The DOI matches its Crossref record; 15 of the 19 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Project management: cost, time and quality, two best guesses and a phenomenon, its time to accept other success criteria
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“The success criteria of projects are determined by cost, quality, and time [29,30], also called the 'iron or golden triangle'.”
From Blockchain Technology: Potential Applications for Public Sector E-Procurement and Project Management (2022) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“In the world of production, the ideal outcome is often a trade-off between good (quality), fast (time), and cheap (cost), with firms rarely achieving all 3.11”
From Outcomes and Complications of the Mustardé Otoplasty: A “Good–Fast–Cheap” Technique for the Prominent Ear Deformity (2020) · cites this paper as [11]
Citations
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Project success assessment – business and individual perspectives
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“…the success of a project, whereas project success factors can be understood as levers to increase the probability of project success, being neither part of a project’s mission nor explicitly defined tasks (Ashley, Lurie, & Jaselskis 1987; Atkinson 1999; Müller & Jugdev 2012; Westerveld 2003).”
BackgroundMETAMORFOSE DA FILOSOFIA 5S E SEUS DESDOBRAMENTOS NO CONTEXTO BRASILEIRO
Yemal, J. A., Guerreiro, E. P., & Filho, U. M. M. (2018) · Revista SODEBRAS · doi:10.29367/issn.1809-3957.13.2018.156.14 · Cited by 11
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Trott, P., Baxter, D., Ellwood, P., & van der Duin, P. A. (2022) · Prometheus · doi:10.13169/prometheus.38.2.0207 · Cited by 11
“While the project management triangle (the ‘iron triangle’) might offer unsuitable metrics for many projects (Atkinson, 1999), it does embody a long-held view that decisions about time, cost and quality represent a trade-off in which two objectives may be met at the expense of the third.”
BackgroundExploring the Current Practices and Future Directions in Project Management Education and Training
Özsoy, T., & Sezgili, K. (2024) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440241236053 · Cited by 11
“Hard skills, on the other hand, encompass methodologies, protocols, tools, and approaches essential for executing tasks within a specific industry, such as scope, time, cost, and quality management (Atkinson, 1999; Pant & Baroudi, 2008).”
Lean Construction: A Sustainability Operation for Government Projects
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Digital twins for machine tools: a systematic mapping study
Chen, S., Ellwein, C., Klingel, L., Neumann, R., Zhang, J., Riedel, O., Verl, A. W., & Wortmann, A. (2025) · Digital Twin · doi:10.1080/27525783.2025.2538727 · Cited by 11
Measuring Process Effectiveness Using Cpm/Pert
Ajiboye, A. S. (2011) · International Journal of Business and Management · doi:10.5539/ijbm.v6n6p286 · Cited by 11
Managing knowledge in large‐scale virtual projects: a community‐based approach
Marabelli, M., Rajola, F., Frigerio, C., & Newell, S. (2013) · International Journal of Managing Projects in Business · doi:10.1108/17538371311319043 · Cited by 11
Mkoba, E. S., & Marnewick, C. (2016) · South African Institute of Computer Scientists and Information Technologists · doi:10.1145/2987491.2987495 · Cited by 11
“factors frameworks and categorised them into common themes [4, 5, 45, 57, 70]”
BackgroundOdusanya, S., Ochoa, J. J., Chileshe, N., & Ahn, S. (2021) · International Journal of Managing Projects in Business · doi:10.1108/ijmpb-11-2020-0354 · Cited by 11
Defining success in open source hardware development projects: a survey of practitioners
Antoniou, R., Bonvoisin, J., Hsing, P., Dekoninck, E. A., & Defazio, D. (2022) · Design Science · doi:10.1017/dsj.2021.30 · Cited by 11
“In project management, the traditional way of evaluating project success is through the ‘triple constraint’, also known as the ‘iron triangle’, which contains three key dimensions: time, cost, and quality (Atkinson 1999). These dimensions relate to whether the project was completed on or ahead of time; within or under…”
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Cleary, J. P., & Lamanna, A. J. (2022) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings12070957 · Cited by 11
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Measurement of Information System Project Success in German Organizations
Joosten, D., Basten, D., & Mellis, W. (2014) · International Journal of Information Technology Project Management · doi:10.4018/ijitpm.2014070101 · Cited by 11
Borges, J. G., & de Carvalho, M. M. (2014) · Production · doi:10.1590/s0103-65132014005000019 · Cited by 12
Managerial Perceptions of Project Stability
Swartz, S. M. (2008) · Project Management Journal · doi:10.1002/pmj.20078 · Cited by 11
Beyond The Iron Triangle: Year Zero 1
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PROJECT RELIABILITY: PROBABILITY OF A PROJECT MEETS ITS QUALITY-COST-TIME TARGET UNDER UNCERTAINTY
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Identifying and managing Drift-changes
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Strategic Implementation: An Illustration of Theory/Practice Disconnect in Public Administration
Mitchell, D. A. (2018) · Public Administration Quarterly · doi:10.1177/073491491804200103 · Cited by 11
“Non-Fiscal Assessability represents the ability to measure a successful initiative implementation beyond fiscal terms, traditionally judged in terms of 1) completion, 2) on-time implementation, and 3) within-budget implementation (Atkinson, 1999; Baccarini, 1999).”
BackgroundHamerski, D. C., Formoso, C. T., Isatto, E. L., & Jaramillo, C. A. C. (2019) · Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction · doi:10.24928/2019/0217 · Cited by 11
“Although management styles have evolved over time, companies from different industries continue to face problems and obtain failed results (Atkinson 1999).”
BackgroundPROJECT FAILURE FACTORS AND THEIR IMPACTS ON THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY: A LITERATURE REVIEW
El-sokhn, H., & Othman, E. (2014) · The International Conference on Civil and Architecture Engineering · doi:10.21608/iccae.2014.44191 · Cited by 11
Implications of ‘Lock-in’ on Public Sector Project Management in a Small Island Development State
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“As Atkinson [27] explains, the ‘iron triangle’ components of time, cost, and quality can be easily understood and measured quantitatively.”
BackgroundExpertise based skills management system to support resource allocation
Bibi, N., Anwar, Z., & Rana, T. A. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0255928 · Cited by 11
Project Success Criteria, Critical Success Factors (CSF), and Agile Projects
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Project Control Factors at Front End: Indian Perspective
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Ssegawa, J. K., & Kasule, D. (2016) · European Journal of Engineering Education · doi:10.1080/03043797.2016.1193124 · Cited by 11
“Projects are temporal and therefore time management is essential (Atkinson 1999).”
BackgroundInvestigating the logistics costs model: recent update in Indonesia
Subiyanto, E. (2021) · Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management · doi:10.1108/jstpm-03-2020-0034 · Cited by 11
Front-End Loading in the Oil and Gas Industry
der Weijde, G. A. V. (2008) · Research Repository (Delft University of Technology) · Cited by 11
A systems thinking approach for modelling supply chain risk propagation
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Investigating the Impact of Lean Leadership on Construction Project Success
Sadikoglu, E., Jäger, J., Demirkesen, S., Baier, C., Oprach, S., & Haghsheno, S. (2023) · Engineering Management Journal · doi:10.1080/10429247.2023.2245317 · Cited by 10
“In almost all of the studies, time, cost, and quality, which form the so-called “the iron triangle” were reported to be the main components for measuring project success (Atkinson, 1999).”
BackgroundMusarat, M. A., Maqsoom, A., Naeem, M. H., Ullah, F., Salman, A., Alaloul, W. S., & Zahoor, H. (2024) · Ain Shams Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.asej.2024.102794 · Cited by 14
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“The specific results of the analysis are presented in Table 2.”
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Project Evaluation Using Cost-Time Investment Simulation
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Effective Decision-Making in Project Based Environments
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Construction project monitoring by means of RAM-based composite indicators
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“However, in this paper, the definition as mentioned in Atkinson (1999) has been adopted.”
MethodMubarak, F., & Mumtaz, S. (2018) · Cogent Business & Management · doi:10.1080/23311975.2018.1532278 · Cited by 12
“Three factors are necessary for the success of the project which are quality, cost, and time (Atkinson, 1999).”
BackgroundSelection and implementation of a set of key performance indicators for project management
Montero, G., Onieva, L., & Palacín, R. (2015) · Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity) · doi:10.25405/ncl.34305063 · Cited by 10
Self-Regulation Strategies in an Engineering Design Project
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“Those limitations are considered as acceptable criteria of success for an engineering design project (Atkinson, 1999; Jonassen et al., 2006).”
BackgroundGui, A., Fernando, Y., Wiwoho, A. S., Handoko, B. L., & Haron, H. B. (2019) · KnE Social Sciences · doi:10.18502/kss.v3i22.5077 · Cited by 10
“According to previous studies, (Atkinson, 1999; Shenhar, Levy & Dvir, 1997; Jugdev and Muller, 2005; Thomas & Fernandez, 2008; Collyer & Warren, 2009, Gomes & Romao, 2016) mentioned that the ”iron triangle” or ”triple constraint” can be used to measure the success of a project.”
Resultalkhlaifat, B. I., Abdullah, A. A., & Magassouba, S. M. (2019) · European Journal of Business and Management · doi:10.7176/ejbm/11-36-06 · Cited by 10
“Atkinson, R. (1999). Project management: cost, time and quality, two best guesses and a phenomenon, it’s time to accept other success criteria.”
BackgroundInfluentialKaranja, E., & Malone, L. C. (2021) · Journal of economic and administrative sciences. · doi:10.1108/jeas-12-2020-0200 · Cited by 10
What is the measurement of the IT project success?
Sulistiyani, E., & Tyas, S. H. Y. (2022) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2021.12.142 · Cited by 10
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UM ESTUDO DE CASO SOBRE GERENCIAMENTO DE PORTFÓLIO DE PROJETOS E APOIO À DECISÃO MULTICRITÉRIO
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The relationship between planning & control risk and ERP project success
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“One of the most widely used project performance measure has been the ‘iron triangle’ consisting of schedule, cost and quality at the three vertices [6].”
MethodIntegral and transformative engineering coursework in formative research for undergraduate curricula
Mugruza-Vassallo, C. A. (2016) · IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) · doi:10.1109/fie.2016.7757633 · Cited by 10
“In a project, usually one is given the options of “Fast” (the time required to deliver the product), “Good” (quality of the final product), and “Cheap” (total cost of designing and building the product) [4].”
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Project Portfolio Management Best Practice and Implementation: A South African Perspective
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Do Longer Projects Have Larger Cost Deviation Than Shorter Construction Projects?
Belay, A. M., & Torp, O. (2017) · Procedia Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2017.07.198 · Cited by 10
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“The use of success criteria that focusses on cost, time, quality, and scope are considered one of the most cited evaluation criteria for measuring project success or failure (Atkinson, 1999; Ika, 2009; Lazarević and Prlinčević, 2014; Shenhar and Dvir, 2007; Westerveld, 2003).”
BackgroundMethodThe causes of project delay in Iraqi petroleum industry: A case study in Basra Oil Company
Aljamee, H. K., Naeem, S. M., & Bell, A. P. (2019) · Journal of Transnational Management · doi:10.1080/15475778.2019.1698935 · Cited by 10
“Iron triangle (Atkinson, 1999).”
BackgroundThe Enhanced-Earned Value Management (E-EVM) Model: A Proposal for the Aerospace Industry
Pascual, J. L., Rodríguez, J. C. M., & Rambaud, S. C. (2021) · Symmetry · doi:10.3390/sym13020232 · Cited by 10
“Several scholars [14,15] point out that in recent years, factors such as cost, time, and quality have been linked to the success of project management.”
BackgroundA lean enterprise approach to process improvement in a health care organization
Casey, J. R. (2007) · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) · Cited by 10
Ananga, E. O. (2015) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · Cited by 10
A Study Case about a Software Project Management Success Metrics
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Facilities Management Models, Methods and Tools
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Building Resilience and Understanding Complexities of Event Project Stakeholder Management
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Koi-Akrofi, G. Y., Aboagye-Darko, D., Gaisie, E., & Banaseka, F. K. (2023) · Management Review Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11301-023-00362-4 · Cited by 17
“This confusion has led to a myriad of definitions and concepts which do not qualify to be called definitions (de Wit 1988; Shrnhur et al. 1997; Atkinson 1999; Joslin and Müller 2015; Putra et al. 2016; Davis 2017).”
Key Success Factors for Implementing Public-Private Partnership Infrastructure Projects
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Knowledge Transfer Mechanisms in an ERP Post-implementation Stage
Goyette, S., Cassivi, L., Courchesne, M., & Elia, E. (2014) · Procedia Technology · doi:10.1016/j.protcy.2014.10.109 · Cited by 9
Project execution obstacles: a case of King Abdulaziz Airport in Saudi Arabia
Alhudhaif, A. (2021) · International Journal of Information Technology · doi:10.1007/s41870-020-00602-w · Cited by 9
Timelines of Transportation Infrastructure Delivery 2000 to 2018 in Toronto, Canada and London, UK
Saxe, S., Dean, M., Raghav, S., Durrant, D., & Siemiatycki, M. (2021) · European journal of transport and infrastructure research · doi:10.18757/ejtir.2021.21.3.5515 · Cited by 9
“Performance measurement in construction projects had thus been dominated by the conventional measures of time, cost, and quality, also referred to as the ‘iron triangle’ (see Atkinson, 1999) or the ‘triple constraint’ (see Pinto, 2004).”
Michalski, R., & Zaleski, S. (2024) · Information · doi:10.3390/info15020105 · Cited by 12
Takagi, N. H., Varajão, J. E., Ventura, T. M., Ubialli, D., & da Silva, T. F. B. (2024) · Cogent Business & Management · doi:10.1080/23311975.2024.2336273 · Cited by 15
“Both criteria are explored extensively in the literature (atkinson, 1999; Deutsch, 1991; griffin & Page, 1996; Osei-Kyei & chan, 2018; shenhar et al., 2001; turner, 2014; Xiang et al., 2014). the success criteria ‘business process control increased’ is in line with the principles of good BPM (Vom…”
InfluentialCustomer Satisfaction in IS Projects: Assessing the Role of Process and Product Performance
Basten, D., & Pankratz, O. (2015) · Communications of the Association for Information Systems · doi:10.17705/1cais.03722 · Cited by 9
Construction Projects Immediate Health Check: A CSF & KPI Approach
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Stochastic dominance in projects
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Technology deployment process model
Baškarada, S., McKay, T. J., & McKenna, T. (2013) · Operations Management Research · doi:10.1007/s12063-013-0082-5 · Cited by 12
Determining the Contribution of IS Projects: An Approach to Measure Performance
Barclay, C., & Osei-Bryson, K.-M. (2009) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.1109/hicss.2009.155 · Cited by 9
Louw, T., & Rwelamila, P. D. (2012) · Project Management Journal · doi:10.1002/pmj.21276 · Cited by 9
Metadata
- Authors
- Atkinson, R.
- Affiliations
- Bournemouth University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Atkinson, Roger
- Venue
- International Journal of Project Management
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1999-12
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 337-342
- ISSN
- 0263-7863 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2092587332
- Cited by
- 2,359
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 63 · 2025: 90 · 2024: 119 · 2023: 119 · 2022: 150 · 2021: 153 · 2020: 126 · 2019: 145 · 2018: 192 · 2017: 148 · 2016: 166 · 2015: 150 · 2014: 136 · 2013: 122 · 2012: 112
- FWCI
- 7.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Project Management (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Construction Project Management and Performance
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Software Engineering Techniques and Practices
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Management of Technology and Innovation › Economic and Technological Systems Analysis
- Keywords
- project success criteria, iron triangle, cost, time, quality, stakeholder benefits, IT project management, information systems projects, project management framework
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