Cited by 851Gender Roles and Identity StudiesMental Health Treatment and AccessAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 63 of the 63 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Barriers to help-seeking by men: a review of sociocultural and clinical literature with particular reference to depression

Möller-Leimkühler, Anne Maria·2002·Journal of Affective Disorders

DOI 10.1016/s0165-0327(01)00379-2

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Consultation rates and help-seeking patterns in men are consistently lower than in women, especially in the case of emotional problems and depressive symptoms. Empirical evidence shows that low treatment rates for men cannot be explained by better health, but must be attributed to a discrepancy between perception of need and help-seeking behavior. It is argued that social norms of traditional masculinity make help-seeking more difficult because of the inhibition of emotional expressiveness influencing symptom perception of depression. Other medical and social factors which produce further barriers to help-seeking are also examined. Lines of future research are proposed to investigate the links between changing masculinity and its impact on expressiveness and on the occurrence and presentation of depressive symptoms in men.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/s0165-0327(01)00379-2

Cites

63 of 63 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Sex and depression in the National Comorbidity Survey, I: lifetime prevalence, chronicity and recurrence
Kessler, R. (1993) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(93)90026-g · Cited by 2,207
Sex Differences and the Epidemiology of Depression
Weissman, M. M. (1977) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1977.01770130100011 · Cited by 1,853
The Psychology of Physical Symptoms
Pennebaker, J. W. (1982) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-8196-9 · Cited by 1,789
Utilization of Health and Mental Health Services
Shapiro, S. (1984) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1984.01790210053007 · Cited by 816
Increasing Rates of Depression
Klerman, G. L. (1989) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1989.03420150079041 · Cited by 787
The twain meet: empirical explanations of sex differences in health and mortality
Verbrugge, L. M. (1989) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136961 · Cited by 702
Sex Differences in Psychiatric Help-Seeking: Evidence from Four Large-Scale Surveys
Kessler, R. C., Brown, R., & Broman, C. L. (1981) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136367 · Cited by 616
Stress, personal control and health.
Steptoe, A., & Appels, A. (1989) · Cited by 603
Does Employment Affect Health?
Ross, C. E., & Mirowsky, J. (1995) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2137340 · Cited by 600
Social-psychological factors affecting help-seeking for emotional problems
Rickwood, D. J., & Braithwaite, V. A. (1994) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(94)90099-x · Cited by 583

Show all 63 references

Research works printed but not linked: 3

Mechanic, D., 1978. Medical Sociology. 2nd ed., The Free Press, New York.
Meller, 1989, Die Inanspruchnahme psychiatrischer Dienste in der Gesamtbevölkerung, Nervenarzt, 60, 462
TdW Intermedia, 1997. (Ed.) Typologie der Wünsche 1997/98. Frankfurt.

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 851

Detecting Depression in Men: A Matter of Guesswork
Brownhill, S., Wilhelm, K. A., Barclay, L. M., & Parker, G. B. (2002) · International Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.3149/jmh.0103.259 · Cited by 43
What do Asian men consider as important masculinity attributes? Findings from the Asian Men's Attitudes to Life Events and Sexuality (MALES) Study
Ng, C. J., Tan, H. M., & Low, W. Y. (2008) · Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1016/j.jomh.2008.10.005 · Cited by 43
“Traditionally, men have been socialised to portray a strong image; being sick and seeking help could be perceived by the family, peers and society as a sign of weakness [2,6,12].”
Lifetime Risk of Suicidal Behaviors and Communication to a Health Professional About Suicidal Ideation
Encrenaz, G., Kovess–Masféty, V., Gilbert, F., Galéra, C., Lagarde, E., Mishara, B. L., & Messiah, A. (2012) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000113 · Cited by 43
Sex difference in prevalence of depression after stroke
Dong, L., Sánchez, B. N., Skolarus, L. E., Stulberg, E., Morgenstern, L. B., & Lisabeth, L. D. (2020) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000009394 · Cited by 43
“Alternatively, because having a known history of depression is influenced by treatmentseeking behaviors, there may be differential misclassification between sexes given the fact that men are less likely to seek help for depression than women.(29) Men in this subgroup might therefore have higher than average susceptibi…”
Background
Establishing Priorities for Reducing Suicide and Its Antecedents in the United States
Knox, K. L., & Caine, E. D. (2005) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2004.047217 · Cited by 43
Cognitive–Behavioral Treatment of Depression in Men: Tailoring Treatment and Directions for Future Research
Spendelow, J. S. (2015) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/1557988314529790 · Cited by 42
“Despite this, it is well-established that males hold less favorable attitudes toward help-seeking and utilize formal assistance less frequently than females for depression and other psychological problems (Chan & Hayashi, 2010; Curtis, 2010; Moller-Leimkuhler, 2002).”
