Equal opportunity and racial differences in IQ
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Prior knowledge can lead to ethnic biases in items.
“Prior knowledge can lead to ethnic biases in items (Fagan & Holland, 2002, 2007)”
From Factors Related to Mean Score Group Differences on Cognitive Ability Tests: A Systematic Review (2025) · cites this paper as Fagan & Holland, 2002
Cites
Statistical Abstract of the U nited S tates
(2005) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471667196.ess2527 · Cited by 8,872 · see citing works
Meaningful Differences in the Everyday Experience of Young American Children
Panagos, R. J. (1998) · Remedial and Special Education · doi:10.1177/074193259801900609 · Cited by 4,183 · see citing works
(1998) · Cited by 4,172 · see citing works
Meaningful Differences in the Everyday Experience of Young American Children
(1996) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.33-3435 · Cited by 4,103 · see citing works
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
Rinehart, E. C. (1970) · The Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.1080/00221546.1970.11773921 · Cited by 2,169 · see citing works
(1980) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 1,935 · see citing works
Abilities: Their Structure, Growth, and Action
Jensen, A. R., & Cattell, R. B. (1974) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1422024 · Cited by 1,881 · see citing works
Murray, C. A., & Herrnstein, R. J. (1994) · Cited by 1,383 · see citing works
Jensen, A. R. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/381729b0 · Cited by 674 · see citing works
Early intervention and early experience.
Ramey, C. T., & Ramey, S. L. (1998) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.53.2.109 · Cited by 636 · see citing works
Early intervention and early experience.
Ramey, C. T., & Ramey, S. L. (1998) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.53.2.109 · Cited by 619 · see citing works
Learning and cognition in the mentally retarded
Brooks, P. H., Sperber, R. D., & McCauley, C. (1984) · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Age versus Schooling Effects on Intelligence Development
Cahan, S., & Cohen, N. (1989) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1130797 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
The nature of the black–white difference on various psychometric tests: Spearman's hypothesis
Jensen, A. R. (1985) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00020392 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Memory Processes in Retardates and Normals
Ellis, N. R. (1970) · International review of research in mental retardation · doi:10.1016/s0074-7750(08)60021-x · Cited by 201 · see citing works
The Relations of Short-Term Memory to Development and Intelligence
Belmont, J. M., & Butterfield, E. C. (1969) · Advances in child development and behavior · doi:10.1016/s0065-2407(08)60426-7 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Attention, Development, and Psychopathology
Merrill, E. C., & Atwell, J. A. (1998) · American Journal on Mental Retardation · doi:10.1352/0895-8017(1998)103 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
How people make their own environments: Implications for parents and policy makers.
Scarr, S. W. (1996) · Psychology Public Policy and Law · doi:10.1037/1076-8971.2.2.204 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Horn, J. L. (1989) · Cited by 148 · see citing works
International Review of Research in Mental Retardation. Vol. 2
Clausen, J., & Ellis, N. R. (1969) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1420619 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Attention, Development, and Psychopathology
Burack, J. A., & Enns, J. T. (1997) · Cited by 103 · see citing works
A theory of intelligence as processing: Implications for society.
Fagan, J. F. (2000) · Psychology Public Policy and Law · doi:10.1037/1076-8971.6.1.168 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationComparison of black-white differences on the WISC-R and the K-ABC: Spearman's hypothesis
Naglieri, J. A., & Jensen, A. R. (1987) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0160-2896(87)90024-9 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
The intelligent infant: Theoretical implications
Fagan, J. F. (1984) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0160-2896(84)90002-3 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationSpearman's g: Links Between Psychometrics and Biology
Jensen, A. R. (1993) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb17244.x · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Long-Term Memory in Mental Retardation
Belmont, J. M. (1966) · International review of research in mental retardation · doi:10.1016/s0074-7750(08)60165-2 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Stability and Continuity in Mental Development
Bornstein, M. H., & Krasnegor, N. A. (2013) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203771518 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Sternberg, R. J. (2000) · Psychology Public Policy and Law · doi:10.1037//1076-8971.6.1.159 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Intelligence: A Theoretical Viewpoint
Fagan, J. F. (1992) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-8721.ep10768727 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationThe influence of race on 3-year-old children's performance on the Stanford-Binet: Fourth edition
Peoples, C. E., Fagan, J. F., & Drotar, D. (1995) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0160-2896(95)90039-x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationSelective attention to novelty as a measure of information processing across the lifespan.
Fagan, J. F., & Haiken-Vasen, J. (1997) · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationSternberg, R. J. (2000) · Psychology, Public Policy, and Law · doi:10.1037/1076-8971.6.1.159 · Cited by 27
Short-term retention in normal and retarded children
Fagan, J. F. (1966) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03328078 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationShort-term memory processes in normal and retarded children
Fagan, J. F. (1968) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-0965(68)90091-x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationTesting: The dilemma of group differences.
Jensen, A. R. (2000) · Psychology Public Policy and Law · doi:10.1037//1076-8971.6.1.121 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Racial differences in IQ: Item analysis of the Stanford-Binet at 3 years
Montie, J. E., & Fagan, J. F. (1988) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0160-2896(88)90029-3 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationTesting: The dilemma of group differences.
Jensen, A. R. (2000) · Psychology, Public Policy, and Law · doi:10.1037/1076-8971.6.1.121 · Cited by 13
Perspectives on intelligence testing, affirmative action, and educational policy.
Williams, W. M. (2000) · Psychology Public Policy and Law · doi:10.1037//1076-8971.6.1.5 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Perspectives on intelligence testing, affirmative action, and educational policy.
Williams, W. M. (2000) · Psychology, Public Policy, and Law · doi:10.1037/1076-8971.6.1.5 · Cited by 8
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Considerations Relating to the Study of Group Differences in Intelligence
Hunt, E., & Carlson, J. (2007) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00037.x · Cited by 64 · see citing works
The cultural malleability of intelligence and its impact on the racial/ethnic hierarchy.
Suzuki, L., & Aronson, J. (2005) · Psychology, Public Policy, and Law · doi:10.1037/1076-8971.11.2.320 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Racial equality in intelligence: Predictions from a theory of intelligence as processing
Fagan, J. F., & Holland, C. R. (2007) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2006.08.009 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationFactors Related to Mean Score Group Differences on Cognitive Ability Tests: A Systematic Review
Cuppello, S., Zibarras, L. D., & Corr, P. J. (2025) · Trends in Psychology · doi:10.1007/s43076-025-00504-5
- Authors
- Fagan, J. F., & Holland, C. R.
- Affiliations
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- Cuyahoga Community College (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fagan, Joseph F
- Venue
- Intelligence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-07
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 361-387
- ISSN
- 0160-2896 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1986646863
- Cited by
- 49
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 2.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Intelligence (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Race, Genetics, and Society
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies
- Keywords
- intelligence testing, equal opportunities, cultural bias in testing, black-white disparities
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review