The DOI matches its Crossref record; 63 of the 63 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Barriers to help-seeking by men: a review of sociocultural and clinical literature with particular reference to depression
Abstract
Consultation rates and help-seeking patterns in men are consistently lower than in women, especially in the case of emotional problems and depressive symptoms. Empirical evidence shows that low treatment rates for men cannot be explained by better health, but must be attributed to a discrepancy between perception of need and help-seeking behavior. It is argued that social norms of traditional masculinity make help-seeking more difficult because of the inhibition of emotional expressiveness influencing symptom perception of depression. Other medical and social factors which produce further barriers to help-seeking are also examined. Lines of future research are proposed to investigate the links between changing masculinity and its impact on expressiveness and on the occurrence and presentation of depressive symptoms in men.
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“Simply put, “boys are taught to be stoical and to ignore symptoms (“boys don't cry”), the threshold for expressing pain and emotional sensitivity (especially related to emotions like weakness, uncertainty, helplessness, and sadness) is heightened and results in emotional restriction” (Möller-Leimkühler, 2002).”
From The Disclosure Experiences of Male Child Sexual Abuse Survivors (2016) · cites this paper as Möller-Leimkühler, 2002
In the citing paper
“The literature confirmed that help-seeking was found to be challenging for males, however it was generally due to social constructs of masculinity”
From The Disclosure Experiences of Male Child Sexual Abuse Survivors (2016) · cites this paper as Möller-Leimkühler, 2002
In the citing paper
“Men cope with mental health difficulties differently compared to women, demonstrating an increased tendency to self-medicate with alcohol and drugs to alleviate emotional distress”
From Improving Mental Health Service Utilization Among Men: A Systematic Review and Synthesis of Behavior Change Techniques Within Interventions Targeting Help-Seeking (2019) · cites this paper as Möller-Leimkühler, 2002
In the citing paper
“Compared to women, men are less likely to seek help for mental health difficulties.”
From Improving Mental Health Service Utilization Among Men: A Systematic Review and Synthesis of Behavior Change Techniques Within Interventions Targeting Help-Seeking (2019) · cites this paper as Möller-Leimkühler, 2002
In the citing paper
“studies have also indicated clear gender differences with regards to help-seeking tendencies. This is particularly the case for emotional problems and depression”
From A systematic review of the factors associated with delays in medical and psychological help-seeking among men (2015) · cites this paper as Moller-Leimkuhler, 2002
In the citing paper
“These differences in psychological openness are thought to be due to subjective masculine norms that encourage emotion suppression and lead to the stigmatisation of help-seeking for emotional problems [7].”
From Silence is deadly: a cluster-randomised controlled trial of a mental health help-seeking intervention for young men (2017) · cites this paper as [7]
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“…evidence linking (1) masculinity to help-seeking barriers (Seidler et al., 2016; Wong et al., 2017) and (2) barriers to help-seeking with psychiatric distress (Möller-Leimkühler, 2002), there is a paucity of research that directly examines these constructs in conjunction with one another.”
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“Within this context, this direction of research is worthwhile given it is well established in the psychology literature, for instance, that men experience different motivations for, and barriers to, help-seeking compared to women (Möller-Leimkühler, 2002).”
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“However, there are also variations between individuals that are not related to gender [18], and professionals may play a role in deterring men from help-seeking for distress [19, 21, 22].”
BackgroundWhat Adolescents Seeking Help Teach us About a School-Based Counseling Service
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“Empirische Daten zeigen, dass die niedrigeren Behandlungsraten bei Männern nicht durch einen besseren Gesundheitszustand zu erklären sind, sondern auf eine Diskrepanz zwischen Wahrnehmung des Bedarfs und dem Verhalten bei der Hilfesuche zurückzuführen sind [23].”
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“Concerning this gender difference in help-seeking attitudes and behaviors, it has been suggested that social norms of masculinity may inhibit males’ perception and expression of their emotional difficulties, with males having a higher level of perceived stigma regarding having mental health problems (Judd, Komiti, & J…”
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“…often than women within a wide range of contexts, from physical health concerns (Goodwin et al., 2019; Galdas et al., 2005) to relationship challenges (Parnell & Hammer, 2017), aging (Smith et al., 2007), academics (Wimer & Levant, 2011), psychological concerns (Möller-Leimkühler, 2002) and more.”
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“This finding was consistent with those from previous studies [12,37].”
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“Second, research suggests that women are more likely than men to seek psychological help for depression (e.g., Möller-Leimkühler, 2002), and the skills and insight acquired in therapy can prevent a relapse of depressive episodes (e.g., Bockting, Spinhoven, Wouters, Koeter, & Schene, 2009).”
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“independence, and success, contribute to the ways in which male depression manifests itself as well as to reduced help-seeking in men (24).”
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“relative to women, face in seeking mental health care, this disparity may indicate a need for more routine depression care and/or screening in men to reduce their rate of psychiatric emergencies [17, 18].”