Background
A systematic review of the evidence relating to disclosure of psychological distress by mental health professionals within the workplace
Zamir, A., Tickle, A., & Sabin‐Farrell, R. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23339 · Cited by 50
Prevalence and Comorbidities of Adolescent Depression in Germany
Hoffmann, F., Petermann, F., Glaeske, G., & Bachmann, C. (2012) · Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1024/1422-4917/a000199 · Cited by 42
“Nevertheless, the prevalence in this study might also have been influenced by gender-specific help-seeking behaviour (Möller-Leimkühler, 2002).”
Background
Comparison of obese men and women with binge eating disorder seeking weight management
Guerdjikova, A. I., McElroy, S. L., Kotwal, R., & Keck, P. E. (2007) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/bf03327777 · Cited by 42
Football and dementia: A qualitative investigation of a community based sports group for men with early onset dementia
Carone, L. J., Tischler, V., & Dening, T. (2014) · Dementia · doi:10.1177/1471301214560239 · Cited by 42
“Studies have shown that men are generally less likely to engage with services than women, and less likely to willingly discuss their problems (Möller-Leimkühler, 2002).”
Background
Who Seeks Treatment Where? Suicidal Behaviors and Health Care
Milner, A. J., & Leo, D. D. (2010) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181e07905 · Cited by 43
“Again, the violation of socially prescribed gender roles might be at the basis of this peculiar behavior (Möller-Leimkühler, 2002).”
Background
Evidence-Based assessment with men
Cochran, S. V. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20100 · Cited by 42
Recognition of depression in people of different cultures: a qualitative study
Lehti, A., Hammarström, A., & Mattsson, B. (2009) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/1471-2296-10-53 · Cited by 42
Working-Class Men’s Constructions of Help-Seeking When Feeling Depressed or Sad
Mahalik, J. R., & Backus, F. R. (2019) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/1557988319850052 · Cited by 42
“This idea would be consistent with earlier work recognizing how some expressions of masculinity, such as the suppression of vulnerable feelings, can be viewed as defensive in nature (Mahalik, Cournoyer, DeFranc, Cherry, & Napolitano, 1998; Möler-Leimkühler, 2002).”
Result
Social psychiatry and public mental health: present situation and future objectives Time for rethinking and renaissance?
Rutz, W. (2006) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00725.x · Cited by 41
Suicidality in men; practical issues, challenges, solutions
Rutz, W., & Rihmer, Z. (2007) · The Journal of Men's Health & Gender · doi:10.1016/j.jmhg.2007.07.046 · Cited by 65
“Another is the poor treatment rate for depressed men that is the consequence both of their less frequent help-seeking behaviour and the lower recognition rate [38,58,59] .”
Improving Mental Health Help-Seeking Behaviours for Male Students: A Framework for Developing a Complex Intervention
Sagar-Ouriaghli, I., Godfrey, E. L., Graham, S., & Brown, J. S. L. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17144965 · Cited by 54
“Indeed, by definition, conformity to masculine gender roles raises the threshold for when one can express distress, but can also result in denial, undervaluation and failure to identify symptoms that indicate the need for support [67].”
Background
Encouraging young men's participation in mental health research and treatment: perspectives in our technological age
Ellis, L. A., McCabe, K. L., Rahilly, K. A., Nicholas, M. A., Davenport, T. A., Burns, J. M., & Hickie, I. B. (2014) · Clinical Investigation · doi:10.4155/cli.14.61 · Cited by 38
A cognitive behavioural therapy smartphone app for adolescent depression and anxiety: co-design of ClearlyMe
Li, S. H., Achilles, M. R., Spanos, S., Habak, S., Werner-Seidler, A., & O’Dea, B. (2022) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x22000095 · Cited by 39
“This is particularly important given the lower rates of help-seeking among adolescent males (Möller-Leimkühler, 2002).”
Background
The challenges preventing men from seeking counselling or psychotherapy
Shepherd, G., Astbury, E., Cooper, A., Dobrzynska, W., Goddard, E., Murphy, H., & Whitley, A. (2023) · Mental Health & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.mhp.2023.200287 · Cited by 39
Impact of childhood sexual abuse on the emotions and behaviours of adult men from three ethnic groups in the USA
Payne, J. S., Galván, F. H., Williams, J. K., Prusinski, M., Zhang, M., Wyatt, G. E., & Myers, H. F. (2014) · Culture Health & Sexuality · doi:10.1080/13691058.2013.867074 · Cited by 40
“The socialisation of boys and men has been identified as a major contributing factor to their choice to remain silent (Nasjleti 1980; Romano and De Luca 2001; Möller-Leimkühler 2002).”
