The DOI matches its Crossref record; 18 of the 20 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 31 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to determine a generalized equation for predicting maximal heart rate (HRmax) in healthy adults. BACKGROUND The age-predicted HRmax equation (i.e., 220 - age) is commonly used as a basis for prescribing exercise programs, as a criterion for achieving maximal exertion and as a clinical guide during diagnostic exercise testing. Despite its importance and widespread use, the validity of the HRmax equation has never been established in a sample that included a sufficient number of older adults. METHODS First, a meta-analytic approach was used to collect group mean HRmax values from 351 studies involving 492 groups and 18,712 subjects. Subsequently, the new equation was cross-validated in a well-controlled, laboratory-based study in which HRmax was measured in 514 healthy subjects. RESULTS In the meta-analysis, HRmax was strongly related to age (r = -0.90), using the equation of 208 - 0.7 x age. The regression equation obtained in the laboratory-based study (209 - 0.7 x age) was virtually identical to that obtained from the meta-analysis. The regression line was not different between men and women, nor was it influenced by wide variations in habitual physical activity levels. CONCLUSIONS 1) A regression equation to predict HRmax is 208 - 0.7 x age in healthy adults. 2) HRmax is predicted, to a large extent, by age alone and is independent of gender and habitual physical activity status. Our findings suggest that the currently used equation underestimates HRmax…
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15 Own interpretation · 13 Own result · 9 No full text of the sources · 3 Not checked yet · 2 Own method · 2 No basis given · 1 Partly supported · 1 Sources not found · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“However, similar to the original reports by Fox and Haskell (7,8), these studies probably or definitely included subjects with cardiovascular disease who smoked and/or were taking cardiac medications.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] Londeree, 1984, Influence of age and other factors on maximal heart rate, J Cardiac Rehabil
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] Whaley, 1992, Predictors of over- and underachievement of age-predicted maximal heart rate, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
- Partly supportedcites [11] Sheffield, 1978, Maximal heart rate and treadmill performance of healthy women in relation to age, Circulation sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Subjects and Methods (p. 1) reports that three volunteers took mild antihypertensive medications and that none had been told she had cardiovascular disease other than elevated blood pressure. This supports the medication concern in part, but the paper does not report that its volunteers smoked or had other known cardiovascular disease. Its introduction (p. 1) also says medication use was unreported in an earlier study, not that those subjects definitely took medication. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not matchedcites [7] Fox, 1970, The exercise stress test
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] Fox, 1971, Physical activity and the prevention of coronary heart disease, Ann Clin Res source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“using the equation of 208 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age.”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“The regression equation, when all the subjects were combined, was 208 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“First, a regression equation for estimating HR max is 208 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age in healthy adult humans, which is significantly different from the traditional 220 Ϫ age equation.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 18,712- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The regression equation obtained in the laboratory-based study (209 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age) was virtually identical to that obtained from the meta-analysis.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Abstract
plainn = 514- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“First, a regression equation for estimating HR max is 208 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age in healthy adult humans, which is significantly different from the traditional 220 Ϫ age equation.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The regression equation for HR max (209 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age) was virtually identical to that obtained from the meta-analysis.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“the rate of decline in HR max observed in the present study is very similar to that reported previously for intrinsic heart rate determined after cardiac autonomic blockade (Ϫ0.6 Ϫ 0.8 beats/min per year) (14,15).”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Mechanisms.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] Jose, 1970, The normal range and determinants of the intrinsic heart rate in man, Cardiovasc Res source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] de Marneffe, 1986, Variations of normal sinus node function in relation to age, Eur Heart J source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Stepwise regression analysis revealed that age alone explained ϳ80% of the individual variance in HR max .”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Again, no significant differences in the HR max regression equation were observed between men and women”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Maximal heart rate was inversely related to age in both men and women.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“or between sedentary (212 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age) and endurance-trained (205 Ϫ 0.6 ϫ age) subjects.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 11
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The rate of decline and the y intercepts were not different between men and women”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data from treadmill and cycle ergometers were evaluated together and separately.There were no differences in the results between the two analyses.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Meta-analytic study.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The maximal respiratory exchange ratio (1.17 Ϯ 0.06) and maximal rating of perceived exertion (19.1 Ϯ 0.8) were not different across ages, suggesting consistently similar voluntary maximal efforts.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > RESULTS
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“HR max is predicted, to a large extent, by age alone and is independent of gender and habitual physical activity status.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“Second, HR max is predicted, to a large extent, by age alone and is independent of gender and physical activity status.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 18,712- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“consistent with the present findings, gender (14) and habitual physical activity (16) do not appear to influence intrinsic heart rate in humans.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Mechanisms.
