Development of Postural Responses During Standing in Healthy Children and Children with Spastic Diplegia
Abstract
Studies on the development of balance control show a clear developmental progression of the emergence of organized muscle response patterns, with tonic background muscle activity decreasing and phasic bursts of activity emerging in all three agonist muscles in a synergic group (gastrocnemius-hamstrings-trunk extensors or tibialis anterior-quadriceps-abdominals) just prior to the onset of independent stance. The rudimentary ability to adapt postural responses to changing task conditions is present in children as young as 1 year of age. Older children with spastic diplegia have muscle activation patterns typically seen in normal children who are at the pull-to-stand stage of development, including poorly organized (proximal activated before distal muscles) responses with a high degree of antagonist co-activation. When normal children were asked to stand in a crouched posture like the CP children, the additional constraint caused muscle response patterns to resemble those of CP children, suggesting that differences in balance control in CP children are due to both CNS deficits and biomechanical changes in postural alignment.
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Children with CP show deficits in anticipatory postural adjustments, reactive postural adjustments, and sensory and musculoskeletal components of postural control compared with children with typical development.
“To date, it is known that children with CP show deficits in anticipatory postural adjustments, 4 -9 and reactive postural adjustments, 10 -12 as well as sensory 4,13 and musculoskeletal components 14,15 of postural control, compared with children with typical development.”
From Exercise interventions improve postural control in children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review (2015) · cites this paper as [5]
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- Authors
- Woollacott, M. H., Burtner, P., Jensen, J., Jasiewicz, J., Roncesvalles, N., & Sveistrup, H.
- Affiliations
- University of Oregon (US)
- Corresponding author
- Woollacott, M.H
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1998-03
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 583-589
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1579010898
- Cited by
- 128
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2025: 7 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 2.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Centre for Health Research; Faculty of Health; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Cerebral Palsy and Movement Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Children's Physical and Motor Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Keywords
- spastic diplegia, cerebral palsy, postural control, balance control, muscle activation patterns, tonic muscle activity, antagonist coactivation, postural alignment, children, developmental progression
- MeSH terms
- Child, Child Development, Humans, Muscle Spasticity, Paralysis, Posture, Muscle, Skeletal, Muscle Development
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