Background
Football metaphor and mental well-being: An evaluation of theIt's a Goal!programme
Spandler, H., McKeown, M., Roy, A., & Hurley, M. A. (2013) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.3109/09638237.2013.819420 · Cited by 39
“Research suggests that men’s reluctance to seek support can lead to serious escalation in distress and even suicide (Brownhill et al., 2005; Moller-Leimkuhler, 2002; Tedstone Doherty & Kartalova-O’Doherty, 2010).”
Self‐Concealment and Willingness to Seek Counseling for Psychological, Academic, and Career Issues
Vogel, D. L., & Armstrong, P. I. (2010) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2010.tb00038.x · Cited by 47
Gaps Between Patients, Media, and Academic Medicine in Discourses on Gender and Depression: A Metasynthesis
Johansson, E., Bengs, C., Danielsson, U., Lehti, A., & Hammarström, A. (2009) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732309333920 · Cited by 41
“(Moller-Leimkuhler, 2002, p. 1) One medical article suggested that women might adopt a biomedical explanatory model to manage the stigma of depression (Schreiber & Hartrick, 2002).”
Background
Factors associated with help-seeking for emotional or mental health problems in community members at risk of suicide
Mok, K., Chen, N. A., Torok, M. H., McGillivray, L., Zbukvic, I., & Shand, F. (2020) · Advances in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/18387357.2020.1770109 · Cited by 39
“Male participants had a significantly lower likelihood of having sought help from a GP, consistent with previous findings that men are less likely to seek help from professionals for emotional and mental health problems (Möller-Leimkühler, 2002; Oliver, Pearson, Coe, & Gunnell, 2005).”
Result
Depressive symptoms and antidepressant use in a random community sample of ethnically diverse, urban elder persons.
Grunebaum, M. F., Oquendo, M., & Manly, J. (2008) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.04.022 · Cited by 42
Is Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder Really a Disorder?
Browne, T. K. (2014) · Journal of Bioethical Inquiry · doi:10.1007/s11673-014-9567-7 · Cited by 47
“Want” versus “Need”: How Linguistic Framing Influences Responses to Crowdfunding Appeals
Su, L., Sengupta, J., Li, Y., & Chen, F. (2023) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucad033 · Cited by 40
Sampling bias in an internet treatment trial for depression
Donkin, L., Hickie, I. B., Christensen, H., Naismith, S. L., Neal, B., Cockayne, N. L., & Glozier, N. (2012) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2012.100 · Cited by 38
The role of gender, sexuality and context upon help-seeking for intimate partner violence: A synthesis of data across five studies
Morgan, K., Buller, A. M., Evans, M. A., Trevillion, K., Williamson, E., & Malpass, A. (2016) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2016.09.001 · Cited by 39
Allostatic Load Biomarker Associations with Depressive Symptoms Vary among US Black and White Women and Men
Bey, G., Jesdale, B. M., Ulbricht, C. M., Mick, E. O., & Person, S. D. (2018) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare6030105 · Cited by 43
Men's health literacy: advancing evidence and priorities
Peerson, A., & Saunders, M. (2009) · Critical Public Health · doi:10.1080/09581590902906229 · Cited by 38
“Explorations of issues surrounding men's health literacy are beginning to emerge in the more recent literature on men's help-seeking behaviour (Moller-Leimkuhler 2002 , Richardson 2004 , O’Brien et al .”
Background
Sex differences in help‐seeking appear in early childhood
Benenson, J. F., & Koulnazarian, M. (2007) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1348/026151007x231048 · Cited by 38
Role of the Gender-Linked Norm of Toughness in the Decision to Engage in Treatment for Depression
O’Loughlin, R. E., Duberstein, P. R., Veazie, P. J., Bell, R. A., Rochlen, A. B., y Garcia, E. F., & Kravitz, R. L. (2011) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.62.7.pss6207_0740 · Cited by 38
“Although gender norms are commonly presumed to act as barriers to help seeking, the evidence for this position has been derived largely from small, nonrepresentative samples (14,26).”
Background
The theory of masculinity in studies on HIV. A systematic review
Jacques‐Aviñó, C., de Olalla, P. G., Antelo, A. G., Fernández-Quevedo, M., Romaní, O., & Caylà, J. A. (2018) · Global Public Health · doi:10.1080/17441692.2018.1493133 · Cited by 39
“Future studies should be considered, diversity in sexual and cultural identity and European population, on the other, the mechanisms (eg, education, the media, nuclei of sociability) through which patterns reinforcing a hegemonic model of masculinity facilitating the acquisition of HIV and other STI.”
