The DOI matches its Crossref record; 63 of the 63 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Barriers to help-seeking by men: a review of sociocultural and clinical literature with particular reference to depression
Abstract
Consultation rates and help-seeking patterns in men are consistently lower than in women, especially in the case of emotional problems and depressive symptoms. Empirical evidence shows that low treatment rates for men cannot be explained by better health, but must be attributed to a discrepancy between perception of need and help-seeking behavior. It is argued that social norms of traditional masculinity make help-seeking more difficult because of the inhibition of emotional expressiveness influencing symptom perception of depression. Other medical and social factors which produce further barriers to help-seeking are also examined. Lines of future research are proposed to investigate the links between changing masculinity and its impact on expressiveness and on the occurrence and presentation of depressive symptoms in men.
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“Simply put, “boys are taught to be stoical and to ignore symptoms (“boys don't cry”), the threshold for expressing pain and emotional sensitivity (especially related to emotions like weakness, uncertainty, helplessness, and sadness) is heightened and results in emotional restriction” (Möller-Leimkühler, 2002).”
From The Disclosure Experiences of Male Child Sexual Abuse Survivors (2016) · cites this paper as Möller-Leimkühler, 2002
In the citing paper
“The literature confirmed that help-seeking was found to be challenging for males, however it was generally due to social constructs of masculinity”
From The Disclosure Experiences of Male Child Sexual Abuse Survivors (2016) · cites this paper as Möller-Leimkühler, 2002
In the citing paper
“Men cope with mental health difficulties differently compared to women, demonstrating an increased tendency to self-medicate with alcohol and drugs to alleviate emotional distress”
From Improving Mental Health Service Utilization Among Men: A Systematic Review and Synthesis of Behavior Change Techniques Within Interventions Targeting Help-Seeking (2019) · cites this paper as Möller-Leimkühler, 2002
In the citing paper
“Compared to women, men are less likely to seek help for mental health difficulties.”
From Improving Mental Health Service Utilization Among Men: A Systematic Review and Synthesis of Behavior Change Techniques Within Interventions Targeting Help-Seeking (2019) · cites this paper as Möller-Leimkühler, 2002
In the citing paper
“studies have also indicated clear gender differences with regards to help-seeking tendencies. This is particularly the case for emotional problems and depression”
From A systematic review of the factors associated with delays in medical and psychological help-seeking among men (2015) · cites this paper as Moller-Leimkuhler, 2002
In the citing paper
“These differences in psychological openness are thought to be due to subjective masculine norms that encourage emotion suppression and lead to the stigmatisation of help-seeking for emotional problems [7].”
From Silence is deadly: a cluster-randomised controlled trial of a mental health help-seeking intervention for young men (2017) · cites this paper as [7]
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BackgroundHelp Seeking Among Male Farmers and their Female Partners: A Qualitative Exploration
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Conley, K. A. (2011) · VCU Scholars Compass (Virginia Commonwealth University) · doi:10.25772/z3tf-an24 · Cited by 3
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Spillman, B. D. (2006) · Cited by 3
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“…of disturbance are often very high and there have been concerns about the vulnerability of women in mixed-sex wards to intimidation, violence and sexual harassment (Cleary & Warren, 1998; Henderson & Reveley, 1996) and suggestions that all-female wards may be more therapeutic (e.g., Mallon, 2001).”
BackgroundBailey, S., Mushquash, C. J., & Haggarty, J. M. (2017) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare5020018 · Cited by 3
“It might be that men find physical symptoms as more acceptable reasons for seeking help versus typical mental health symptoms, or that men’s experience of mental health symptoms are atypical to begin with [36].”