What the sources say
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, the traditional equation underestimates HR max past age 40 years, markedly so in older adults.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · hedged
“Our findings suggest that the currently used equation underestimates HR max in older adults.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Conclusions.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · hedged
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The age-predicted HR max equation (i.e., 220 Ϫ age) is commonly used as a basis for prescribing exercise programs, as a criterion for achieving maximal exertion and as a clinical guide during diagnostic exercise testing.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [1] 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] Fletcher, 1997, How to implement physical activity in primary and secondary prevention, Circulation source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Gibbons, 1997, ACC/AHA guidelines for exercise testing, J Am Coll Cardiol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] Tanaka, 1997, Greater rate of decline in maximal aerobic capacity with age in physically active vs. sedentary healthy women, J Appl Physiol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] Howley, 1995, Criteria for maximal oxygen uptake, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“use of the prevailing prediction equation would result in premature termination of the test and possibly failure to attain required exertion levels for diagnostic validity.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Gibbons, 1997, ACC/AHA guidelines for exercise testing, J Am Coll Cardiol source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“To ensure that each subject achieved maximal exertion, at least three of the following four criteria were met by each subject: 1) a plateau in VO 2 with increasing exercise intensity (Ͻ100 ml); 2) a respiratory exchange ratio of at least 1.15; 3) a maximal respiratory rate of at least 35 breaths/min; and 4) a rating of perceived exertion of at least 18 units on the Borg scale (5).”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Meta-analytic study.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] Howley, 1995, Criteria for maximal oxygen uptake, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Each of these conditions influences HR max independent of age (10,12,13).”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] Whaley, 1992, Predictors of over- and underachievement of age-predicted maximal heart rate, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] Wilmore, 1985, Acute response to submaximal and maximal exercise consequent to beta-adrenergic blockade, Am J Cardiol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] Graettinger, 1995, Relationship of left ventricular structure to maximal heart rate during exercise, Chest source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To eliminate the potentially confounding influence of severe obesity, only subjects with a body mass index Ͻ35 kg/m 2 were included.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Meta-analytic study.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Subjects Ͼ50 years of age were further evaluated by physical examination and by rest and maximal exercise electrocardiography ECG (3).”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Meta-analytic study.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Gibbons, 1997, ACC/AHA guidelines for exercise testing, J Am Coll Cardiol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The age-predicted equation was determined “arbitrarily” from a total of 10 studies.The highest age included was Ͻ65 years, with the majority of subjects being Յ55 years old.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [7] Fox, 1970, The exercise stress test
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] Fox, 1971, Physical activity and the prevention of coronary heart disease, Ann Clin Res source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Because we have previously shown that weighted results by sample size were not significantly different from unweighted results (6), no weighting scheme was used in the present meta-analysis.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Meta-analytic study.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] Fitzgerald, 1997, Age-related decline in maximal aerobic capacity in regularly exercising vs. sedentary females, J Appl Physiol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“It has been postulated that the primary mechanism is related to an age-related decline in intrinsic heart rate (i.e., independent of autonomic influences) (14,15).”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Mechanisms.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] Jose, 1970, The normal range and determinants of the intrinsic heart rate in man, Cardiovasc Res source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] de Marneffe, 1986, Variations of normal sinus node function in relation to age, Eur Heart J source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
Older adults demonstrate the highest prevalence of cardiovascular and other chronic diseases.
“The latter limitation is crucial in that older adults demonstrate the highest prevalence of cardiovascular and other chronic diseases.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Older adults are often reluctant or unable to measure HRmax directly because of concerns about the physiologic stress imposed by strenuous exercise.
“Importantly, older adults are a population in which there is often a reluctance or an inability to measure HR max directly, owing to concerns related to the physiologic stress imposed by strenuous exercise.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 220 − age HRmax prediction equation is used in older adults more than in any other population.
“Thus, ironically, the 220 Ϫ age HR max prediction equation is used in this population more than in any other.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“The standard deviation for error between predicted and directly-measured maximal heart rate is roughly 13bpm [43].”
From Resting heart rate is a population-level biomarker of cardiorespiratory fitness: The Fenland Study (2023) · cites this paper as [43]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Moreover, the validity of this equation has never been established in a sample that included a sufficient number of older adults; accordingly, it's utility has been challenged [ 32 , 33 ].”
From Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and cardiovascular health: A clinical practice statement of the American Society for Preventive Cardiology Part II: Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, minimum and goal intensities for exercise training, prescriptive methods, and special patient populations (2022) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“The age-associated decline in maximal heart rate is typically reported to be unaltered by exercise training,139-142 but some evidence suggests that the decline in maximal heart rate with age can be attenuated by vigorous exercise.143-145”
From Hormonal and Metabolic Changes of Aging and the Influence of Lifestyle Modifications (2021) · cites this paper as [142]
Citations
Cites
(2014) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 9,400
ACC/AHA 2002 Guideline Update for Exercise Testing: Summary Article
Gibbons, R. J., Balady, G. J., Bricker, J. T., CHAITMAN, B. R., Fletcher, G. F., Froelicher, V. F., Mark, D. B., McCallister, B. D., Mooss, A. N., O’Reilly, M. G., et al. (2002) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000034670.06526.15 · Cited by 2,583
Criteria for maximal oxygen uptake: review and commentary
HOWLEY, E. T., BASSETT, D. R., & WELCH, H. G. (1995) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199509000-00009 · Cited by 1,656 · cited 3×
“particular study group; 5) adult subjects; 6) maximal exertion documented by using objective criteria (5); and 7) only healthy (e.”
BackgroundMethodGibbons, R. J., Balady, G. J., Beasley, J. W., FAAFP, Bricker, J. T., Duvernoy, W. F. C., Froelicher, V. F., Mark, D. B., Marwick, T. H., McCallister, B. D., et al. (1997) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.96.1.345 · Cited by 1,094
The normal range and determinants of the intrinsic heart rate in man
Jose, A. D., & Collison, D. (1970) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/4.2.160 · Cited by 585
Guidelines for exercise testing
Feild, M. D. J. (1986) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(86)80208-x · Cited by 528
Physical activity and the prevention of coronary heart disease
Fox, S. M., & Naughton, J. P. (1972) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/0091-7435(72)90079-5 · Cited by 497
Fitzgerald, M. D., Tanaka, H., Tran, Z. V., & Seals, D. R. (1997) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1997.83.1.160 · Cited by 308
Self-citationPhysical activity and prevention of coronary heart disease.
Rocha, E. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 291
Tanaka, H., Desouza, C. A., Jones, P. P., Stevenson, E. T., Davy, K. P., & Seals, D. R. (1997) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1997.83.6.1947 · Cited by 216 · cited 3×
“Minute oxygen consumption (V̇O2) also was measured using on-line, computerassisted, open-circuit spirometry (4).”
MethodSelf-citation
Cited by
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Maleki, M., Ahmadpour, A., Moraru, A., & Memmert, D. (2024) · Retos · doi:10.47197/retos.v58.103685
“HR max as a common method for prescribing and monitoring intensity during aerobic exercise (American College of Sports Medicine, 2018; Cantelon & Giles, 2021) was assessed using the 208-(age×0.7) formula (Tanaka et al., 2001).”
MethodInfluentialMiranda, J. M., Browne, R. A. V., da Silva, W. Q. A., dos Santos, J. P. R., Campbell, C. S. G., & Ramos, I. A. (2024) · doi:10.2196/preprints.65562
Cardiac autonomic regulation during submaximal exercise in women with fibromyalgia
Schamne, J. C., dos Santos, P. S., Cavalcante, V. H. V., Gonçalves, F., Cristina-Souza, G., Marinho, A. H., Senoski, S. J., Bertuzzi, R., Okuno, N. M., & Lima‐Silva, A. E. (2024) · Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation · doi:10.12965/jer.2448300.150
“The maximum predicted HR was calculated using the equation 208−0.7 × age ( Tanaka et al., 2001).”
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“…limitations include that our calculation of VO 2 max was based on age-predicted maximal heart rate, which can be less accurate in non-healthy adults 9 ; furthermore, while resting heart rate serves as a valid biomarker of cardiorespiratory fitness at the population level, the relationship between…”
BackgroundFractional utilization of the 10-minute treadmill test velocity in running performance
Antonio, D. S., Krause, M. P., de Borba, E. F., Ulbrich, A. Z., Buzzachera, C. F., & Silva, S. G. (2024) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/a-2408-7467
“If there was no V ̇ O 2 plateau, a secondary criteria based on HR responses (predicted HR max by age ≤ 10 units, calculated as 208–0.7 x age [24]), RER values ( > 1.1) [25] or/and OMNI RPE 0–10 scale ( ≥ 9) [26, 27] were used to establish V ̇ O 2max .”
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Kasai, D., Tsiros, M. D., Eston, R. G., et al. (2024) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-024-05618-9
Mezzaroba, P. V., Filho, D. M. P., & Machado, F. A. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4946944/v1
Chen, Y., Zhang, Y., Pan, Q., Wei, L. F., Jiao, Y., Jiang, C., Sun, Z., & Hou, L. (2024) · International Journal of Rail Transportation · doi:10.1080/23248378.2024.2411676
“An outlier is a point where the RR interval value is outside the range of 280 ms to 1500 ms [34,35].”
Chacón-Araya, Y., Carpio‐Rivera, E., & Moncada‐Jiménez, J. (2024) · AUC KINANTHROPOLOGICA · doi:10.14712/23366052.2024.4
dos Reis, M. T. F., Aguiar, L. T., Peniche, P. D. C., et al. (2024) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2024.2417034
“The variables age, sex and use of BB were selected because they have been used in previous studies developed with other populations with similar objectives [7, 13,14].”