BackgroundInfluential
Health-Related Quality of Life, Depressive Symptoms, Anxiety, and Somatization Symptoms in Male and Female Patients with Chronic Tinnitus
Boecking, B., Biehl, R., Brüeggemann, P., & Mazurek, B. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10132798 · Cited by 37
Troubled bodies – troubled men: a narrative analysis of men’s stories of chronic muscle pain
Ahlsen, B., Mengshoel, A. M., & Solbrække, K. N. (2012) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.3109/09638288.2012.660601 · Cited by 37
Socioeconomic predictors and consequences of depression among primary care attenders with non-communicable diseases in the Western Cape, South Africa: cohort study within a randomised trial
Folb, N., Lund, C., Fairall, L. R., Timmerman, V., Levitt, N. S., Steyn, K., & Bachmann, M. O. (2015) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2509-4 · Cited by 37
“These findings are consistent with work from HIV cohorts in Southern Africa which have shown that proportionally more women than men are on antiretroviral therapy [37], and highlights the need to identify barriers to men accessing healthcare [38, 39].”
The Role of Gender, Experiential Avoidance, and Scrupulosity in Problematic Pornography Viewing: A Moderated-Mediation Model*
Borgogna, N. C., & McDermott, R. C. (2018) · Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity The Journal of Treatment and Prevention · doi:10.1080/10720162.2018.1503123 · Cited by 37
“These findings, may also shed new light on numerous studies within the psychology of men and masculinities documenting men’s avoidance of vulnerable emotions (Berger, Levant, Mcmillan, Kelleher, & Sellers, 2005; Moller-Leimkuhler, 2002).”
Background
Gender differences in electroconvulsive therapy: a retrospective chart review
Bloch, Y., Ratzoni, G., Sobol, D., Mendlovic, S., Gal, G., & Levkovitz, Y. (2004) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2004.10.002 · Cited by 36
“The difference could be related to the accumulating data supporting a gender difference in bhelp-seeking behaviorQ (females more than males), especially in mental health-related issues (LaitinenKrispijn et al., 1999; Albizu-Garcia et al., 2001; Moller-Leimkuhler, 2002; Aalto-Setala et al., 2002).”
Background
Black Male Mental Health and the Black Church: Advancing a Collaborative Partnership and Research Agenda
Robinson, M. A., Jones-Eversley, S. D., Moore, S. E., Ravenell, J. E., & Adedoyin, A. C. (2018) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-018-0570-x · Cited by 51
“…multiple scholars afﬁrm that in comparison with females of most ethnic or racial groups and non-Hispanic White males, African American males signiﬁcantly have the least likelihood to seek help for health-related issues (Mo¨ller-Leimku¨hler 2002; Neighbors et al. 2007; Zoratti et al. 1998).”
Silence is Deadly: A controlled trial of a public health intervention to promote help‐seeking in adolescent males
Calear, A. L., Morse, A. R., Batterham, P. J., Forbes, O., & Banfield, M. (2021) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12703 · Cited by 35
Men’s Experiences of Living With Osteoporosis: Focus Group Interviews
Nielsen, D. S., Brixen, K., & Huniche, L. (2010) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/1557988310372800 · Cited by 38
“When men with health problems present themselves to health professionals, they usually present at a later illness stage than do women and at a time when treatment is less likely to be of value (Gough, 2006; Möller-Leimkühler, 2002; Noone & Stephens, 2008).”
Background
Respondents’ report of a clinician-diagnosed depression in health surveys: comparison with DSM-IV mental disorders in the general adult population in Germany
Maske, U., Hapke, U., Riedel-Heller, S. G., Busch, M. A., & Kessler, R. C. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1203-8 · Cited by 37
Men’s Help-Seeking for Distress: Navigating Varied Pathways and Practices
Vickery, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Sociology · doi:10.3389/fsoc.2021.724843 · Cited by 35
“…the years, evidence has suggested that men are less likely to seek help or treatment from a professional for mental health difficulties on account of perceived threat to masculine norms (Courtenay, 2000; Moller-Leimkuhler, 2002; Addis and Mahalik, 2003; Galdas et al., 2005; O’Brien et al., 2005).”
