On the relationship between sources of within- and between-group differences and measurement invariance in the common factor model

Structural Equations with Latent Variables.

Clogg, C. C., & Bollen, K. A. (1991) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2072165 · Cited by 17,471 · see citing works

EQS : structural equations program manual

Bentler, P. M. (1989) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 9,669 · see citing works

Measurement Invariance, Factor Analysis and Factorial Invariance

Meredith, W. (1993) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02294825 · Cited by 4,536 · see citing works

Testing for the equivalence of factor covariance and mean structures: The issue of partial measurement invariance.

Byrne, B. M., Shavelson, R. J., & Muthén, B. (1989) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.105.3.456 · Cited by 3,928 · see citing works

Primary Mental Abilities

Thurstone, L. L. (1973) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-6129-9_8 · Cited by 2,130 · see citing works

Massive IQ gains in 14 nations: What IQ tests really measure.

Flynn, J. R. (1987) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.101.2.171 · Cited by 1,918 · see citing works

The Black-White Test Score Gap

Jencks, C., & Phillips, M. (2011) · Rowman & Littlefield Publishers eBooks · doi:10.5771/9780815746119 · Cited by 1,718 · see citing works

Mean and Covariance Structures (MACS) Analyses of Cross-Cultural Data: Practical and Theoretical Issues

Little, T. D. (1997) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr3201_3 · Cited by 1,397 · see citing works

The Bell Curve

Murray, C. A., & Herrnstein, R. J. (1994) · Cited by 1,383 · see citing works

The Nature of Intelligence

Resnick, L. Β. (2024) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781032646527 · Cited by 808 · see citing works

A GENERAL METHOD FOR STUDYING DIFFERENCES IN FACTOR MEANS AND FACTOR STRUCTURE BETWEEN GROUPS

Sörbom, D. (1974) · British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1974.tb00543.x · Cited by 679 · see citing works

The Analysis of Variance and the Analysis of Causes.

Lewontin, R. C. (1974) · Zenodo · doi:10.5281/zenodo.10755182 · Cited by 581 · see citing works

New methods for the analysis of change

Collins, L. M., & Sayer, A. (2001) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10409-000 · Cited by 578 · see citing works

Item bias and item response theory

Mellenbergh, G. J. (1989) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/0883-0355(89)90002-5 · Cited by 553 · see citing works

Annotation: the analysis of variance and the analysis of causes.

Lewontin, R. C. (1974) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 533 · see citing works

Searching for justice: The discovery of IQ gains over time.

Flynn, J. R. (1999) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.54.1.5 · Cited by 499 · see citing works

Second-generation structural equation modeling with a combination of categorical and continuous latent variables: New opportunities for latent class–latent growth modeling.

Muthén, B. (2001) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10409-010 · Cited by 442 · see citing works

The rising curve: Long-term gains in IQ and related measures.

(1998) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10270-000 · Cited by 379 · see citing works

Social Class in America: A Manual of Procedure for the Measurement of Social Status.

Swanson, G. E., Warner, W. L., Meeker, M., et al. (1949) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2086696 · Cited by 366 · see citing works

Untitled work

(1998) · Cited by 293 · see citing works

The nature of the black–white difference on various psychometric tests: Spearman's hypothesis

Jensen, A. R. (1985) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00020392 · Cited by 284 · see citing works

Generalized linear item response theory.

Mellenbergh, G. J. (1994) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.115.2.300 · Cited by 203 · see citing works

Race and Intelligence

Lewontin, R. C. (1970) · Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists · doi:10.1080/00963402.1970.11457774 · Cited by 203 · see citing works

Race, social class and ability patterns on the WISC-R

Jensen, A. R., & Reynolds, C. R. (1982) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(82)90007-1 · Cited by 193 · see citing works

IQ gains over time: Toward finding the causes.

Flynn, J. R. (1998) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10270-001 · Cited by 161 · see citing works

The Use Of Analysis Of Covariance Structures For Comparing The Psychometric Properties Of Multiple Variables Across Populations

Rock, D. A., Werts, C. E., & Flaugher, R. L. (1978) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr1304_3 · Cited by 151 · see citing works

Invariance in measurement and prediction: Their relationship in the single-factor case.

Millsap, R. E. (1997) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.2.3.248 · Cited by 142 · see citing works

A Unidimensional Latent Trait Model for Continuous Item Responses

Mellenbergh, G. J. (1994) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr2903_2 · Cited by 141 · see citing works

Advances in Parapsychological Research

Krippner, S., White, R. A., Carlson, M. L., Ullman, M., & Becker, R. O. (1982) · RUNE (Research UNE) · Cited by 118 · see citing works

Simulation study of item bias detection with restricted factor analysis

Oort, F. J. (1998) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519809540095 · Cited by 117 · see citing works

A critique of the Flynn Effect: massive IQ gains, methodological artifacts, or both?

Rodgers, J. L. (1998) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0160-2896(99)00004-5 · Cited by 110 · see citing works

Investigating Spearman's Hypothesis by Means of Multi-Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis

Dolan, C. V. (2000) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr3501_2 · Cited by 99 · see citing works

Comparison of black-white differences on the WISC-R and the K-ABC: Spearman's hypothesis

Naglieri, J. A., & Jensen, A. R. (1987) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0160-2896(87)90024-9 · Cited by 84 · see citing works

A study of the power associated with testing factor mean differences under violations of factorial invariance

Kaplan, D., & George, R. (1995) · Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519509539999 · Cited by 83 · see citing works

Individual and group differences in adoption studies of IQ.

Turkheimer, E. (1991) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.110.3.392 · Cited by 76 · see citing works

Measurement Invariance, Predictive Invariance, and the Duality Paradox

Millsap, R. E. (1995) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr3004_6 · Cited by 75 · see citing works

Twins: Black and White

Osborne, R. T. (1980) · Cited by 72 · see citing works

Environmental complexity and the Flynn effect.

Schooler, C. (1998) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10270-002 · Cited by 72 · see citing works

Weak measurement invariance with respect to unmeasured variables: An implication of strict factorial invariance

Lubke, G. H., Dolan, C. V., Kelderman, H., & Mellenbergh, G. J. (2003) · British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology · doi:10.1348/000711003770480020 · Cited by 62 · see citing works

Can Unequal Residual Variances Across Groups Mask Differences in Residual Means in the Common Factor Model?

Lubke, G. H., & Dolan, C. V. (2003) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1207/s15328007sem1002_1 · Cited by 59 · see citing works

Using restricted factor analysis to detect item bias

Oort, F. J. (1992) · Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) · Cited by 54 · see citing works

Two failures of Spearman's hypothesis: The GATB in Holland and the JAT in South Africa

Dolan, C. (2004) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2003.09.001 · Cited by 50 · see citing works

IQ Gains, WISC Subtests and Fluid g : g Theory and the Relevance of Spearman's Hypothesis to Race

Flynn, J. R. (2000) · Novartis Foundation symposium · doi:10.1002/0470870850.ch13 · Cited by 44 · see citing works

The role of nutrition in the development of intelligence.

Sigman, M., & Whaley, S. E. (1998) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10270-005 · Cited by 41 · see citing works

Investigating Group Differences on Cognitive Tests Using Spearman's Hypothesis: An Evaluation of Jensen's Method

Lubke, G. H., Dolan, C. V., & Kelderman, H. (2001) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906299-324 · Cited by 35 · see citing works

The Relevance of Factor Analysis for the Study of Group Differences

Gustafsson, J. (1992) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr2702_7 · Cited by 32 · see citing works

Two Aspects of the Simplex Model: Goodness of Fit to Linear Growth Curve Structures and the Analysis of Mean Trends

Mandys, F., Dolan, C. V., & Molenaar, P. C. M. (1994) · Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics · doi:10.3102/10769986019003201 · Cited by 32 · see citing works

Alternative Approaches to Factorial Invariance

Bloxom, B. (1972) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02291219 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

Subpopulation invariance of patterns in covariance matrices

Ellis, J. L. (1993) · British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1993.tb01014.x · Cited by 17 · see citing works

On the alleged independence of variance components and group differences.

Turkheimer, E. N. (1990) · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Detecting mixtures from structural model differences using latent variable mixture modeling: a comparison of relative model fit statistics

Henson, J. M., Reise, S. P., & Kim, K. H. (2007) · Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705510709336744 · Cited by 429 · see citing works

Stereotype Threat and Group Differences in Test Performance: A Question of Measurement Invariance.

Wicherts, J. M., Dolan, C. V., & Hessen, D. J. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.5.696 · Cited by 126 · see citing works

Raven's test performance of sub-Saharan Africans: Average performance, psychometric properties, and the Flynn Effect

Wicherts, J. M., Dolan, C. V., Carlson, J. S., & van der Maas, H. L. J. (2010) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2009.12.001 · Cited by 102 · see citing works

Two failures of Spearman's hypothesis: The GATB in Holland and the JAT in South Africa

Dolan, C. (2004) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2003.09.001 · Cited by 50 · see citing works

Psychometric problems with the method of correlated vectors applied to item scores (including some nonsensical results)

Wicherts, J. M. (2017) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2016.11.002 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Between-Group Mean Differences in Intelligence in the United States Are >0% Genetically Caused: Five Converging Lines of Evidence

Warne, R. T. (2021) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5406/amerjpsyc.134.4.0479 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Measurement and description of underlying dimensions of comorbid mental disorders using Factor Mixture Models: results of the ESEMeD project

Almansa, J., Vermunt, J. K., Forero, C. G., Vilagut, G., De Graaf, R., De Girolamo, G., & Alonso, J. (2011) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.334 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

An updated paradigm for evaluating measurement invariance incorporating common method variance and its assessment

Steenkamp, J. E. M., & Maydeu‐Olivares, A. (2020) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-020-00745-z · Cited by 96 · see citing works

The Multigroup Common Factor Model With Minimal Uniqueness Constraints and the Power to Detect Uniform Bias

Hessen, D. J., Dolan, C. V., & Wicherts, J. M. (2006) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0146621605279760 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Relaxed methods for evaluating measurement invariance within a multiple-group confirmatory factor analytic framework

Brace, J. C. (2020) · cIRcle (University of British Columbia) · doi:10.14288/1.0395201 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Measurement Invariance is Not Sufficient for Meaningful and Valid Group Comparisons: A Note on Robitzsch and Lüdtke

Raykov, T. (2024) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511.2023.2254497 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Why Full, Partial, or Approximate Measurement Invariance Are Not a Prerequisite for Meaningful and Valid Group Comparisons

Robitzsch, A., & Lüdtke, O. (2023) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511.2023.2191292 · Cited by 205 · see citing works