Prediction of central Augmentation Index in healthy adults
Dobrosielski, D. A., Zabriskie, H. A., Dondero, K. R., Baus, B., Updegraff, J., & Landers‐Ramos, R. Q. (2024) · The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness · doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.24.16145-2
Game On: Towards Long-Term Motivation in Exergames for Cardio Training
Munderich, L.-M., & Göbel, S. P. (2024) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-74138-8_22
Are Subjective Reports of Exercise Intensity Accurate in Recreational Athletes?
Lewis, J., Bentley, R. F., Connelly, K. A., Dorian, P., & Goodman, J. M. (2024) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2024.11.008
Labeix, P., BERGER, M., & Fanget, M. (2000) · Time to knit · doi:10.1016/s1283-0887(24)47293-9
Effects of exercise on cAMP-mediated platelet inhibition in young women: a pilot study
O’Donoghue, L., Crognale, D., Delahunt, E., & Smolenski, A. (2024) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-024-05673-2
“The test was approved if 2 of 3 criteria were met: plateau in V ̇ O 2 despite an increasing workload, RER > 1.1, and HR > 90% of predicted value, calculated as 220 minus age in years or HR within 10 beats of estimated maximum HR (Tanaka et al. 2001).”
InfluentialBishnoi, A. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-8983-2_5
Ashworth, E. T., Cotter, J. D., & Kilding, A. E. (2024) · Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine · doi:10.18276/cej.2024.3-06
Development of Quarter-Mile Walk Tests to Estimate Aerobic Fitness in Children
Mahar, M. T., & Sung, H. (2024) · Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science · doi:10.1080/1091367x.2024.2440072
“…flushing and grima-cing, unsteady gait, and sweating; (b) maximal heart rate reaching a value of at least 90% of age-predicted maximal heart rate (208–0.7*age); and (c) respiratory exchange ratio greater than or equal to 1.0 (Armstrong & Welsman, 1994; Mahar et al., 2011; Tanaka et al., 2001).”
InfluentialKeating, C. J., MONTILLA, J. A. P., Román, P. Á. L., & Donahue, P. T. (2025) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-024-01308-3
“Exercise intensities were prescribed based on the Tanaka maximal heart rate (HRmax) prediction equation [21].”
Design of Wearable Device as a Fatigue Detector in Sports Activities Based on the Internet of Things
Prastyo, M. F. I., Zaeni, I. A. E., Sucipto, P. W. A., et al. (2024) · FORTEI-International Conference on Electrical Engineering (FORTEI-ICEE) · doi:10.1109/fortei-icee64706.2024.10824421
A patient choice‐driven lifestyle intervention lowers HbA1c in type 2 diabetes: A feasibility study
Weeldreyer, N. R., McEntee, M. L., Martin, M. P., Lee, C. D., Marvasti, F. F., Gaesser, G. A., Kessler, R. S., & Angadi, S. S. (2025) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.70163 · Cited by 1
“Patients were given accelerometers (Fitbit Alta HR) to measure step counts and guide intensity based on predicted max heart rate (Tanaka equation) (Tanaka et al., 2001).”
Bergaoui, J., Latiri, I., Mrad, S., Chaouch, H., Amous, S., Abdallah, J. B., Hajri, S. S. E., & Saad, H. B. (2025) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.160390.1
“22,41,44 For instance, expressing the 6MWD as a percentage of the predicted value — calculated using a reference equation that includes age as an independent factor — helps standardize results across different age groups.”
Herráiz-Adillo, Á., Rådholm, K., Iredahl, F., Carlhäll, C., Roemkens, N., Forsgren, M. F., Leinhard, O. D., Lundberg, P., Kechagias, S., Dahlström, N., et al. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.01.17.25320713
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10.1016/b978-84-8086-956-0.00014-9
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10.1016/b978-2-294-70609-7.50040-6
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Carpes, L. D. O., Jung, N. N., Domingues, L. B., Fuchs, S. C. P. C., Tanaka, H., & Ferrari, R. (2025) · Revista Brasileira de Atividade Física & Saúde · doi:10.12820/rbafs.29e0368
Self-citationFundamentos de fisiología del esfuerzo: adaptaciones cardíacas, vasculares y respiratorias
Labeix, P., Fanget, M., & Berger, M. (2025) · EMC - Kinesiterapia - Medicina Física · doi:10.1016/s1293-2965(24)49904-0
Enjoyment of spinning exercise performed in a group session as compared to an individual session
Beck, K. T., Lowater, K. S., Rafn, J., & Hansen, E. A. (2025) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2024.1501862 · Cited by 2
Smart wearable phonocardiogram for real time heart sound analysis and predictive cardiac healthcare
Deepa, S. K., Anbumani, K., Dhanushkumar, K., et al. (2024) · i-manager s Journal on Digital Signal Processing · doi:10.26634/jdp.12.2.21430
Basi di fisiologia dello sforzo: adattamenti cardiaci, vascolari e respiratori
Labeix, P., Fanget, M., & Berger, M. (2025) · EMC - Medicina Riabilitativa · doi:10.1016/s1283-078x(24)50008-6
Lu, L., Jake‐Schoffman, D. E., Lavoie, H. A., Agharazidermani, M., & Boyer, K. E. (2025) · JMIR Human Factors · doi:10.2196/58715
“In this study, maximum HR was calculated using an established formula that is accurate for preadolescent children: 208 – (0.7 × age) [21].”
InfluentialSaki, H., Nazem, F., Fariba, F., Alizadehkhaiyat, O., & Roshanaei, G. (2025) · International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries · doi:10.1007/s13410-025-01470-5
Hornikel, B., Dooley, E. E., Sternfeld, B., Sidney, S., Lewis, C. E., Jacobs, D. R., Carnethon, M. R., & Gabriel, K. P. (2025) · Exercise Sport and Movement · doi:10.1249/esm.0000000000000047 · Cited by 1
Maximal oxygen uptake of master swimmers in incremental intermittent swimming test: effects of aging
Trindade, C. D. Z., Schneider, C. D., Guimard, A., & Castro, F. A. D. S. (2025) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-025-01401-1
“For subsequent comparisons, the estimated maximal heart rate was calculated based on the equation HR maxest = 208 − ( 0.7 ∗ age ) [15], accepting the limitations of the method for the aquatic environment, to calculate the difference between the value found and predicted and estimate the maximal…”
InfluentialIntensity of Hatha yoga training for older adults
Grabara, M. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-95547-0
Prescripción de actividad física en el manejo de pacientes con distrofia muscular de Duchenne
Castellar-Leones, S. M., Londoño-Ossa, I., Viracachá, N. C. B., et al. (2025) · Revista Ciencias de la Salud · doi:10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/revsalud/a.13737
Keller, S., Jacobs, M. W., Feuerbacher, J. F., Dragutinovic, B., Zedler, M., Goldmann, J., & Schumann, M. (2025) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000005107
Patel, P., Heller, S., Larson, K. F., Elfessi, N. M., Sydó, N., Carta, K. G., Hussain, N., Allison, T. G., & Newman, D. B. (2025) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2025.05.004
Effects of Superimposed Blood Flow Restriction on Isokinetic Knee Extension
Rodrigo-Mallorca, D., Mollá-Sanchis, J., Chulvi‐Medrano, I., & Franco-Grau, L. M. (2025) · Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology · doi:10.3390/jfmk10020167
“After the pre-intervention measurements were taken, a standardized general warm-up consisting of 5 min of cycloergometer pedaling at 60% of maximum heart rate (HR max ) was established by Tanaka’s formula (207 − 0.7 × age) [16].”
InfluentialWork and work exposures in sugarcane farming in Eswatini, Southern Africa
Msibi, S. C., Naidoo, S., Jakobsson, K., et al. (2025) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-025-02140-z
“HR data were expressed as a percentage of maximal HR (%HR max ), with a regression equation used to predict HR max 208 – (0.7 × age) (Tanaka et al. 2001).”
InfluentialAgiovlasitis, S., Ballenger, B. K., Choi, P., Haider, M., Du, Q., & Motl, R. W. (2025) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/jir.13253 · Cited by 1
Liu, R., Qin, J., Wang, F., Xue, W., & Zhu, H. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-03084-7
“45 were used in this research.”
Aras, Ç., Binay-Bolat, K., Önlü, A. Ş., et al. (2025) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-025-01448-0
“Maximal heart rates of participants whose resting heart rates were known were calculated according to Tanaka et al.’s equation[26] The training program consisted of four consecutive exercises: 20 repetitions of clean and push press, 10 knee push-ups, 20 air squats, and 20 assisted dips.”
Azevedo, R. D. A., Millet, G. Y., & Murias, J. M. (2025) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-025-05823-0
“To add confidence to the achievement of a maximal effort, the following criteria were also utilized (Howley et al. 1995): (i) subjective evidence of exhaustion (RPE ≥ 17), (ii) HRmax ≥ 90% age predicted maximum (Tanaka et al. 2001), and (iii) RERmax ≥ 1.10.”
InfluentialAssessment of Performance between Different Wildland Firefighter Crews for a Modified Pack Hike Test
DeMoss, J., Valenzuela, K. A., Escobar, K. A., & Evan, S. (2025) · The Open Sports Sciences Journal · doi:10.2174/011875399x376825250530074752
Schnadthorst, P. G., Grunwald, M., & Schulze, C. (2025) · The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness · doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.25.16779-0
Tomoto, T., Kumagai, H., Tarumi, T., et al. (2025) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00038.2025
Silva, I. J. C. S., Cani, K. C., Petry, I. R., et al. (2025) · Physiotherapy Research International · doi:10.1002/pri.70084
“In the latter two situations, the patient returned to the test as soon as SpO 2 was > 85% or HR was < 10 bpm below 85% of predicted (Tanaka et al. 2001; Brawner et al. 2004), respectively.”
Hitting the Wall: The Hidden Challenge of 2:1 Block in Pacemaker Patients
Strik, M., Ploux, S., Thiyagarajah, A., et al. (2025) · Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology · doi:10.1111/pace.70006
“To estimate the clinical significance of decreasing the 2-to-1 block rate, we applied Tanaka’s formula (208–0.7 times age) to calculate the maximal sinus rate for each patient [6].”
InfluentialSantos, C. C., Kanitz, A. C., Carrijo, V. H. V., de Souza, L. F., Farinha, C. M. N., & Costa, M. J. (2025) · Physiologia · doi:10.3390/physiologia5030019
“Notwithstanding, the results of the present study should be analyzed with caution since HRmax was estimated using the formula of Tanaka et al. [21], which does not consider immersion bradycardia [22].”
InfluentialChun, S.-W., & Kim, E. J. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-6713469/v1
Podstawski, R., Borysławski, K., Snarska, J., Szabó, A., Jurewicz, P., & Ihász, F. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-6786530/v1
The Validity Study of the Age-Predicted Maximum Heart Rate Equations in Athletes
付, 祥. (2025) · Advances in Clinical Medicine · doi:10.12677/acm.2025.1571970
Smart Vest for Physical Education (SV4PE): Physical Assessment Metrics via IMU and ECG
Argueta, L. R., Aguiar, R. C., Oliveira, S., Sousa, M. V., Carvalho, D., & Correia, M. V. (2025) · IEEE International Symposium on Medical Measurements and Applications (MeMeA) · doi:10.1109/memea65319.2025.11066295 · Cited by 1
“7 and based on [36]–[38]: Lastly, effort levels are established based on a combination of heart rate and instantaneous velocity thresholds, exemplified with synthetic data presented on Fig.”
Oba, T., Moriishi, C., Takano, K., Katahira, K., & Kimura, K. (2025) · doi:10.2196/preprints.79360
Laosiripisan, J., Chuensiri, N., Ongkeaw, P., Sriputsayathanoth, T., Poonpetpradab, S., & Narmgate, P. (2025) · Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness · doi:10.1016/j.jesf.2025.07.004
Moncada‐Jiménez, J., Chacón-Araya, Y., & Carpio‐Rivera, E. (2025) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2025.07.011 · Cited by 2
Li, J., Wu, J., & Li, J. (2025) · Journal of the Textile Institute · doi:10.1080/00405000.2025.2534596
“Water consumption was recorded, and trials were terminated if core temperature exceeded 39 � C, heart rate exceeded 90% of age-predicted maximum (208–0.7 � age) (Tanaka et al., 2001), participants showed signs of heat-related illness, or participants requested to withdraw.”
InfluentialCruz-León, C., Marín‐Jiménez, N., Sánchez‐Parente, S., Borges‐Cosic, M., Grao‐Cruces, A., Castro‐Piñero, J., & Cuenca‐García, M. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.07.27.25332266
Cardiorespiratory responses to under-desk elliptical trainers
Jutlah, L. B. L., Cohen, J. N., & Au, J. S. (2025) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-025-01435-5
“Relative heart rate (%HRmax) was calculated based on the formula [5]:”
Machine Learning Based Caloric Expenditure Prediction for Personalized Exercise Soundtracks
Melam, N., Mungekar, P., & Doshi, P. (2025) · International Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global Development · doi:10.23919/indiacom66777.2025.11115309
“A mathematical equation for estimating age and gender based maximal heart rate was proposed by Tanaka et al. [4], which is a crucial factor to maintain the heart rate of a person under a certain threshold during exercise.”
Ferguson, B. K., Reynolds, L. J., Haun, C. T., & Wilson, P. B. (2025) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2025.08.010
Cardiorespiratory and Bicep Muscle Responses to Assembly Line Work Volume
Furk, D., Silva, L., Dias, M., Probst, P., & Gamboa, H. F. S. (2025) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-96899-0_6
Haptics of Pulse Palpation: Simulation and Validation Through Novel Sensor-Actuator System
Subudhi, D., Deepak, K., & Muniyandi, M. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Haptics · doi:10.1109/toh.2025.3604476
“The frequency of the pulse can go to a maximum of 3.3 Hz [53] considering the fib-rillation condition.”
InfluentialDifferent training instructions in persons with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases
Hansen, E. A., Josephsen, L. I. B., Jørgensen, J. B., Clausen, B., & Juneja, H. (2025) · Danish Medical Journal · doi:10.61409/a07240454
Parada-Flores, B., Contreras, L. M. V., Martínez‐Salazar, C., Luna-Villouta, P. F., Lara-Aravena, D., Pino-Bárcena, C., Saavedra-Godoy, S., Levín-Catrilao, Á., & Vitoria, R. V. (2025) · Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology · doi:10.3390/jfmk10030340
“…to Tanaka, Monahan, and Seals [22] us-ing the formula THR = RHR + (HRmax − RHR) × percentage of intensity of PE, where HRmax = 208 − 0.7 × age [22]; and heart rate recovery (HRR [bpm]), defined as the number of beats per minute recorded one minute after the end of the exercise session, which…”
InfluentialSeo, D., Shelley, J. E., Iwamoto, E., & Casey, D. P. (2025) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00549.2025 · Cited by 1
Kiernan, D., Hawkins, D. A., & Christiansen, B. (2025) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112955
Neudorfer, M., Ötzlinger, L., Kumar, D., Niebauer, J., Smeddinck, J. D., Sareban, M., & Treff, G. (2025) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s25185649
Burt, D., Forsyth, J. J., Jones, S., Pheasey, C., & Buckley, J. (2025) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-025-01532-5
“However, with only 30% of participants being aged over 40 years, future studies are required to investigate if the Tanaka et al. [24] HR max equation provides a more accurate CST2 prediction of ̇ VO 2max in older populations.”
InfluentialHoutkamp, D., Pool‐Goudzwaard, A., Takken, T., Chettouf, S., van de Wiel, A., Bautmans, I., & Bongers, B. C. (2025) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-025-05978-w
“…effort during CPET was defined as reaching the age-dependent cut-off points for RER peak (i.e., ≥ 1.10 for age group 55–59 or ≥ 1.06 for age group 60–75) or peak heart rate (≥ 92% of 208 – 0.7 × age for age group 55–59 or ≥ 89% for age group 60–75) (Tanaka et al. 2001; Wagner et al. 2020).”
InfluentialKlein, C., Gibson, J., Pettigrew, H. N., Kimmerly, D. S., & Boe, S. G. (2025) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2025-0146
Épreuves d'effort et autres examens cardiaques chez les sportifs
Douard, H. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-76248-2.00038-1
Kosaki, K., Mori, S., Namatame, H., Kobayashi, R., Yoshikoshi, S., Tarumi, T., Usui, T., Saito, C., Gosho, M., Nakata, Y., et al. (2025) · BMC Nephrology · doi:10.1186/s12882-025-04471-y
Minimum Exercise Model in Humans Based on Oxygen Uptake and Physiological Parameters
Kato, M., Chang, H., & Soya, H. (2025) · Advances in neurobiology · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-0066-6_4
Comparing arterial stiffness across different training modalities in healthy young males
Berlanga, L. A., Duarte, M. M., Taborda, F. G., Oliveira, J., & Bohn, L. (2025) · The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness · doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.25.17011-4
Peltomaa, H., Rantakokko, M., Matikainen-Tervola, E., Aittokoski, T., Rantanen, T., & Karavirta, L. (2025) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2025.112914
RetFit: A Novel Deep Learning-Based Biomarker of Cardiorespiratory Fitness Derived From the RetinaPreprint
Quintas, I., Bontempi, D., Bors, S., Trofimova, O., Böttger, L., Iuliani, I., Vela, S. O., Liefers, B. J., Quiros, J. V., Klaver, C. C. W., et al. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.09.29.25336874
“Submaximal exercise tests estimate CRF by modelling the relationship between heart rate (HR) response and work rate 14 , whereas non-exercise estimates of CRF may be derived from phenotypic, demographic, and anthropometric variables, providing a rapid and cost-effective alternative suited for…”
Almeida, N., dos Santos, D. A., dos Santos, K. L., Pérez, D. I. V., Aidar, F. J., Miranda, W. A. S., Miarka, B., Queiroz, A. C. C., & Brito, C. J. (2025) · Physiologia · doi:10.3390/physiologia5040040
“The maximum heart rate was estimated indirectly using the equation proposed by Tanaka, et al. [52] for male runners (HRmax = 208 − [0.7 × age]).”
InfluentialPolicies and Procedures for Test Evaluators
Richard W. Bunch P.T., P. D., Trevor D. Bardarson P.T., O. C. S., Douglas A. Swift M.D., M. S. P. H., et al. (2025) · doi:10.1002/9781119272298.ch07
Validity of thorax-worn GPS heart rate data during continuous incremental and intermittent running
Fary, T., Duthie, G. M., Campbell, P., Jennings, J., Ballard, D., Speranza, M. J. A., & Johnston, R. D. (2025) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2025.10.005 · Cited by 1
Ras, J. (2025) · The Open Public Health Journal · doi:10.2174/0118749445423331251007114314
Rodrigues, M., Carvalho, R., Gomes, B. V., et al. (2025) · Pediatric Pulmonology · doi:10.1002/ppul.71331
“Stopping criteria of UULEX included the volunteer ′ s request because of fatigue, HR exceeding 85% predicted HR (Maximal predicted HR = 208 − 0.7 × age, in bpm) [13], SpO ₂ dropping below 82%, or the volunteer being unable to continue performing the test.”
InfluentialZout, G., Höver, C., Eggert, E., Gunga, H., Ouèrmi, L., Sié, A., Huhn, S., Bunker, A., Barteit, S., Mendt, S., et al. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0330835 · Cited by 1
“[45,46].”
Hefied, Y. K., Aribi, D., Demesure, G., et al. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5614031
Späth, C. B., Timme, S., & Brand, R. (2025) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2025.2575415
“One decision point was that we defined HR max for the main analyses using the Fox formula (‘220 − age’; Fox et al., 1971), even though, for example, the Tanaka formula (‘208 − 0.7 × age’; Tanaka et al., 2001) could have been used instead.”
InfluentialD’Souza, A. W., Brotto, A. R., Foo, C., et al. (2025) · ERJ Open Research · doi:10.1183/23120541.00889-2025
“…uptake ( V ′ O 2 peak) was determined by meeting three of four standard criteria: 1) increases in oxygen consumption <100 mL·min − 1 with increasing power output, 2) a respiratory exchange ratio (RER) >1.1, 3), volitional exhaustion and/or 4) reaching age-predicted maximum heart rate [18, 19].”
InfluentialThe effects of exergaming on empathy for pain: Evidence from an event-related potential study
Wang, B., Yu, S., Cheng, G., Si, Y., & Guo, W. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105830
Bowhay, B., Williams, C. A., Goodrum, S., et al. (2025) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/02692155251391661
“…which utilised heart rate reserve to prescribe pulmonary rehabilitation; however, this must be taken with the consideration that the 220 − age equation is not a valid predictor of maximum heart rate 47 and a younger patient sample with less advanced interstitial lung disease was used in this study.”
Kruijt, N., van de Camp, S. A. J. H., Hopman, M. T. E., van den Bersselaar, L. R., Jungbluth, H., Eijsvogels, T. M. H., Voermans, N. C., & Bongers, C. C. W. G. (2025) · Temperature · doi:10.1080/23328940.2025.2574115
“Subsequently, exercise intensity was calculated as the fraction of the expected maximal HR, which was estimated using the formula by Tanaka et al. (208–0.7 ×Age) [30].”
InfluentialA framework for estimating cardiorespiratory fitness from diverse exercise tests
Gonzales, T. I., Wareham, N. J., & Brage, S. (2026) · npj Exercise Medicine and Health · doi:10.1038/s44437-026-00004-3
HIIT: Considered as Various Fluctuations for Adaptive Processes in the Metabolism
Slapšinskaitė, A. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-98787-8_8
Sabillah, M. I., Wibawa, J. C., Ayubi, N., Sceisarriya, V. M., Ndayisenga, J., & Kurnaz, M. (2025) · Al-Rafidain Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.54133/ajms.v9i2.2482 · Cited by 1
“[15].”
Demos, K. E., Oselinsky, K. M., DUNSIGER, S. I., Williams, D. M., Wing, R. R., & Unick, J. L. (2025) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.103028 · Cited by 1
Keeler, J. M., Walker, C., Regester, A., et al. (2025) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-025-06053-0
“Heart rate was measured via a chest worn heart rate strap (Polar Electro, Kempele, Finland) and is presented as both absolute and as a percentage of age-predicted heart rate maximum (Tanaka et al. 2001).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Tanaka, H., Monahan, K. D., & Seals, D. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tanaka, Hirofumi
- Venue
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-01
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 153-156
- ISSN
- 0735-1097 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2090296913
- Semantic Scholar
- 857d95626adc70db6e64da8c5fa9060489db0262
- Cited by
- 3,775
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 249 · 2025: 277 · 2024: 304 · 2023: 240 · 2022: 295 · 2021: 262 · 2020: 273 · 2019: 259 · 2018: 246 · 2017: 189 · 2016: 182 · 2015: 174 · 2014: 178 · 2013: 149 · 2012: 107
- FWCI
- 38.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (AG-13038, AG 00847, AG-06537, R01AG006537)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Effects of Exercise
- Keywords
- maximal heart rate, heart rate prediction equations, older adults, exercise prescription, exercise testing, physical stress, physical activity behavior, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Reference Values
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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