Background
Real men don't talk? Relationships among depressiveness, loneliness, conformity to masculine norms, and male non-disclosure of mental distress
Wagner, A., & Reifegerste, D. (2024) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2024.100296 · Cited by 40
Variables Associated With Perceived Unmet Need for Mental Health Care in a Canadian Epidemiologic Catchment Area
Fleury, M., Grenier, G., Bamvita, J., Perreault, M., & Caron, J. (2015) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201400363 · Cited by 34
Men's use of positive strategies for preventing and managing depression: A qualitative investigation
Fogarty, A. S., Proudfoot, J. G., Whittle, E. L., Player, M. J., Christensen, H. M., Hadži-Pavlović, D., & Wilhelm, K. A. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.08.070 · Cited by 35
A narrative synthesis of factors that affect women speaking up about early warning signs and symptoms of pre-eclampsia and responses of healthcare staff
Carter, W., Bick, D., Mackintosh, N. J., & Sandall, J. (2017) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-017-1245-4 · Cited by 34
The Influence of Social Interaction and Physical Health on the Association Between Hearing and Depression With Age and Gender
Keidser, G., & Seeto, M. (2017) · Trends in Hearing · doi:10.1177/2331216517706395 · Cited by 36
“Providing psychosocial counselling to those who may need it the most could be challenging however, as males are typically less likely than females to reach out for help with emotional problems and depression (e.g., Addis and Mahalik, 2003; Wadsworth & Möller-Leimkühler, 2002).”
Background
Gendered race modification of the association between chronic stress and depression among Black and White U.S. adults.
Bey, G., Waring, M. E., Jesdale, B. M., & Person, S. D. (2018) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/ort0000301 · Cited by 34
“For this reason, our estimates of the association between AL and depression may be underestimated, especially among White women, who are the most likely of the groups in this analysis to seek and undergo treatment for depression (Cooper et al., 2003; Möller-Leimkühler, 2002; Sussman, Robins, & Earls, 1987).”
Background
The effects of individual factors and school environment on mental health and prejudiced attitudes among Norwegian adolescents
Andersson, H. W., Bjø‌rngaard, J. H., Kaspersen, S. L., Wang, C. E. A., Skre, I., & Dahl, T. (2009) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-009-0099-0 · Cited by 34
“to seek help for emotional problems [47], and females are more accepting of people with psychiatric disorders [48]”
Background
Influencing the Conversation About Masculinity and Suicide: Evaluation of the Man Up Multimedia Campaign Using Twitter Data
Schlichthorst, M., King, K., Turnure, J., Sukunesan, S., Phelps, A. J., & Pirkis, J. (2018) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.9120 · Cited by 34
“In addition, men tend to avoid or delay help-seeking, particularly for emotional issues [8-10], have greater difficulties in recognizing negative emotions or distress [11], and are less aware of help services available to them [12,13].”
Background
Depressive Symptoms and Suicide Risk in Older Adults: Value Placed on Autonomy as a Moderator for Men but Not Women
Bamonti, P. M., Price, E. C., & Fiske, A. (2013) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12062 · Cited by 38
Determinants and patterns of service utilization and recourse to professionals for mental health reasons
Fleury, M., Grenier, G., Bamvita, J., & Caron, J. (2014) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/1472-6963-14-161 · Cited by 34
Can the effects of a 1-day CBT psychoeducational workshop on self-confidence be maintained after 2 years? A naturalistic study
Brown, J. S. L., Elliott, S. A., Boardman, J., Andiappan, M., Landau, S., & Howay, E. (2007) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20365 · Cited by 32
Factors associated with suicide by firearm among U.S. older adult men.
Kaplan, M. S., Huguet, N., McFarland, B. H., & Mandle, J. A. (2011) · Psychology of Men & Masculinity · doi:10.1037/a0023173 · Cited by 33
Sex Differences in Pain
Keogh, E. (2008) · Reviews in Pain · doi:10.1177/204946370800200203 · Cited by 36
Life events and hippocampal volume in first-episode major depression
Kronmüller, K., Pantel, J., Götz, B., Köhler, S., Victor, D., Mundt, C., Magnotta, V. A., Giesel, F., Essig, M., & Schröder, J. (2008) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.01.022 · Cited by 32
Empowering the poor: A field study of the social psychological consequences of receiving autonomy or dependency aid in Panama
Alvarez, K., van Leeuwen, E., Montenegro‐Montenegro, E., & van Vugt, M. (2018) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12234 · Cited by 36
Profiles of Depressive Symptoms and Anger in Men: Associations With Postpartum Family Functioning
Macdonald, J. A., Greenwood, C. J., Francis, L. M., Harrison, T. R., Graeme, L. G., Youssef, G. J., Manno, L. D., Skouteris, H., Fletcher, R. J., Knight, T., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.578114 · Cited by 32
“Rigid conformity to traditional masculinity is also associated with a lesser tendency to seek help for emotional and psychological needs (42) and with increased suicide risk (43).”
Background
Food insecurity, depressive symptoms, and the salience of gendered family roles during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa
Shepherd, D. L. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114830 · Cited by 32
“…behavior has indicated a lower likelihood of seeking help to be related to conformity to masculine role norms and fear of rejection from significant others, as well as perceptions that the problem is non-normative and might be central to one’s character or personality (Möller-Leimkühler, 2002).”
