Modeling of frost growth and frost properties with airflow over a flat plate

Existing frosting models have focused on predicting heat and mass transfer characteristics at surfaces of basic geometries such as a flat plate or cylindrical surface.

“Existing frosting models have focused on predicting the characteristics of heat and mass transfer at the surfaces of basic geometries, such as a flat plate or cylindrical surface [1-12].”

Frost formation on flat plate and cylindrical surfaces is relatively well known and can be predicted reliably with existing models and correlations.

“Therefore, frost formation on flat plate and cylindrical surface is relatively well known and can be predicted reliably with existing models and correlations.”

Yun et al. introduced modified Prandtl mixing-length methodologies but still yielded discrepancies up to 14.22% in density and 39.61% in surface temperature under varying airflow conditions.

“Subsequent improvements, such as those by Yun et al. [23], introduced modified Prandtl mixing-length methodologies but still yielded dis­ crepancies up to 14.22% in density and 39.61% in surface temperature under varying airflow conditions.”

Early modeling approaches primarily relied on one-dimensional quasi-steady frameworks for computational efficiency, yielding rapid estimates of bulk frost properties via semi-empirical correlations.

“Early modeling approaches primarily relied on one-dimensional (1D) quasi-steady frameworks for computational efficiency, yielding rapid estimates of bulk frost proper­ ties via semi-empirical correlations [22 -25].”

Yun et al. [23] proposed ρfr = 650 · exp(0.277 · Tfs) to predict time-averaged frost density on a flat surface, achieving a relative error of 14.14% across a range of flow conditions.

“For example, Yun et al. [23] proposed ρ fr = 650 · exp(0.277 · T fs ), to predict the time-averaged frost density on a flat surface, achieving a relative error of 14.14% across a range of flow conditions.”

The frost-growth stage is of particular significance because it governs the structural and thermophysical properties of the frost layer.

“Among these, the frost-growth stage is of particular significance because it governs the structural and thermophysical properties of the frost layer [23 -26].”

Heat transfer coefficient is strongly dependent on roughness of the frost surface and flow conditions.

“the heat transfer coefficient is strongly dependent on the roughness of the frost surface and the flow conditions.”

Yun et al. [42] presented an empirical correlation of height difference roughness, which was only a function of frosting time.

“they also presented an empirical correlation of height difference roughness, which was only a function of frosting time.”

Yun et al. [42] concluded that the frost height difference roughness increased firstly, achieved the maximum value during frost crystal growth stage, and then gradually decreased as frosting progressed.

“Yun et al. [42] measured this value by a micrometer with a thin needle and concluded that the frost height difference roughness was increased firstly, and achieved the maximum value during frost crystal growth stage, and then gradually decreased as frosting progressed.”