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“Reasons therefore could be that weakness and need for help are believed not to be masculine and help-seeking implies loss of status, loss of control and autonomy, incompetence, dependence, and damage of identity [45].”
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“…(Highet, 2002), a review of the literature on men’s helpseeking explained that ‘weakness and need for help are believed not to be masculine...perceiving a need for help would offend traditional role expectations, and admitting this need would be a double offence’ (Möller-Leimkühler, 2002, p. 6).”
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“These results go in line with previous studies reporting that men are more prone to seek help for physical difficulties than for psychological symptoms [45,46].”
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“Men are also reported to have poorer health-seeking behaviours than their female counterparts, particularly for psychological matters (Möller-Leimkühler, 2002).”
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“Working- aged men who are at higher risk for suicide, are generally harder to engage in help- seeking behaviors (Galdas et al., 2005; Möller- Leimkühler, 2002).”
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“In specifi c communities, such as those of low socioeconomic status, traditional scripts around masculinity can signifi cantly infl uence men’s health (Möller-Leimkühler 2002).”
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“However, when stressed, men are less likely to seek out help, especially for emotional and depressive issues (Möller-Leimkühler, 2002).”
BackgroundMfecane, S. (2010) · University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Institutional Repository on DSpace (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg) · Cited by 18
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“These traditional masculine norms, when internalized, create a significant barrier to help-seeking by amplifying self-stigma and reinforcing the perception that addressing emotional difficulties is incompatible with societal expectations of masculinity [12, 13].”
InfluentialSpeerforck, S., & Schomerus, G. (2020) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-020-00927-8 · Cited by 17
Biggs, L. J., Shafiei, T., Forster, D. A., Small, R. E., & McLachlan, H. (2015) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-015-0594-0 · Cited by 17
“This might in part be explained by men being less likely to seek help for mental illness than women [43].”
BackgroundDahlberg, J. (2018) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/0030222818756740 · Cited by 17
“Although women are more likely to suffer from depression after a parental death, they can also have better coping skills and be more likely to seek social support (Thoits, 1995) or help if necessary (Möller-Leimkühler, 2002) and be able to move on after the period of grief.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialHealth and Union Dissolution among Parenting Couples: Differences by Gender and Marital Status
Percheski, C., & Meyer, J. M. (2018) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146518808707 · Cited by 17
“For example, women are more likely to seek treatment for depression than men (Möller-Leimkühler 2002).”
BackgroundBaldoni, F., Giannotti, M., Casu, G., Agostini, F., Mandolesi, R., Peverieri, S., Ambrogetti, N., Spelzini, F., Caretti, V., & Terrone, G. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.08.049 · Cited by 17
Kosberg, J. I. (2014) · Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1080/08946566.2014.898442 · Cited by 17
“It has also been found that physicians, and others, spend less time with male patients than with female patients, or otherwise communicate less information to males (Elderkin-Thompson & Waitzkin, 1999; Möller-Leimkühler, 2002).”
BackgroundSystemic Couple Intervention for Depression in Women
Denton, W. H., & Burwell, S. R. (2006) · Journal of Systemic Therapies · doi:10.1521/jsyt.2006.25.3.43 · Cited by 17
“, 2003) and men are less likely to seek professional help for depression than women (Moller-Leimkuhler, 2002).”
BackgroundDavies, G., P. Deane, F., Williams, V., & Giles, C. (2022) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.13194 · Cited by 16
Fleury, M., Cao, Z., & Grenier, G. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21070864 · Cited by 16
“The fact this profile included more men and younger patients may also explain these care-seeking behaviors: compared to women and older patients, men and younger patients are known to use less MH services, and only as their last resort [61,62].”
ResultSabawoon, A., Keyes, K. M., Karam, E., & Kovess–Masféty, V. (2022) · Injury Epidemiology · doi:10.1186/s40621-022-00403-8 · Cited by 16
How Does Traditional Masculinity Relate to Men and Women’s Problematic Pornography Viewing?
Borgogna, N. C., McDermott, R. C., Browning, B. R., Beach, J. D., & Aita, S. L. (2018) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-018-0967-8 · Cited by 16
Sex Differences in Pain Across the Life Course
Keogh, E. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1651-8_21 · Cited by 16
Möller-Leimkühler, A. M., Jackl, A., & Weißbach, L. (2021) · Psychiatrische Praxis · doi:10.1055/a-1615-8274 · Cited by 15
Self-citationPatient experiences with depression care in general practice: a qualitative questionnaire study
Grung, I., Anderssen, N., Haukenes, I., Ruths, S., Smith‐Sivertsen, T., Hetlevik, Ø., & Hjörleifsson, S. (2022) · Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care · doi:10.1080/02813432.2022.2074069 · Cited by 17
“those with the most severe symptoms [5,6].”
Lopes, R. D. C. T., da Rocha, G. C., Svacina, M. A., Meyer, B., Šipka, D., & Berger, T. (2023) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/46326 · Cited by 14
Keding, A., Boehnke, J. R., Croudace, T. J., Richmond, S. J., & MacPherson, H. (2015) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-015-0054-6 · Cited by 16
“Although the reasons for these disparities remain debated, they may be connected to differential use of health care systems [48] and important aspects of depression treatment [49].”