BackgroundDominican College Students’ Experiences of Distress, Help-Seeking and Stigma
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BackgroundSoziologische Aspekte psychiatrischer Erkrankungen
Möller-Leimkühler, A. (2003) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-540-27386-7_12 · Cited by 4
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“124 college they may have been part of the drinking culture which may explain this relationship. This should be explored further in future research. The final demographic factor found to be a significant predictor of officer health and wellness was officer experience. Specifically, it was found that officer experience…”
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Development of a men's depression inventory
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BackgroundRutz, W., & Rihmer, Z. (2021) · doi:10.1093/med/9780198834441.003.0041 · Cited by 3
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“Designing interventions that are effective and used by older men is a particular challenge for future clinicians and researchers (Möller-Leimkühler, 2002).”
BackgroundChallenging Depression Criteria: An Exploration of Men's Experiences of Depression.
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Sex‐Specific Association Between Socioeconomic Status and Stroke Mortality
Bader, E. R., Stock, A. D., Kemball-Cook, W. S., Coenen, R. G., de la Garza, Á. G., Altschul, D., Killian, N. J., & Eskandar, E. N. (2026) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.125.047445 · Cited by 1
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“However, since most existing research focuses primarily on the US help-seeking patterns for depressive disorders; little data is available on cultures outside the US [67].”
BackgroundMcKelley, R. A. (2008) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library) · Cited by 1
Psychosocial Support Programme for Young Men at Risk: Who Participates, Who Drops Out?
Appelqvist‐Schmidlechner, K., HENRIKSSON, M. M., Joukamaa, M. I., Parkkola, K. I., Upanne, M., & Stengrd, E. (2011) · International Journal of Mental Health Promotion · doi:10.1080/14623730.2011.9715655 · Cited by 1
“Help-seeking implies loss of status, loss of control and autonomy, incompetence, dependence and damage to identity (Davies et al, 2000; Möller-Leimkühler, 2002; Addis & Mahalik, 2003).”
BackgroundMale Mental Health: A Peek Inside the Black Box
Tripp, D. A., & Yurgan, H. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-3237-5_16 · Cited by 1
“Likewise, according to the mental health literature, men are more likely to be resistant to seeking help for distress [ 24 , 25 ].”
BackgroundWorthington, D. C. (2015) · VCU Scholars Compass (Virginia Commonwealth University) · doi:10.25772/xebe-4872 · Cited by 1
“that women seek treatment for less severe mental illness more often than men, which is consistent with the higher proportion of females in the psychology engaged group in the current study, but the absence of a gender difference in the other levels of utilization (Addis & Mahalik, 2003; Moller-Leimkuhler, 2002).”
ResultBentil, E. E., & Sa, D. (2015) · Clinical and Experimental Psychology · doi:10.4172/2471-2701.1000108 · Cited by 1
“adverse effect on men’s health in that it affects their perceived barriers to care and mostly discourages them from seeking health/mental health care [17,18].”
BackgroundRooney, L. A., John, M., & Morison, L. A. (2019) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1111/cp.12182 · Cited by 1
Weiss, M., Hildebrand, A., Braun‐Scharm, H., & Stemmler, M. (2021) · Psych · doi:10.3390/psych3020007 · Cited by 1
“In contrast to prior research [1,21], we did not find many gender-specific barriers.”
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Hswen, Y., Nguemdjo, U., Elad, Y.-T., & Ventelou, B. (2021) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100993 · Cited by 1
“Men are less likely to seek help for their depression (Möller-Leimkühler, 2002) and women are more often diagnosed with depression (Albert, 2015).”
BackgroundDavies, G., Deane, F. P., Williams, V., & Giles, C. (2022) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/cfs.12909 · Cited by 1
Allen, J. L., Szechy, K. A., Campbell, R., Nobile, J., & Huggins-Hoyt, K. Y. (2022) · Journal of Human Behavior in The Social Environment · doi:10.1080/10911359.2022.2120589 · Cited by 1
“These perceptions coupled with traditional male identity roles create a doubleedged sword for men who correlate competence and success with positive self-esteem, and failure and uncontrolled stress with anxiety and vulnerability (Möller-Leimkühler, 2002).”
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“It has been shown that social norms might make men more reluctant to admit mental health problems and access mental health services (M ¨ oller-Leimkühler, 2002).”
BackgroundAlcalde, E., Rouquette, A., Wiernik, E., & Rigal, L. (2024) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640241237714 · Cited by 1
“This starting point encompasses internal factors (i.e. somatic and emotional elements) and external factors (i.e. sociocultural context; Möller-Leimkühler, 2002).”
InfluentialInanspruchnahme psychosozialer Hilfen bei jungen Erwachsenen mit suizidalem Erleben und Verhalten
Weiss, M., Hildebrand, A., & Stemmler, M. (2024) · PPmP - Psychotherapie · Psychosomatik · Medizinische Psychologie · doi:10.1055/a-2398-6074 · Cited by 1
Majuri, T., Huikari, S., Jääskeläinen, E., Ala‐Mursula, L., Rissanen, I. L., & Korhonen, M. (2024) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640241299384 · Cited by 1
“It has been argued that social norms of mas-culinity may make help-seeking more difficult for males due to inhibited emotional expressiveness, which affects symptom perception (Möller-Leimkühler, 2002).”
Jungengesundheit aus urologischer Sicht
Rosellen, J., & Anheuser, P. (2025) · Die Urologie · doi:10.1007/s00120-025-02596-4 · Cited by 1
Service social : une longue tradition d’intervention lors d’une crise suicidaire
Tremblay, G. (2013) · Santé mentale au Québec · doi:10.7202/1014952ar · Cited by 1
Elterman, D., & Pelman, R. S. (2014) · Revista Médica Clínica Las Condes · doi:10.1016/s0716-8640(14)70009-4 · Cited by 1
“Por ejemplo, los hombres con depresión y alcoholismo tienen una menor tenden-cia a buscar una ayuda apropiada (14).”
BackgroundAn Exploration of Parenting Styles, Emotion Regulation, Depression, and Culture's Role
Monzon, K. L. (2016) · EngagedScholarship @ Cleveland State University (Cleveland State University) · Cited by 1
Csizmadia, P., & Balku, E. (2016) · Egészségfejlesztés · doi:10.24365/ef.v57i2.28 · Cited by 1
Practical Psychosocial Management of Urologic Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndromes
Tripp, D. A., Muere, A., & Nickel, J. C. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48464-8_3 · Cited by 1
Life Stories of International Romanian Adoptees: A Narrative Study
McKail, R., Hodge, S., Daiches, A., & Misca, G. (2017) · Adoption Quarterly · doi:10.1080/10926755.2017.1349700 · Cited by 1
“For instance, due to a range of societal factors, males are found to be less likely to seek support than females (M€oller-Leimk€uhler, 2002) and are less likely to access the Internet for communication (Weiser, 2000).”
BackgroundGeschlechterspezifische Aspekte psychischer Störungen
Möller-Leimkühler, A. M. (2019) · Public Health Forum · doi:10.1515/pubhef-2019-0019 · Cited by 1
Self-citationMasculinity and Health – How Gender Shapes Male Attitudes towards Health
Juneau, T. (2020) · International Journal of Business and Social Science · doi:10.30845/ijbss.v11n3a6 · Cited by 1
Praxishandbuch Männergesundheit: Interdisziplinärer Beratungs- und Behandlungsleitfaden
Harth, W., Brähler, E., & Schuppe, H.-C. (2012) · Medizinisch Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft eBooks · doi:10.32745/9783954660162 · Cited by 1
Early detection and management of suicidal patients in primary care
Rihmer, Z., & Rutz, W. (2021) · doi:10.1093/med/9780198834441.003.0052 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Möller-Leimkühler, A. M.
- Affiliations
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Möller-Leimkühler, Anne Maria
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-09
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 1-3
- Pages
- 1-9
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1988759229
- Cited by
- 851
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 59 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 46
- FWCI
- 6.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- help-seeking, men, depression, masculinity, traditional masculinity, emotional expressiveness, barriers to treatment, gender differences, depressive symptoms, symptom perception, social norms
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cultural Characteristics, Depression, Gender Identity, Humans, Male, Social Conditions, Health Behavior
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