The DOI matches its Crossref record; 15 of the 19 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Project management: cost, time and quality, two best guesses and a phenomenon, its time to accept other success criteria
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“The success criteria of projects are determined by cost, quality, and time [29,30], also called the 'iron or golden triangle'.”
From Blockchain Technology: Potential Applications for Public Sector E-Procurement and Project Management (2022) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“In the world of production, the ideal outcome is often a trade-off between good (quality), fast (time), and cheap (cost), with firms rarely achieving all 3.11”
From Outcomes and Complications of the Mustardé Otoplasty: A “Good–Fast–Cheap” Technique for the Prominent Ear Deformity (2020) · cites this paper as [11]
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“Generally, project management is evaluated by quality, cost and time (referred to as the PM triangle) (Atkinson, 1999).”
BackgroundLinking public leadership and public project success: the mediating role of team building
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“These parameters are defined in the very early stages of the project life cycle and constitute a “prediction” against which the project and project manager are ultimately measured (Atkinson, 1999).”
BackgroundImproving the cost estimates of complex projects in the project-based industries
Sridarran, P., Keraminiyage, K. P., & Herszon, L. (2017) · Built Environment Project and Asset Management · doi:10.1108/bepam-10-2016-0050 · Cited by 26
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“These include such measures as TCQ management, and, health, safety and environment impact (A. P. C. Chan & A. P. L. Chan, 2004; Atkinson, 1999).”
BackgroundManaging differences, interaction, and partnership quality in global inter-firm relationships
Wibisono, Y. Y., Govindaraju, R., Irianto, D., & Sudirman, I. (2018) · International Journal of Managing Projects in Business · doi:10.1108/ijmpb-04-2018-0074 · Cited by 20
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“…development with stakeholders’ satisfaction (Savindo et al., 1992; Nguyen et al., 2004), and highlighting the importance of the "iron triangle" measures (Atkinson, 1999; Phua, 2004) in terms of time (finishing on time), cost (within budget) and quality (finished according to specifications).”
BackgroundA Paradox Lens to Systems Development Projects: The Case of the Agile Software Development
Iivari, J. (2021) · Communications of the Association for Information Systems · doi:10.17705/1cais.04901 · Cited by 18
Job crafting in project management: Implications for project success and career satisfaction
McKevitt, D. M., Carbery, R., & Collins, S. (2022) · International Journal of Project Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijproman.2022.08.004 · Cited by 18
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Assessing Real Estate Project Success Using an Analytic Network Process
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Sharing the burden of integration: An activity-based view to integrated solutions provisioning
Ahola, T., Vuori, M., & Viitamo, E. (2017) · International Journal of Project Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijproman.2017.05.002 · Cited by 18
“Thus, in terms of the three core objectives time, cost, and scope emphasized in project management research and practice (e.g. Atkinson, 1999), the scope and time were given priority, while cost was noticeably de-prioritized.”
BackgroundDoes Successful Project Management Equates To Project Success
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Proposal of Performance Indicators for the Design of Housing Projects
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“As found in the literature, the term “project” is most often defined as a unique undertaking limited in terms of time, scope, costs, and customer satisfaction [32].”
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“Time is the next factor used to evaluate PM success (Baccarini 1999; Shenhar et al. 2001; Atkinson 1999; Maloney 1990).”
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Taking a Holistic Exploration of the Project Life Cycle in Public–Private Partnerships
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“, objectives of construction time, cost and quality) than they are to risks of ‘project success’ (which includes asset performance post-handover) (Atkinson, 1999; Cooke-Davies, 2002; Jugdev & Müller, 2005).”
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“We Use Scrum, but …”: Agile Modifications and Project Success
Hassani-Alaoui, S., Cameron, A., & Giannelia, T. (2020) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.24251/hicss.2020.765 · Cited by 18
“These are often referred to as the foundation of project management [7] and are generally used to evaluate project managers themselves [8].”
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Cradle-to-Cradle in Project Management: A Case Study
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Project Management Success Factors
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“On the one hand, PM success represents a conventional measure of PS that primarily focuses on time, cost, and quality, assessed upon project completion [62, 63].”
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“Successful measurements of construction projects have been investigated including other factors beyond 'iron triangle' of time, cost and quality (Atkinson, 1999).”
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“…of construction projects wherein the criteria of cost, time and quality are the traditional inextricable measures of project management success (Atkinson 1999; Fakhreldin et al. 2017) the moral obligation as the fundamental criteria is given less attention, if any, in the decision-making…”
BackgroundDeveloping a Multidimensional Conception of Project Evaluation to Improve Projects
Rode, A. L. G., Svejvig, P., & Martinsuo, M. M. (2022) · Project Management Journal · doi:10.1177/87569728221095473 · Cited by 21
“…income, profit, and market share as well as sustainability, innovation and new ideas, skills, technologies, capabilities, and core competences (Atkinson, 1999; Baccarini, 1999; Barclay & Osei-Bryson, 2009; Haass & Guzman, 2020; Laursen & Svejvig, 2016; Martinsuo, 2019; Martinsuo & Killen,…”
BackgroundInfluentialRafique, M. (2022) · Journal of Management & Organization · doi:10.1017/jmo.2022.39 · Cited by 17
“In light of our findings and previous studies, we argue that every project has certain constraints, such as time, cost, and scope, which is also called iron triangle (Atkinson, 1999; Pinto & Cleland, 2004). Fernie, Leiringer, and Thorpe (2006) argued that for a long time the project industry is failed to complete the…”
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“In the 1990s, early de fi nitions equated PS solely with ef fi ciency, measured by quality, schedule, and cost (Atkinson, 1999).”
ELIMINATING FAILURE BY LEARNING FROM IT - SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF IS PROJECT FAILURE
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“It is worth noting, however, that other project success criteria have been proposed that extend the traditional “iron triangle” of cost, schedule, and quality, to account for such factors as client satisfaction and market profitability [31].”
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“This means setting standards within a set of categories that are defined in advance to delimit intended future actions (Atkinson 1999).”
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“They are also referred to as the iron triangle and are considered the basic criteria in measuring project success (Al-Tmeemy et al., 2011; Atkinson, 1999; Wateridge, 1998).”
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“In the history of developing project success standards, the “iron triangle” of time, cost, and quality occupies crucial positions [28, 29].”
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“Traditionally, project success has been defined as how well predefined project objectives are accomplished (Atkinson, 1999; De Wit, 1988).”
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“…popular triplet of measures has also received a high share of criticism for numerous valid reasons, including their omission of important aspects of benefits created by projects, the sub-jectivity of these measures and their inaccuracy, especially at the project inception stage (Atkinson 1999).”
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“Atkinson [22] proposes that the golden triangle should be extended to capture organizational benefits and benefits to the stakeholders.”
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Development and validation of the project manager skills scale (PMSS): An empirical approach
Jokanović, M., Lalić, D. Ć., Vujičić, M. D., Stankov, U., Petrović, M., & Đurić, Ž. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25055 · Cited by 15
“Some project managers may define success as the completion of projects within stipulated time and budget constraints, thereby ensuring customer satisfaction [2 – 4].”
BackgroundZhang, Y. (2024) · International Journal of Project Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijproman.2024.102636 · Cited by 15
Metadata
- Authors
- Atkinson, R.
- Affiliations
- Bournemouth University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Atkinson, Roger
- Venue
- International Journal of Project Management
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1999-12
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 337-342
- ISSN
- 0263-7863 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2092587332
- Cited by
- 2,359
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 63 · 2025: 90 · 2024: 119 · 2023: 119 · 2022: 150 · 2021: 153 · 2020: 126 · 2019: 145 · 2018: 192 · 2017: 148 · 2016: 166 · 2015: 150 · 2014: 136 · 2013: 122 · 2012: 112
- FWCI
- 7.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Project Management (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Construction Project Management and Performance
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Software Engineering Techniques and Practices
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Management of Technology and Innovation › Economic and Technological Systems Analysis
- Keywords
- project success criteria, iron triangle, cost, time, quality, stakeholder benefits, IT project management, information systems projects, project management framework
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