Background
Cancer as a Problem to Be Solved
Dickerson, S. S., Reinhart, A. M., BOEMHKE, M., & Akhu‐Zaheya, L. (2010) · CIN Computers Informatics Nursing · doi:10.1097/ncn.0b013e3181f9ddb1 · Cited by 32
A comparison between the Beck's Depression Inventory and the Gotland Male Depression Scale in detecting depression among men visiting a drop-in clinic in primary care
Strömberg, R., Backlund, L. G., & Löfvander, M. B. (2010) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/08039480903511407 · Cited by 33
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER FEATURES IN AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SAMPLE OF ADULTS AGE 55–64: SELF VERSUS INFORMANT REPORT
Busch, A., Balsis, S., Morey, L., & Oltmanns, T. (2015) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2015_29_202 · Cited by 39
“Women may be more likely to seek treatment for example (Möller-Leimkühler, 2002), and it may follow in turn that a woman with BPD may be more likely to seek treatment than a man with BPD.”
Background
Differences in the Effectiveness of Psychosocial Interventions for Suicidal Ideation and Behaviour in Women and Men: A Systematic Review of Randomised Controlled Trials
Krysinska, K. E., Batterham, P. J., & Christensen, H. M. (2016) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2016.1162246 · Cited by 33
Silence is deadly: a cluster-randomised controlled trial of a mental health help-seeking intervention for young men
Calear, A. L., Banfield, M., Batterham, P. J., Morse, A. R., Forbes, O., Carron-Arthur, B., & Fisk, M. (2017) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4845-z · Cited by 31
“These differences in psychological openness are thought to be due to subjective masculine norms that encourage emotion suppression and lead to the stigmatisation of help-seeking for emotional problems [7].”
Background
Men navigating inward and outward through depression.
Ramirez, J., & Badger, T. (2014) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2013.10.001 · Cited by 35
Profiles of Recovery from Mood and Anxiety Disorders: A Person-Centered Exploration of People's Engagement in Self-Management
Coulombe, S., Radziszewski, S., Meunier, S., Provencher, H. L., Hudon, C., Roberge, P., Provencher, M. D., & Houle, J. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00584 · Cited by 37
“Men also tend to have less healthy lifestyles (Von Bothmer and Fridlund, 2005) and to consult less than women in cases of emotional problems, due to their endorsement of traditionally masculine cultural norms (Möller-Leimkühler, 2002).”
College Student Stress and Mental Health: Examination of Stigmatic Views on Mental Health Counseling
Holland, D., & Wheeler, H. (2016) · Opus: Research & Creativity (Indiana University – Purdue University Fort Wayne) · Cited by 31
Why are there gender inequalities in visual impairment?
Ulldemolins, A. R., Benach, J., Guisasola, L., & Artazcoz, L. (2018) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/cky245 · Cited by 36
Gender gap in health service utilisation and outcomes of depression: A cross-country longitudinal analysis of European middle-aged and older adults
Roxo, L., Silva, M., & Perelman, J. (2021) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106847 · Cited by 34
Malignant melanoma: gender patterns in care seeking for suspect marks
Hajdarević, S., Schmitt‐Egenolf, M., Brulin, C., Sundbom, E., & Hörnsten, Å. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03788.x · Cited by 31
Sex‐specific associations between self‐reported sleep duration, depression, anxiety, fatigue and daytime sleepiness in an older community‐dwelling population
Broström, A., Wåhlin, Å., Alehagen, U., Ulander, M., & Johansson, P. (2017) · Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences · doi:10.1111/scs.12461 · Cited by 31
Treatment-seeking differences for mental health problems in male- and non-male-dominated occupations: evidence from the HILDA cohort
Milner, A. J., Scovelle, A. J., & King, T. L. (2018) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796018000367 · Cited by 35
Danger- and non-danger-based stressors and their relations to posttraumatic deprecation or growth in Norwegian veterans deployed to Afghanistan
Nordstrand, A. E., Bøe, H. J., Holen, A., Reichelt, J. G., Gjerstad, C. L., & Hjemdal, O. (2019) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1601989 · Cited by 30
“In contrast, veterans who have been exposed to life-threatening situations may socially have less reticence to disclose their experiences and, thereby, may be more open to get support from colleagues, family and mental health professionals (DeViva et al., 2016; Möller-Leimkühler, 2002).”
Background
Gender differences in patients with dizziness and unsteadiness regarding self-perceived disability, anxiety, depression, and its associations
Kurre, A., Straumann, D., van Gool, C. J., Gloor-Juzi, T., & Bastiaenen, C. H. G. (2012) · BMC Ear Nose and Throat Disorders · doi:10.1186/1472-6815-12-2 · Cited by 30
Workplace Interventions Targeting Mental Health Literacy, Stigma, Help-Seeking, and Help-Offering in Male-Dominated Industries: A Systematic Review
Roche, E., Richardson, N., Sweeney, J., & O’Donnell, S. (2024) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/15579883241236223 · Cited by 45
“It is against this backdrop that poor health literacy, increased mental health stigma, and delayed help-seeking are implicated as key challenges to men’s mental health (Cotton et al., 2006; McKenzie et al., 2022; Mo¨ller-Leimku¨hler, 2002).”
Background
Factors perceived by employees regarding their sick leave due to depression
Corbière, M., Samson, E., Negrini, A., St-Arnaud, L., Durand, M., Coutu, M., Sauvé, G., & Lecomte, T. (2015) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.3109/09638288.2015.1046564 · Cited by 32
“studies of depression prevalence from most of the industrialized countries [45].”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Understanding poor help-seeking rates for major depressive disorder
Farmer, C. (2013) · Open Research Exeter (University of Exeter) · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-12-164
The Mental Vitality @ Work study: design of a randomized controlled trial on the effect of a workers' health surveillance mental module for nurses and allied health professionals
Gärtner, F. R., Ketelaar, S. M., Smeets, O., Bolier, L., Fischer, E. E., van Dijk, F. J. H., Nieuwenhuijsen, K., & Sluiter, J. K. (2011) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-290 · Cited by 36
Adolescent antecedents of maternal and paternal perinatal depression: a 36-year prospective cohort
Thomson, K., Romaniuk, H., Greenwood, C. J., Letcher, P., Spry, E., Macdonald, J. A., McAnally, H. M., Youssef, G. J., McIntosh, J. E., Hutchinson, D. M., et al. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720000902 · Cited by 32
Interventions to support the mental health and wellbeing of engineering students: a scoping review
Tait, J. E., Alexander, L., Hancock, E., & Bisset, J. (2023) · European Journal of Engineering Education · doi:10.1080/03043797.2023.2217658 · Cited by 34
“Help-seeking for mental health and wellbeing issues may also be a challenge for male engineering students as men are considerably less likely to seek help (Moller-Leimkuhler 2002; Galdas, Cheater, and Marshall 2005; Yousef, Grunfeld, and Hunter 2015; Bork and Mondisa 2022).”
Background
How gender and low mental health literacy are related to unmet need for mental healthcare: a cross-sectional population-based study in Sweden
Blom, S., Lindh, F., Lundin, A., Burström, B., Hensing, G. K. E., & Löve, J. (2024) · Archives of Public Health · doi:10.1186/s13690-023-01228-7 · Cited by 39
“It can also lead to gender bias in the healthcare system, as indicated by signs of under-diagnosis and under-treatment of depression in men [23–25].”
Background
Characteristics of Police Officer Suicides in the Federal Austrian Police Corps
Kapusta, N. D., Voracek, M., Etzersdorfer, E., Niederkrotenthaler, T., Dervic, K., Plener, P. L., Schneider, E., Stein, C., & Sonneck, G. (2010) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000033 · Cited by 28
“This could be a result of the demographic composition of the police sample, or because divorced and single police officers may be reluctant to seek help, because of masculine attitudes, when facing marital and relationship problems (Galdas, Cheater, & Marshall, 2005; Möller-Leimkühler, 2002), and therefore generally e…”
Background
Using football cultures as a vehicle to improve mental health in men: the case of the Redcar and cleveland boot room
Dixon, K., Belshaw, D., Johnson, P., & Flynn, D. (2018) · Sport in Society · doi:10.1080/17430437.2018.1514014 · Cited by 28
“Others scholars too have discussed factors related to why such populations are ‘hard to reach’, with men’s reluctance to seek support a contributor to stress escalation and even implicated in suicide (Moller-Leimkuhler 2002; Brownhill et al. 2005).”
Background
The relationship between social support, spiritual well-being, and depression in Christian clergy: a systematic literature review
Edwards, L. L., Bretherton, R., Gresswell, D. M., & Sabin‐Farrell, R. (2020) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2020.1838459 · Cited by 39
The Posttraumatic Impact of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss in Both Women and Men
Kuhlmann, E., Scharli, P., Schick, M., Ditzen, B., Langer, L., Strowitzki, T., Wischmann, T. H., & Kuon, R. (2023) · Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/a-1916-9180 · Cited by 33
Medicalization of the Uncertainty? An Empirical Study of the Relationships between Unemployment or Job Insecurity, Professional Care Seeking, and the Consumption of Antidepressants
Buffel, V., Dereuddre, R., & Bracke, P. (2015) · European Sociological Review · doi:10.1093/esr/jcv004 · Cited by 28
Mental health message appeals and audience engagement: Evidence from Australia
Yap, J. E., Zubcevic‐Basic, N., Johnson, L. W., & Lodewyckx, M. A. (2017) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/dax062 · Cited by 27
“these disheartening figures (Möller-Leimkühler, 2002; Gulliver et al., 2010), stigma is by far the most prevalent factor associated with depression and anxiety (Quinn et al.”
BackgroundInfluential
Teaching Gender Competency with Men in Mind: Foundations of an Online Training Program for Mental Health Practitioners
Seidler, Z. E., Wilson, M. J., Owen, J. J., Oliffe, J. L., Ogrodniczuk, J. S., Kealy, D., & Rice, S. (2021) · The Journal of Men s Studies · doi:10.1177/10608265211035941 · Cited by 27
“A dissatisfying or non-engaging therapy experience can significantly impact future help-seeking, amplify doubt, and result in deferral or complete avoidance of help-seeking (Calear et al., 2014; Möller-Leimkühler, 2002; Seidler et al., 2020b).”
Background
Inequities in Medical Follow-Up for Depression: A Population-Based Study in Montreal
Houle, J., Beaulieu, M., Lespérance, F., Frasure‐Smith, N., & Lambert, J. (2010) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.2010.61.3.258 · Cited by 27
Mental health among single and partnered parents in South Korea
Kong, K. A., Choi, H. Y., & Kim, S. I. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0182943 · Cited by 27
Gendered epidemiology: Making men’s health visible in epidemiological research
White, A., & Richardson, N. (2011) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2011.04.012 · Cited by 26
Prevention Strategies to Address Problematic Gaming: An Evaluation of Strategy Support Among Habitual and Problem Gamers
Stevens, M., Delfabbro, P., & King, D. L. (2021) · The Journal of Primary Prevention · doi:10.1007/s10935-021-00629-0 · Cited by 26
Stress and depression among women and men who have experienced recurrent pregnancy loss: focusing on both sexes
Hedegaard, S., Landersoe, S. K., Olsen, L. R., Krog, M. C., Kolte, A. M., & Nielsen, H. S. (2021) · Reproductive BioMedicine Online · doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2021.03.012 · Cited by 27
Gender-Specific Differences in Depressive Behavior Among Forensic Psychiatric Patients
Streb, J., Ruppel, E., Möller-Leimkühler, A. M., Büsselmann, M., Franke, I., & Dudeck, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.639191 · Cited by 27
“…increased focus and overcommitment in their professional lives, referred to as being a workaholic, particularly frequently (Spence and Robbins, 1992; Möller-Leimkühler, 2002; Cochran and Rabinowitz, 2003; Rutz and Rhimer, 2007; Oliffe and Phillips, 2008; Oliffe et al., 2013; Whittle et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Perception of masculinity amongst young Malaysian men: a qualitative study of university students
Khalaf, Z. F., Low, W. Y., Ghorbani, B., & Khoei, E. M. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-1062 · Cited by 26
“Although the importance of masculinity in men’s health has been widely discussed in the literature [14-18], little is known about the attributes of masculinity, and men’s perception of the importance of these attributes in their life”
Background
Young men’s health: A balance between self-reliance and vulnerability in the light of hegemonic masculinity
Nobis, R., & Sandén, I. (2008) · Contemporary Nurse · doi:10.5172/conu.673.29.2.205 · Cited by 26
“Möller-Leimkühler (2002) argues that the masculine stereotype does not allow men to seek help and access health care, even if help is needed and is potentially available for them.”
Background
Gendered Social Institutions and Preventive Healthcare Seeking for Black Men Who Have Sex with Men: The Promise of Biomedical HIV Prevention
Philbin, M. M., Parker, C. M., Parker, R., Wilson, P. A., García, J., & Hirsch, J. S. (2018) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-018-1211-x · Cited by 29
“Even men with health insurance may not receive preventionrelated information because insurance is more likely to cover acute medical intervention than information provision, counseling, and prevention (Möller-Leimkühler, 2002).”
Background

Authors: Möller-Leimkühler, A. M.
Affiliations: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
Corresponding author: Möller-Leimkühler, Anne Maria
Venue: Journal of Affective Disorders
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2002-09
Volume: 71
Issue: 1-3
Pages: 1-9
ISSN: 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0327(01)00379-2
OpenAlex: W1988759229
Cited by: 851
References: 63
Citations by year: 2026: 21 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 59 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 46
FWCI: 6.16
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: help-seeking, men, depression, masculinity, traditional masculinity, emotional expressiveness, barriers to treatment, gender differences, depressive symptoms, symptom perception, social norms
MeSH terms: Adult, Cultural Characteristics, Depression, Gender Identity, Humans, Male, Social Conditions, Health Behavior

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Barriers to help-seeking by men: a review of sociocultural and clinical literature with particular reference to depression

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks