The DOI matches its Crossref record; 63 of the 63 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Barriers to help-seeking by men: a review of sociocultural and clinical literature with particular reference to depression
Abstract
Consultation rates and help-seeking patterns in men are consistently lower than in women, especially in the case of emotional problems and depressive symptoms. Empirical evidence shows that low treatment rates for men cannot be explained by better health, but must be attributed to a discrepancy between perception of need and help-seeking behavior. It is argued that social norms of traditional masculinity make help-seeking more difficult because of the inhibition of emotional expressiveness influencing symptom perception of depression. Other medical and social factors which produce further barriers to help-seeking are also examined. Lines of future research are proposed to investigate the links between changing masculinity and its impact on expressiveness and on the occurrence and presentation of depressive symptoms in men.
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“Simply put, “boys are taught to be stoical and to ignore symptoms (“boys don't cry”), the threshold for expressing pain and emotional sensitivity (especially related to emotions like weakness, uncertainty, helplessness, and sadness) is heightened and results in emotional restriction” (Möller-Leimkühler, 2002).”
From The Disclosure Experiences of Male Child Sexual Abuse Survivors (2016) · cites this paper as Möller-Leimkühler, 2002
In the citing paper
“The literature confirmed that help-seeking was found to be challenging for males, however it was generally due to social constructs of masculinity”
From The Disclosure Experiences of Male Child Sexual Abuse Survivors (2016) · cites this paper as Möller-Leimkühler, 2002
In the citing paper
“Men cope with mental health difficulties differently compared to women, demonstrating an increased tendency to self-medicate with alcohol and drugs to alleviate emotional distress”
From Improving Mental Health Service Utilization Among Men: A Systematic Review and Synthesis of Behavior Change Techniques Within Interventions Targeting Help-Seeking (2019) · cites this paper as Möller-Leimkühler, 2002
In the citing paper
“Compared to women, men are less likely to seek help for mental health difficulties.”
From Improving Mental Health Service Utilization Among Men: A Systematic Review and Synthesis of Behavior Change Techniques Within Interventions Targeting Help-Seeking (2019) · cites this paper as Möller-Leimkühler, 2002
In the citing paper
“studies have also indicated clear gender differences with regards to help-seeking tendencies. This is particularly the case for emotional problems and depression”
From A systematic review of the factors associated with delays in medical and psychological help-seeking among men (2015) · cites this paper as Moller-Leimkuhler, 2002
In the citing paper
“These differences in psychological openness are thought to be due to subjective masculine norms that encourage emotion suppression and lead to the stigmatisation of help-seeking for emotional problems [7].”
From Silence is deadly: a cluster-randomised controlled trial of a mental health help-seeking intervention for young men (2017) · cites this paper as [7]
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“Moller-Leimkuhler (2002) argued that help seeking is a violation of traditional male role expectations, as it implies a “loss of status, loss of control and autonomy, incompetence, dependence, and damage of identity” (p. 6).”
BackgroundFairweather‐Schmidt, A. K., Leach, L., Butterworth, P., & Anstey, K. J. (2014) · ANU Open Research (Australian National University) · doi:10.3149/jmh.1302.75 · Cited by 7
“Concerted efforts are being undertaken to destigmatise mental illnesses, particularly depression in Australia (e.g., Jorm, Christensen, & Griffiths, 2006), but nevertheless, fear of stigma continues to thwart help-seeking activities of men (Möller-Leimkühler, 2002).”
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“accepted behaviors for men, this may lead to underdiagnosis and undertreatment of depression in men (Möller-Leimkühler, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Bradford & Airedale Health of Men initiative: a study of its effectiveness in engaging with men
White, A. H., Cash, K., Conrad, D. C., & Branney, P. (2008) · Leeds Beckett Repository (Leeds Beckett University) · Cited by 4
Felder, J. N., Banchefsky, S., Park, B., & Dimidjian, S. (2017) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201600154 · Cited by 4
Lloyd, F. M. M., Hewison, A., & Efstathiou, N. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.14072 · Cited by 4
Carr, E. R., & McKernan, L. C. (2015) · Journal of Psychotherapy Integration · doi:10.1037/a0039577 · Cited by 4
The use of social services by older males
Meyer, S. J. (2019) · Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1177/1468017318757358 · Cited by 4
Assari, S., & Dejman, M. (2019) · International Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_333_15 · Cited by 4
“[34,49] Data consistently show that men report better subjective health and less somatic and emotional symptoms than women.[39]”
Deans, C. L. (2020) · Public Health Research & Practice · doi:10.17061/phrp30012001 · Cited by 4
Characteristics of Patients Presenting to a Psycho-Oncology Outpatient Clinic
Park, C. H. K., Kim, H., Kim, Y., & Joo, Y. H. (2021) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2021.0093 · Cited by 4
Transitions in health service use among women with poor mental health: a 7-year follow-up
Dolja‐Gore, X., Loxton, D. J., D’Este, C. A., & Byles, J. (2022) · Family Medicine and Community Health · doi:10.1136/fmch-2021-001481 · Cited by 4
Krumm, S., Krieg, G., Lamp, N., Marek, F., Nickel, P., Panzirsch, M., Stiawa, M., Beschoner, P., Brieger, P., Frasch, K., et al. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04979-3 · Cited by 4
“Unlike depression in women, male depression is characterized by increased irritability, aggressiveness, anger and antisocial behavior [6, 10, 12, 13].”
BackgroundPehlivan, H. (2014) · Ege Eğitim Dergisi · doi:10.12984/eed.52204 · Cited by 4
Relationship Between Self-Efficacy and Counseling Attitudes Among First-Year College Students
Tirpak, D. M., & Schlosser, L. Z. (2015) · Journal of College Counseling · doi:10.1002/jocc.12015 · Cited by 5
Dzinamarira, T., Kuupiel, D., & Mashamba-Thompson, T. P. (2020) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-019-1266-3 · Cited by 4
“Literature on the social determinants of health and men’s poorer survival rates reflect several factors contributing toward low life expectancy, which include behavior associated with male norms of risk-taking and paradigms related to masculinity [1, 4, 5].”
BackgroundEcological Systems Theory of Asian American Mental Health Service Seeking
Takayama, J. R. (2010) · Cited by 4
Depression among adolescents and young adults - social and gender differences
Wirback, T. (2020) · Socialmedicinsk tidskrift · doi:10.62607/smt.v97i5-6.38249 · Cited by 4
Möller-Leimkühler, A. M. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-540-32221-3_10 · Cited by 4
Self-citationToosi, M. (2016) · ScholarWorks (Walden University) · Cited by 4
Constructions of masculinity among black South African men living with HIV : a discourse analysis
Lynch, I. (2008) · UpSpace Institutional Repository (University of Pretoria) · Cited by 4
Mthembu, M. E. (2015) · ResearchSpace (University of KwaZulu-Natal) · Cited by 4
Aayisha, Ng, J. Q. X., Chee, C. Y. I., Dennis, C., Choolani, M. A., & Shorey, S. (2025) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.70065 · Cited by 5
Laskowski, N. M., Müller, R., Theunert, M., & Paslakis, G. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1725181 · Cited by 4
“…suggests that physicians spend less time with male patients and are less likely to inquire about emotional distress (Courtenay, 2000; Brooks, 2001; Möller-Leimkühler, 2002; Dey and Jorm, 2017; Walther, 2025), potentially contributing to underdiagnosis and delayed treatment among men (Borowsky et…”
InfluentialAlbrecht, G. (2012) · VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-531-94160-8_24 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Möller-Leimkühler, A. M.
- Affiliations
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Möller-Leimkühler, Anne Maria
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-09
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 1-3
- Pages
- 1-9
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1988759229
- Cited by
- 851
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 59 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 46
- FWCI
- 6.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- help-seeking, men, depression, masculinity, traditional masculinity, emotional expressiveness, barriers to treatment, gender differences, depressive symptoms, symptom perception, social norms
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cultural Characteristics, Depression, Gender Identity, Humans, Male, Social Conditions, Health Behavior
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