Cited by 851Gender Roles and Identity StudiesMental Health Treatment and AccessAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

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Barriers to help-seeking by men: a review of sociocultural and clinical literature with particular reference to depression

Möller-Leimkühler, Anne Maria·2002·Journal of Affective Disorders

DOI 10.1016/s0165-0327(01)00379-2

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Abstract

Consultation rates and help-seeking patterns in men are consistently lower than in women, especially in the case of emotional problems and depressive symptoms. Empirical evidence shows that low treatment rates for men cannot be explained by better health, but must be attributed to a discrepancy between perception of need and help-seeking behavior. It is argued that social norms of traditional masculinity make help-seeking more difficult because of the inhibition of emotional expressiveness influencing symptom perception of depression. Other medical and social factors which produce further barriers to help-seeking are also examined. Lines of future research are proposed to investigate the links between changing masculinity and its impact on expressiveness and on the occurrence and presentation of depressive symptoms in men.

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“Young males with mental health difficulties experience various barriers to help-seeking, including stigma and gender norms/socialization (Bird et al., 2019; Burke & McKeon, 2007; Cleary, 2012; Clement et al., 2015; Möller-Leimkühler, 2002).”
BackgroundResult
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“These factors include men’s tendency to employ more lethal suicide methods [3], engage in higher levels of problematic alcohol and drug use [4,5], express depression symptoms less frequently [6,7], experience lower social connectedness [8], and seek emotional support less often [9,10] than women.”
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“Women use more health care than men [5; 19].”
Background
Implications of Male and Female Same-Gender Dyads
Fäldt, J., & Kullberg, C. (2012) · Journal of Social Service Research · doi:10.1080/01488376.2012.723976 · Cited by 9
“Such expectations also seem to exist on the receiving end, because men are less likely to apply for organized public assistance (Courtenay, 2000; Forster, 1996; C. A. Green & Pope, 1999; Kullberg, 2005; Möller-Leimkühler, 2002).”
Background
Attitudes to health promotion interventions among patients in mental health services – differences in relation to socio-demographic, clinical and health-related variables
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Type of Multimorbidity and Propensity to Seek Care among Elderly Medicare.
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Bioimpedance Body Measures and Serum Lipid Levels in Masculine Depression
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“Moreover, men show lower levels of help-seeking behavior (7, 8), for which reasons could be seen in social norms of traditional masculinity (7, 9, 10), as well as in biological factors, including androgens (5, 11, 12).”
Background
Multimodales Erklärungsmodell der Suizidalität im Alter
Schaller, S. (2008) · Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie · doi:10.1007/s00391-008-0518-y · Cited by 9
“Es muss jedoch ein gegenüber Frauen generell verringertes Hilfesuchverhalten von Männern [44] berücksichtigt werden, das eine adäquate Behandlung erschweren kann.”
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Vaswani, N. (2015) · Strathprints: The University of Strathclyde institutional repository (University of Strathclyde) · Cited by 9
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“This finding is consistent with a number of studies showing that females are more likely to engage in counseling and psychotherapy than males (Moller-Leimkuhler, 2002).”
Result
Masculinity and emasculation for black men in modern mental health care
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“We found that females had a shorter time to help-seeking than males, which is consistent with studies supporting gender differences in help-seeking behavior (Addis and Mahalik, 2003; Moller-Leimkuhler, 2002).”
BackgroundResult
12-month prevalence of self-reported medical diagnoses of depression in Germany
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Lateef, H. A., Adams, L. B., Bernard, D. L., Jellesma, F., Frempong, M. R. K., Boahen-Boaten, B. B., Leach, B. C. B., Borgstrom, E., & Nartey, P. B. (2023) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-023-01771-7 · Cited by 10
“The low rates of help-seeking behavior among men cannot merely be attributed to the absence of mental healthcare needs, but possibly rather to a disconnection between help-seeking behavior and perceived need [9].”
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“These negative beliefs and behaviors can provide fertile ground for the development of mental health symptoms, including depression and suicide risk (Bennett et al., 2023; Mo¨ller-Leimku¨hler, 2002).”
Background
Resettlement, Employment, and Mental Health Among Syrian Refugee Men in Canada: An Intersectional Study Using Photovoice
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“When men do reach out for help from professionals, this usually relates to physical symptoms rather than emotional challenges or distress induced by depression (Corney, 1990; Möller-Leimkühler, 2002).”
BackgroundResult
The Origins and Evolution of the Field of Masculinity and Suicide: A Bibliometric and Content Analysis of the Research Field
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“…2015); (ii) differences in risk factors : the prevalence of alcohol and drug use is higher amongst males than females (Pompili et al., 2010; Schneider, 2009), and (iii) help-seeking behavior : males are less likely than females to seek help in times of difficulty (M € oller-Leimk € uhler, 2002).”
Background
Clinical high risk state of major depressive episodes: Assessment of prodromal phase, its occurrence, duration and symptom patterns by the instrument the DEpression Early Prediction-INventory (DEEP-IN)
Meisenzahl, E. M., Wege, N., Stegmüller, V., Schulte‐Körne, G., Greimel, E., Dannlowski, U., Hahn, T., Romer, G., Romanos, M., Deserno, L., et al. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.12.084 · Cited by 9
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Stress, Depression, Mental Illness, and Men's Health
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Biopsychosocial aspects in understanding and treating depression in men: a clinical perspective
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“Due to social norms some men are hesitanttoadmitemotionaldifﬁculties,and also have difﬁculty accessing services [10].”
Association among Items from the Self-Report Version of the Hamilton Depression Scale (Carroll Rating Scale) and Respondents' Sex
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Authors: Möller-Leimkühler, A. M.
Affiliations: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
Corresponding author: Möller-Leimkühler, Anne Maria
Venue: Journal of Affective Disorders
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2002-09
Volume: 71
Issue: 1-3
Pages: 1-9
ISSN: 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0327(01)00379-2
OpenAlex: W1988759229
Cited by: 851
References: 63
Citations by year: 2026: 21 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 59 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 46
FWCI: 6.16
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: help-seeking, men, depression, masculinity, traditional masculinity, emotional expressiveness, barriers to treatment, gender differences, depressive symptoms, symptom perception, social norms
MeSH terms: Adult, Cultural Characteristics, Depression, Gender Identity, Humans, Male, Social Conditions, Health Behavior

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Barriers to help-seeking by men: a review of sociocultural and clinical literature with particular reference to depression

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