jebson, L., et al. (2013) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/pedi.12097 · Cited by 138
Coxsackievirus B3 infection and type 1 diabetes development in NOD mice: insulitis determines susceptibility of pancreatic islets to virus infection
Drescher, K. M., Kono, K., Bopegamage, S., Carson, S. D., & Tracy, S. (2004) · Virology · doi:10.1016/j.virol.2004.06.049 · Cited by 137
Relationship between the incidence of type 1 diabetes and maternal enterovirus antibodies: time trends and geographical variation
Viskari, H., Ludvigsson, J., Uibo, R., Salur, L., Marčiulionytė, D., Hermann, R., Soltész, G., Füchtenbusch, M., Ziegler, A., Kondrashova, A., et al. (2005) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-005-1780-9 · Cited by 136
Self-citation
Cow's milk consumption, HLA-DQB1 genotype, and type 1 diabetes: a nested case-control study of siblings of children with diabetes. Childhood diabetes in Finland study group.
Virtanen, S. M., Läärä, E., Hyppönen, E., Reijonen, H., Räsänen, L., Aro, A., Knip, M., Ilonen, J., & Åkerblom, H. K. (2000) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.49.6.912 · Cited by 134
No major association of breast-feeding, vaccinations, and childhood viral diseases with early islet autoimmunity in the German BABYDIAB Study.
Hummel, M., Füchtenbusch, M., Schenker, M., & Ziegler, A. (2000) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.23.7.969 · Cited by 133
Birthweight and the risk of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes: a meta-analysis of observational studies using individual patient data
Cardwell, C. R., Stene, L. C., Joner, G., Davis, E. A., Cinek, O., Rosenbauer, J., Ludvigsson, J., Castell, C., Svensson, J., Goldacre, M. J., et al. (2010) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-009-1648-5 · Cited by 126
Self-citation
Effect of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination on new-onset type 1 diabetes. A randomized clinical study.
Allen, H. F., Klingensmith, G. J., Jensen, P., Simões, E. A. F., Hayward, A. R., & Chase, H. P. (1999) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.22.10.1703 · Cited by 122
A viral epitope that mimics a self antigen can accelerate but not initiate autoimmune diabetes
Christen, U., Edelmann, K. H., McGavern, D. B., Wolfe, T., Coon, B., Teague, M. K., Miller, S. D., Oldstone, M. B. A., & von Herrath, M. G. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci22557 · Cited by 121
Why Diabetes Incidence Increases—A Unifying Theory
Ludvigsson, J. (2006) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1375.058 · Cited by 117
Self-citation
β cell ER stress and the implications for immunogenicity in type 1 diabetes
Marré, M. L., James, E. A., & Piganelli, J. D. (2015) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2015.00067 · Cited by 115
Psychological Stress May Induce Diabetes-Related Autoimmunity in Infancy
Sepa, A., Wahlberg, J., Vaarala, O., FRODI, A. M., & Ludvigsson, J. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.2.290 · Cited by 112
Self-citation
Rapid increase in the incidence of type 1 diabetes in Polish children from 1989 to 2004, and predictions for 2010 to 2025
Jarosz-Chobot, P. A., Polańska, J., Szadkowska, A., Kretowski, A. J., Bandurska-Stankiewicz, E. M., Ciechanowska, M., Deja, G., Myśliwiec, M., Peczyńska, J., Rutkowska, J., et al. (2010) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-010-1993-4 · Cited by 111
Self-citation
Addressing Parents’ Concerns: Do Vaccines Cause Allergic or Autoimmune Diseases?
Offit, P. A., & Hackett, C. J. (2003) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.111.3.653 · Cited by 107
5′ terminal deletions in the genome of a coxsackievirus B2 strain occurred naturally in human heart
Chapman, N. M., Kim, K., Drescher, K. M., Oka, K., & Tracy, S. (2008) · Virology · doi:10.1016/j.virol.2008.02.030 · Cited by 106
Experience of a serious life event increases the risk for childhood type 1 diabetes: the ABIS population-based prospective cohort study
Nygren, M., Carstensen, J., Koch, F.-S., Ludvigsson, J., & Frostell, A. (2015) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-015-3555-2 · Cited by 104
Self-citation
The effect of childhood cow's milk intake and HLA-DR genotype on risk of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes: The Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young
Lamb, M. M., Miller, M. R., Seifert, J. A., Frederiksen, B. N., Kroehl, M., Rewers, M., & Norris, J. M. (2014) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/pedi.12115 · Cited by 103
Self-citation
Food consumption and advanced β cell autoimmunity in young children with HLA-conferred susceptibility to type 1 diabetes: a nested case-control design.
Virtanen, S., Nevalainen, J., Kronberg-Kippilä, C., Ahonen, S., Tapanainen, H., Uusitalo, L., Takkinen, H., Niinistö, S., Ovaskainen, M., Kenward, M., et al. (2012) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.018879 · Cited by 98
Metabolic stress, IAPP and islet amyloid
Montane, J., Klimek‐Abercrombie, A., Potter, K. J., Westwell‐Roper, C., & Bruce Verchere, C. (2012) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2012.01657.x · Cited by 98
Immunology in the clinic review series; focus on type 1 diabetes and viruses: the enterovirus link to type 1 diabetes: critical review of human studies
Stene, L. C., & Rewers, M. (2011) · Clinical & Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04555.x · Cited by 90
Self-citation
Being born in Sweden increases the risk for type 1 diabetes – a study of migration of children to Sweden as a natural experiment
Söderström, U., Åman, J., & Hjern, A. (2012) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2011.02410.x · Cited by 88
Increasing incidence of IDDM a consequence of improved hygiene?
Kolb, H., & Elliott, R. B. (1994) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00417700 · Cited by 84
Dietary risk factors for the emergence of type 1 diabetes-related autoantibodies in 2½-year-old Swedish children
Wahlberg, J., Vaarala, O., Ludvigsson, J., & the ABIS-study group (2006) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn20051676 · Cited by 84
Self-citation
Short duration of breast-feeding as a risk-factor for β-cell autoantibodies in 5-year-old children from the general population
Holmberg, H., Wahlberg, J., Vaarala, O., Ludvigsson, J., & for the ABIS study group (2007) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114507210189 · Cited by 84
Self-citation
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level during early pregnancy and type 1 diabetes risk in the offspring
Miettinen, M. E., Reinert‐Hartwall, L., Kinnunen, L., Harjutsalo, V., Koskela, P. U., Surcel, H., Lamberg-Allardt, C. J. E., & Tuomilehto, J. O. (2012) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-012-2458-8 · Cited by 83
Chromogranin A is a T cell antigen in human type 1 diabetes
Gottlieb, P. A., Delong, T., Baker, R. L., Fitzgerald-Miller, L., Wagner, R., Cook, G., Rewers, M., Michels, A. W., & HASKINS, K. M. (2013) · Journal of Autoimmunity · doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2013.10.003 · Cited by 77
Self-citation
Lack of association between early childhood immunizations and beta-cell autoimmunity.
Graves, P. M., Barriga, K. J., Norris, J. M., Hoffman, M., Yu, L., Eisenbarth, G. S., & Rewers, M. (1999) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.22.10.1694 · Cited by 76
Self-citation
Mothers’ Experiences of Serious Life Events Increase the Risk of Diabetes-Related Autoimmunity in Their Children
Sepa, A., FRODI, A. M., & Ludvigsson, J. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.10.2394 · Cited by 75
Self-citation
Neonatal Bacille Calmette-Guerin Vaccination and Type 1 Diabetes
Huppmann, M., Baumgarten, A., Ziegler, A., & Bonifacio, E. E. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.5.1204 · Cited by 72
Elimination of Dietary Gluten Does Not Reduce Titers of Type 1 Diabetes-Associated Autoantibodies in High-Risk Subjects
Hummel, M., Bonifacio, E. E., Naserke, H. E., & Ziegler, A. G. (2002) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.25.7.1111 · Cited by 69
Timing of Gluten Introduction and Islet Autoimmunity in Young Children: Updated Results From the BABYDIET Study
Beyerlein, A., Chmiel, R., Hummel, S., Winkler, C., Bonifacio, E. E., & Ziegler, A. (2014) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc14-1208 · Cited by 63
Enteroviruses as causative agents in type 1 diabetes: loose ends or lost cause?
Morgan, N. G., & Richardson, S. J. (2014) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2014.08.002 · Cited by 62
Growth and Risk for Islet Autoimmunity and Progression to Type 1 Diabetes in Early Childhood: The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young Study
Larsson, H. E., Vehik, K., Haller, M. J., Liu, X., Akolkar, B., Hagopian, W., Krischer, J. P., Lernmark, Å., She, J., Simell, O., et al. (2016) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db15-1180 · Cited by 62
Self-citation
Bacille Calmette-Guérin Vaccination and Incidence of IDDM in Montreal, Canada
Parent, M., Siemiatycki, J., Menzies, R., Fritschi, L., & Colle, E. (1997) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.20.5.767 · Cited by 60
Coxsackievirus B4 can infect human pancreas ductal cells and persist in ductal-like cell cultures which results in inhibition of Pdx1 expression and disturbed formation of islet-like cell aggregates
Sané, F., Caloone, D., Gmyr, V., Engelmann, I., Belaich, S., Kerr-Conte, J. A., Pattou, F. N., Desailloud, R., & Hober, D. (2013) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-013-1383-4 · Cited by 59
Effect of Bacille Calmette-Guérin Vaccination on C-Peptide Secretion in Children Newly Diagnosed With IDDM
Elliott, J. F., Marlin, K. L., & Couch, R. (1998) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.21.10.1691 · Cited by 59
Immunology in the clinic review series: focus on type 1 diabetes and viruses: the role of viruses in type 1 diabetes: a difficult dilemma
Coppieters, K. T., Wiberg, A. O. J., Tracy, S., & von Herrath, M. G. (2011) · Clinical & Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04554.x · Cited by 57
Early infant feeding and risk of developing islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes
Chmiel, R., Beyerlein, A., Knopff, A., Hummel, S., Ziegler, A., & Winkler, C. (2014) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-014-0628-5 · Cited by 56
N-terminal additions to the WE14 peptide of chromogranin A create strong autoantigen agonists in type 1 diabetes
Jin, N., Wang, Y., Crawford, F., White, J., Marrack, P., Dai, S., & Kappler, J. W. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1517862112 · Cited by 56
Requirements for Viral-mediated Autoimmune Diabetes: β-Cell Damage and Immune Infiltration
Horwitz, M. S., Fine, C., Ilic, A., & Sarvetnick, N. (2001) · Journal of Autoimmunity · doi:10.1006/jaut.2000.0486 · Cited by 54
Self‐reported lower respiratory tract infections and development of islet autoimmunity in children with the type 1 diabetes high‐risk HLA genotype: the MIDIA study
Rasmussen, T., Witsø, E., Tapia, G., Stene, L. C., & Rønningen, K. S. (2011) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.1258 · Cited by 54
Drinking water composition and childhood‐onset Type 1 diabetes mellitus in Devon and Cornwall, England
Zhao, H., Mold, M. D., Stenhouse, E., Bird, S. C., Wright, D., Demaine, A. G., & Millward, B. A. (2001) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1464-5491.2001.00554.x · Cited by 53
Maternal Enterovirus Infection as a Risk Factor for Type 1 Diabetes in the Exposed Offspring
Viskari, H., Knip, M., Tauriainen, S., Huhtala, H., Veijola, R., Ilonen, J., Simell, O., Surcel, H., & Hyöty, H. (2012) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-2389 · Cited by 53
The cumulative incidence of childhood diabetes mellitus in Sweden unaffected by BCG-vaccination
Dahlquist, G., & Gothefors, L. (1995) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf03035306 · Cited by 52
Vaccinations and childhood type 1 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of observational studies.
Morgan, E., Halliday, S. R., Campbell, G. R., Cardwell, C. R., & Patterson, C. C. (2016) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-015-3800-8 · Cited by 52
Prevalence and characteristics of diabetes among Somali children and adolescents living in Helsinki, Finland
Oilinki, T., Otonkoski, T., Ilonen, J., Knip, M., & Miettinen, P. J. (2011) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2011.00783.x · Cited by 51
Early introduction of root vegetables in infancy associated with advanced ß‐cell autoimmunity in young children with human leukocyte antigen‐conferred susceptibility to Type 1 diabetes
Virtanen, S. M., Takkinen, H. ‐., Nevalainen, J., Kronberg‐Kippilä, C., Salmenhaara, M., Uusitalo, L., Kenward, M. G., Erkkola, M., Veijola, R., Simell, O., et al. (2011) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03294.x · Cited by 50
No association between routinely recorded infections in early life and subsequent risk of childhood‐onset Type 1 diabetes: a matched case–control study using the UK General Practice Research Database
Cardwell, C. R., Carson, D. J., & Patterson, C. C. (2008) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2007.02351.x · Cited by 47
Seasonality in clinical onset of Type 1 diabetes in Belgian patients above the age of 10 is restricted to HLA-DQ2/DQ8-negative males, which explains the male to female excess in incidence
The Belgian Diabetes Registry, Weets, I., Kaufman, L., der Auwera, B. J. R. V., Crenier, L., Rooman, R., Block, C. E. M. D., Casteels, K., Weber, E., Coeckelberghs, M., et al. (2004) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-004-1369-8 · Cited by 47
Dietary Glycemic Index, Development of Islet Autoimmunity, and Subsequent Progression to Type 1 Diabetes in Young Children
Lamb, M. M., Yin, X., Barriga, K. J., Hoffman, M., Barón, A. E., Eisenbarth, G. S., Rewers, M., & Norris, J. M. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2008-0886 · Cited by 46
Self-citation
Enteroviruses and type 1 diabetes
Tracy, S., Drescher, K. M., & Chapman, N. M. (2011) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.1255 · Cited by 46
Serum fatty acids and risk of advanced β-cell autoimmunity: a nested case–control study among children with HLA-conferred susceptibility to type I diabetes
Virtanen, S. M., Niinistö, S., Nevalainen, J., Salminen, I., Takkinen, H. ‐., Kääriä, S.-M., Uusitalo, L., Alfthan, G., Kenward, M. G., Veijola, R., et al. (2010) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2010.75 · Cited by 45
Low zinc in drinking water is associated with the risk of type 1 diabetes in children
Samuelsson, U., Oikarinen, S., Hyöty, H., & Ludvigsson, J. (2010) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2010.00678.x · Cited by 44
Self-citation
Discovery of a Selective Islet Peptidome Presented by the Highest-Risk HLA-DQ8trans Molecule
van Lummel, M., van Veelen, P. A., de Ru, A. H., Pool, J., Nikolić, T., Laban, S., Joosten, A. M., Drijfhout, J. W., Gomez-Touriño, I. M., Arif, S., et al. (2015) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db15-1031 · Cited by 41
Zinc and nitrate in the ground water and the incidence of Type 1 diabetes in Finland
Moltchanova, E. V., Rytkönen, M., Kousa, A., Taskinen, O., Tuomilehto, J., & M. Karvonen for the Spat Study Group (2004) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2004.01125.x · Cited by 40
Infant Growth and Risk of Childhood-Onset Type 1 Diabetes in Children From 2 Scandinavian Birth Cohorts
Magnus, M. C., Olsen, S. F., Granström, C., Joner, G., Skrivarhaug, T., Svensson, J., Johannesen, J., Njølstad, P. R., Magnus, P. M., Størdal, K., et al. (2015) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.3759 · Cited by 39
Autoantigens: Novel forms and presentation to the immune system
Doyle, H. A., Yang, M., Raycroft, M. T., Gee, R. J., & Mamula, M. J. (2013) · Autoimmunity · doi:10.3109/08916934.2013.850495 · Cited by 39
Previous maternal infection protects offspring from enterovirus infection and prevents experimental diabetes development in mice
Larsson, P. G., Lakshmikanth, T., Svedin, E., King, C. M., & Flodström‐Tullberg, M. (2013) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-013-2834-z · Cited by 33
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Components in Drinking Water and Diet: A Population-Based, Case-Control Study in Prince Edward Island, Canada
Benson, V. S., VanLeeuwen, J. A., Taylor, J. P., Somers, G. S., McKinney, P. A., & Til, L. V. (2010) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2010.10719900 · Cited by 33
High Plasma Levels of Islet Amyloid Polypeptide in Young with New-Onset of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Paulsson, J., Ludvigsson, J., Carlsson, A., Casas, R., Forsander, G., Ivarsson, S., Kockum, I., Lernmark, Å., Marcus, C., Lindblad, B., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093053 · Cited by 32
Self-citation
No evidence that vaccines cause insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.
Jefferson, T., & Demicheli, V. (1998) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.52.10.674 · Cited by 31
Evidence of Stage- and Age-Related Heterogeneity of Non-HLA SNPs and Risk of Islet Autoimmunity and Type 1 Diabetes: The Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young
Frederiksen, B. N., Steck, A. K., Kroehl, M., Lamb, M. M., Wong, R., Rewers, M., & Norris, J. M. (2013) · Clinical and Developmental Immunology · doi:10.1155/2013/417657 · Cited by 29
Self-citation
Serum long chain n‐3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) in the pregnant mother are independent of risk of type 1 diabetes in the offspring
Sørensen, I. M., Joner, G., Jenum, P. A., Eskild, A., & Stene, L. C. (2012) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.2293 · Cited by 29
Seroconversion to Islet Autoantibodies After Enterovirus Infection in Early Pregnancy
Lindehammer, S. R., Honkanen, H., Nix, W. A., Oikarinen, M., Lynch, K. F., Jönsson, I., Maršál, K., Oberste, S. M., Hyöty, H., & Lernmark, Å. (2012) · Viral Immunology · doi:10.1089/vim.2012.0022 · Cited by 26
Exposure to Environmental Factors in Drinking Water: Risk of Islet Autoimmunity and Type 1 Diabetes – The BABYDIAB Study
Winkler, C., Mollenhauer, U., Hummel, S., Bonifacio, E. E., & Ziegler, A. (2008) · Hormone and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1055/s-2008-1073165 · Cited by 25
Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin ( BCG ) Vaccination in Infancy and Risk of Childhood Diabetes
Rousseau, M., El‐Zein, M., Conus, F., Legault, L., & Parent, M. (2015) · Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/ppe.12263 · Cited by 22
Daily vegetable intake during pregnancy negatively associated to islet autoimmunity in the offspring-The ABIS study
Brekke, H. K., & Ludvigsson, J. (2009) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2009.00563.x · Cited by 21
Self-citation
Nitrate in Community Water Supplies and Risk of Childhood Type 1 Diabetes in Sardinia, Italy
Muntoni, S., Cocco, P., Muntoni, S., & Aru, G. (2006) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-006-0014-x · Cited by 21
Mutational Disruption of cis -Acting Replication Element 2C in Coxsackievirus B3 Leads to 5′-Terminal Genomic Deletions
Smithee, S., Tracy, S., & Chapman, N. M. (2015) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01308-15 · Cited by 21
The beta‐cell in type 1 diabetes: What have we learned from proteomic studies?
Crèvecoeur, I., Rondas, D., Mathieu, C., & Overbergh, L. (2015) · PROTEOMICS - CLINICAL APPLICATIONS · doi:10.1002/prca.201400135 · Cited by 21
The fallacy of reduction
Rewers, M. (2011) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2011.00832.x · Cited by 10
Self-citation
Assessing Age-Related Etiologic Heterogeneity in the Onset of Islet Autoimmunity
Frederiksen, B. N., Kroehl, M., Barón, A. E., Lamb, M. M., Crume, T., Sontag, M. K., Rewers, M., & Norris, J. M. (2015) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2015/708289 · Cited by 8
Self-citation

Sorted by citations

Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Ong, K. L., Stafford, L. K., McLaughlin, S. A., Boyko, E. J., Vollset, S. E., Smith, A. E., Dalton, B. E., Duprey, J., Cruz, J. A., Hagins, H., et al. (2023) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(23)01301-6 · Cited by 4,681
Type 1 diabetes
DiMeglio, L. A., Evans-Molina, C., & Oram, R. A. (2018) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31320-5 · Cited by 1,561
The human gut microbiome in early-onset type 1 diabetes from the TEDDY study
Vatanen, T., Franzosa, E. A., Schwager, R., Tripathi, S. M., Arthur, T. D., Vehik, K., Lernmark, Å., Hagopian, W., Rewers, M., She, J., et al. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0620-2 · Cited by 926
Self-citation
Molecular mechanisms of ROS production and oxidative stress in diabetes
Newsholme, P., Cruzat, V. F., Keane, K. N., Carlessi, R., & de Bittencourt, P. I. H. (2016) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bcj20160503c · Cited by 878
Prevalence of diagnosed type 1 and type 2 diabetes among US adults in 2016 and 2017: population based study
Xu, G., Liu, B., Sun, Y., Du, Y., Snetselaar, L., Hu, F. B., & Bao, W. (2018) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.k1497 · Cited by 576

See all 676

Authors: Rewers, M., & Ludvigsson, J.
Affiliations: University of Colorado Anschutz (US)
Linköping University (SE)
Corresponding author: Ludvigsson, Johnny
ORCID: Rewers, Marian
Ludvigsson, Johnny
Venue: The Lancet
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2016-06
Volume: 387
Issue: 10035
Pages: 2340-2348
ISSN: 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
0140-6736
DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30507-4
PMC: PMC5571740
OpenAlex: W2416473596
Semantic Scholar: cfb08c15990c940ca28c917c4b6cd3743c3d269c
Cited by: 676
References: 136
Citations by year: 2026: 29 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 75 · 2023: 83 · 2022: 94 · 2021: 84 · 2020: 88 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 69 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 7
FWCI: 7.81
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: The Lancet (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK 32493, R01DK032493, R37DK032493)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
Keywords: type 1 diabetes, environmental risk factors, islet autoimmunity, disease incidence, hybrid peptides, environmental exposure
MeSH terms: Animals, Autoantigens, Birth Weight, Breast Feeding, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diet, Environment, Fatty Acids, Unsaturated, Growth, Humans, Hygiene, Infant, Infant Food, Milk, Risk Factors, RNA, Toxins, Biological, Vaccines, Vitamin D, Autoimmunity, Insulin-Secreting Cells

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Environmental risk factors for type 1 diabetes

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks