Frosting model for predicting macroscopic and local frost behaviors on a cold plate
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Deposition should be more homogeneous within the frost layer as shown by experimental observations (Lee and Ro, 2005) or the CFD results (Kim et al., 2015).
“Deposition should be more homogeneous within the frost layer as shown by experimental observations (Lee and Ro, 2005) or the CFD results (Kim et al., 2015).”
From Frosting modeling on a cold flat plate: Comparison of the different assumptions and impacts on frost growth predictions (2016) · cites this paper as Kim et al., 2015
It is quite different than the one obtained using CFD by Kim et al. (2015) where the profile is quite constant within the frost layer and sharply decreasing close to the frost surface.
“However, it is quite different than the one obtained using CFD by Kim et al. (2015) where the profile is quite constant within the frost layer and sharply decreasing close to the frost surface.”
From Frosting modeling on a cold flat plate: Comparison of the different assumptions and impacts on frost growth predictions (2016) · cites this paper as Kim et al. (2015)
Kim et al.'s [23] simulations calculated the frost layer density and thickness separately starting from an initial frost layer.
“Their simulations calculated the frost layer density and thickness separately starting from an initial frost layer.”
From Numerical Simulation of Frosting on Fin-and-Tube Heat Exchanger Surfaces (2017) · cites this paper as [23]
Kim et al. [23] assumed that mass transfer at the frost surface occurs due to the water vapor concentration gradient and used the mass transfer rate per unit volume as a volumetric source or sink term to describe mass transfer.
“Kim et al. [23] assumed that the mass transfer at the frost surface occurs due to the water vapor concentration gradient and used the mass transfer rate per unit volume as a volumetric source or sink term to describe the mass transfer.”
From Numerical Simulation of Frosting on Fin-and-Tube Heat Exchanger Surfaces (2017) · cites this paper as [23]
Some frosting models have been coupled with multiphase flow models in CFD simulations [5,22,23].
“Some frosting models have been coupled with multiphase flow models in CFD simulations [5,22,23].”
From Numerical Simulation of Frosting on Fin-and-Tube Heat Exchanger Surfaces (2017) · cites this paper as [23]
The water vapor density gradient inside the frost layer near the plate surface was significantly smaller than that near the frost surface.
“For water vapor density, its gradient inside the frost layer near the plate surface was significantly smaller than that near the frost surface [50,80,86,88,90,91].”
From Frosting mechanism and behaviors on surfaces with simple geometries: A state-of-the-art literature review (2022) · cites this paper as [86]
The frost density gradient inside the frost layer near the plate surface and frost surface were both significantly smaller than other regions within the frost layer.
“The frost density profile indicated that the frost density gradient inside the frost layer near the plate surface and frost surface were both significantly smaller than other regions within the frost layer [86,88].”
From Frosting mechanism and behaviors on surfaces with simple geometries: A state-of-the-art literature review (2022) · cites this paper as [86]
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“Kim D [12] et al. also simulated the frost-layer growth based on the Eulerian multiphase flow model to simulate the frost-layer growth, and considered the water vapour concentration gradient on the frost-layer surface as the driving force of the frost-layer growth.”
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“Implementation of Boundary Conditions The following conditions are imposed at various domain boundaries for the primary variables (u, v, p, T and Y ) [12, 16, 22]: • Inlet: u, v, T and Y prescribed; ∂(2)p/∂n̂(2) = 0 where, n̂ denotes the unit normal and ∂/∂n̂ stands for ∇ • n̂.”
BackgroundMethodLiu, X., Wang, W., Yang, X., Liu, H., Wang, Y., Chen, Y., Han, L., Liu, Q., Zhao, F., & Li, R. (2025) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127203 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Recent advances in modelling of frost formation for mechanical systems
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“There are many innovative methods that treat the moving interfacial condition between the frost and air [22– 24 Kim et al. [23] present a three-zone numerical model, which defines air, crust and frost as three discretized zones.”
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Liu, X., Dong, X.-J., Yan, S.-H., Hou, Y., & Lai, T.-W. (2022) · Energy Storage and Saving · doi:10.1016/j.enss.2022.10.002 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Experimental study on freezing process in a grooved heat pipe
Lei, J., Wang, W., Sixue, L. I. U., Wang, H., Miao, J., & Zhang, H. (2026) · International Journal of Thermal Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110820 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cui, J., Yang, T.-Y., Yang, F., & Yang, G.-F. (2019) · Journal of Thermal Science · doi:10.1007/s11630-018-1066-4
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Wang, Y., Zheng, W., Wu, W., Jiang, Y., & Sun, C. (2025) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2025.138423 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A real-time frost thickness prediction model via evaporator resistance identification
Liu, S., Li, P., Pu, J., Zhang, H., Jiang, Y. Q., Wang, Y., Wan, Z., Wang, Z., You, S., & Wu, Z. (2026) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.116964 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Chen, J., PARK, Y., & Wang, S. (2026) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.131303 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Numerical Investigation into Frost Formation under Impinging Flow Conditions
Saygin, A., Oksuz, E., Başol, A., & Arik, M. (2021) · Intersociety Conference on Thermal and Thermomechanical Phenomena in Electronic Systems · doi:10.1109/itherm51669.2021.9503172 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Numerical investigation of Ne pellet formation for EAST shattered pellet injection system
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Shen, C., Liang, Y., Bo, W., Zhang, C., & Zhao, T. (2025) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en18020437 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Under ground conditions, Kim et al. [1] adopted the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method to predict the frosting situation on the surface of the cold plate and studied the influence of factors affecting the growth of the frost layer, such as the inlet flow velocity, relative humidity, and cold…”
Xuan, C., Yang, Y., & Li, R. (2020) · Environmental science and engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-9524-6_53
Study on The Effect of Different Plenum Chamber Coefficients on Frosting of Air-cooler
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Effect of Different Plenum-Chamber Coefficients on the Frosting of Air-Cooler
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Data analysis of frost density formed on cooled surfaces
Koshelev, V. L., Иозапович, Е. А., & Koshelev, S. V. (2022) · Journal International Academy of Refrigeration · doi:10.17586/1606-4313-2022-21-3-80-88
Characterization of Ice Deposition Rates in Cryogenic Vacuum Environment
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Study on Frost Layer Growth Characteristics of Finned Tube Evaporator Under Fast Flow ConditionsPreprint
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Experimental study and machine learning prediction of frost characteristics on inclined cold plates
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Superhydrophobic coatings for antifrosting
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Numerical study of frost formation on an industrial food freezing system
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- Authors
- Kim, D., Kim, C., & Lee, K.-S.
- Affiliations
- Hanyang University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Lee, Kwan-Soo
- Venue
- International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-03
- Volume
- 82
- Pages
- 135-142
- ISSN
- 0017-9310 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2067594704
- Cited by
- 103
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 6.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer (publishedVersion)
- The Royal Society of Chemistry’s Journals, Books and Databases (The Royal Society of Chemistry) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2013R1A2A2A01067816)
- National Research Foundation of Korea
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Icing and De-icing Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Heat Transfer and Optimization
- Keywords
- frost formation, frost growth, cold plate, frost thickness, frost density, relative humidity, inlet velocity, computational fluid dynamics
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