BackgroundDifferences in quality of life of women and men with drug-resistant epilepsy in Poland
Bala, A., Szantroch, M., Gleinert, A., Rysz, A., & Marchel, A. (2016) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.04.041 · Cited by 15
Healthcare Professionals’ Attitudes to Rehabilitation Programming for Male Cancer Survivors
Handberg, C., Midtgaard, J., Nielsen, C. V., Thorne, S. E., & Lomborg, K. E. (2016) · Rehabilitation Nursing · doi:10.1002/rnj.298 · Cited by 15
“This finding is consistent with literature showing that men are more reluctant in help-seeking in relation to their own health (Moller-Leimkuhler, 2002; Sher, 2016).”
ResultPatient waiting time and satisfaction at a Tertiary Dental School
Motloba, P. D., Ncube, O., Makwakwa, L. N., & Machete, M. L. (2018) · South African Dental Journal · doi:10.17159/2519-0105/2018/v73no6a3 · Cited by 15
Shams, I., Sanger, N., Bhatt, M., Rosic, T., Luo, C., Shahid, H., Mouravska, N., Tam, S. L., Hillmer, A., Chawar, C., et al. (2019) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2019.78 · Cited by 15
Orellano-Colón, E. M., Suárez-Pérez, E. L., Rivero‐Méndez, M., Boneu-Meléndez, C. X., Varas‐Díaz, N., Lizama-Troncoso, M., Jiménez‐Velázquez, I. Z., León-Astor, A., & Jutai, J. W. (2021) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-021-02362-z · Cited by 15
Male frequent attenders of general practice and their help seeking preferences
Witty, K. R., White, A., Bagnall, A., & South, J. (2011) · Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1016/j.jomh.2010.09.228 · Cited by 15
“…[18] study of male help-seeking in the early detection of prostate cancer, the current study suggests the influence of both biological and social factors in men’s help-seeking preferences, moving beyond what Mo¨l-ler-Leimku¨hler calls ‘bipolar’ constructs of masculinity and femininity [19].”
Gender Congruence Moderates Beliefs About the Causes of Alcohol Dependence and Major Depression
Lale, R., Sklar, M., Wooldridge, J. S., & Sarkin, A. J. (2014) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-013-9465-y · Cited by 15
“Moreover, mood disorder symptoms are perceived as stereotypically female whereas substance use disorder symptoms are perceived as stereotypically male by the public (Moller-Leimkuhler 2002; Wirth and Bodenhausen 2009).”
BackgroundBird, N., McCarthy, G., & O’Sullivan, K. (2019) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/1557988319832121 · Cited by 15
“The results reflect previous research when considering help-seeking behavior, with the findings indicating that stigma and gender norms acted as barriers to young men seeking help for mental distress (Burke & McKeon, 2007; Cleary, 2012; Clement et al., 2015 Möller-Leimkühler, 2002).”
BackgroundResultAlcalde, E., Rouquette, A., Wiernik, E., & Rigal, L. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.02.064 · Cited by 14
Different Patterns in Health Care Use Among Immigrants in Spain
Villarroel, N., & Artazcoz, L. (2015) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-015-0202-4 · Cited by 14
Masculinity Challenges for Men With Severe Hemophilia
Reinicke, K., Søgaard, I. S., & Mentzler, S. (2019) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/1557988319872626 · Cited by 14
“…regarding men and help seeking reveals that the ability and desire to ask for help is a complex and dynamic process that depends on the person in need of help, the institution providing the help, and the type of help being asked for (Galdas, Cheater & Marshall, 2005; Möller-Leimkühler, 2002).”
BackgroundSuicide after contact with substance misuse services: a national registry study
Myhre, M. Ø., Kildahl, A. T., & Walby, F. A. (2020) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2020.23 · Cited by 14
Boecking, B., Psatha, S., Amarjargal, N., Dettling-Papargyris, J., Funk, C., Oppel, K., Brüeggemann, P., Rose, M., & Mazurek, B. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11195869 · Cited by 14
Masculinity and urogenital cancer: Sensitive issues in health care
Nobis, R., Sandén, I., & Elofsson, K. (2007) · Contemporary Nurse · doi:10.5172/conu.2007.24.1.79 · Cited by 14
“This can not be explained by better health, but more in terms of a discrepancy between perception of need and help-seeking behaviour (Möller-Leimkühler 2002).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Möller-Leimkühler, A. M.
- Affiliations
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Möller-Leimkühler, Anne Maria
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-09
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 1-3
- Pages
- 1-9
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1988759229
- Cited by
- 851
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 59 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 46
- FWCI
- 6.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- help-seeking, men, depression, masculinity, traditional masculinity, emotional expressiveness, barriers to treatment, gender differences, depressive symptoms, symptom perception, social norms
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cultural Characteristics, Depression, Gender Identity, Humans, Male, Social Conditions, Health Behavior
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