The DOI matches its Crossref record; 18 of the 20 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 31 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to determine a generalized equation for predicting maximal heart rate (HRmax) in healthy adults. BACKGROUND The age-predicted HRmax equation (i.e., 220 - age) is commonly used as a basis for prescribing exercise programs, as a criterion for achieving maximal exertion and as a clinical guide during diagnostic exercise testing. Despite its importance and widespread use, the validity of the HRmax equation has never been established in a sample that included a sufficient number of older adults. METHODS First, a meta-analytic approach was used to collect group mean HRmax values from 351 studies involving 492 groups and 18,712 subjects. Subsequently, the new equation was cross-validated in a well-controlled, laboratory-based study in which HRmax was measured in 514 healthy subjects. RESULTS In the meta-analysis, HRmax was strongly related to age (r = -0.90), using the equation of 208 - 0.7 x age. The regression equation obtained in the laboratory-based study (209 - 0.7 x age) was virtually identical to that obtained from the meta-analysis. The regression line was not different between men and women, nor was it influenced by wide variations in habitual physical activity levels. CONCLUSIONS 1) A regression equation to predict HRmax is 208 - 0.7 x age in healthy adults. 2) HRmax is predicted, to a large extent, by age alone and is independent of gender and habitual physical activity status. Our findings suggest that the currently used equation underestimates HRmax…
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Claims the paper makes
15 Own interpretation · 13 Own result · 9 No full text of the sources · 3 Not checked yet · 2 Own method · 2 No basis given · 1 Partly supported · 1 Sources not found · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“However, similar to the original reports by Fox and Haskell (7,8), these studies probably or definitely included subjects with cardiovascular disease who smoked and/or were taking cardiac medications.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] Londeree, 1984, Influence of age and other factors on maximal heart rate, J Cardiac Rehabil
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] Whaley, 1992, Predictors of over- and underachievement of age-predicted maximal heart rate, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
- Partly supportedcites [11] Sheffield, 1978, Maximal heart rate and treadmill performance of healthy women in relation to age, Circulation sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Subjects and Methods (p. 1) reports that three volunteers took mild antihypertensive medications and that none had been told she had cardiovascular disease other than elevated blood pressure. This supports the medication concern in part, but the paper does not report that its volunteers smoked or had other known cardiovascular disease. Its introduction (p. 1) also says medication use was unreported in an earlier study, not that those subjects definitely took medication. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not matchedcites [7] Fox, 1970, The exercise stress test
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] Fox, 1971, Physical activity and the prevention of coronary heart disease, Ann Clin Res source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“using the equation of 208 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age.”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“The regression equation, when all the subjects were combined, was 208 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“First, a regression equation for estimating HR max is 208 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age in healthy adult humans, which is significantly different from the traditional 220 Ϫ age equation.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 18,712- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The regression equation obtained in the laboratory-based study (209 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age) was virtually identical to that obtained from the meta-analysis.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Abstract
plainn = 514- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, a regression equation for estimating HR max is 208 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age in healthy adult humans, which is significantly different from the traditional 220 Ϫ age equation.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The regression equation for HR max (209 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age) was virtually identical to that obtained from the meta-analysis.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“the rate of decline in HR max observed in the present study is very similar to that reported previously for intrinsic heart rate determined after cardiac autonomic blockade (Ϫ0.6 Ϫ 0.8 beats/min per year) (14,15).”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Mechanisms.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] Jose, 1970, The normal range and determinants of the intrinsic heart rate in man, Cardiovasc Res source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] de Marneffe, 1986, Variations of normal sinus node function in relation to age, Eur Heart J source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Stepwise regression analysis revealed that age alone explained ϳ80% of the individual variance in HR max .”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Again, no significant differences in the HR max regression equation were observed between men and women”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Maximal heart rate was inversely related to age in both men and women.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“or between sedentary (212 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age) and endurance-trained (205 Ϫ 0.6 ϫ age) subjects.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 11
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The rate of decline and the y intercepts were not different between men and women”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data from treadmill and cycle ergometers were evaluated together and separately.There were no differences in the results between the two analyses.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Meta-analytic study.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The maximal respiratory exchange ratio (1.17 Ϯ 0.06) and maximal rating of perceived exertion (19.1 Ϯ 0.8) were not different across ages, suggesting consistently similar voluntary maximal efforts.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > RESULTS
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“HR max is predicted, to a large extent, by age alone and is independent of gender and habitual physical activity status.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“Second, HR max is predicted, to a large extent, by age alone and is independent of gender and physical activity status.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 18,712- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“consistent with the present findings, gender (14) and habitual physical activity (16) do not appear to influence intrinsic heart rate in humans.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Mechanisms.
What the sources say
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, the traditional equation underestimates HR max past age 40 years, markedly so in older adults.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · hedged
“Our findings suggest that the currently used equation underestimates HR max in older adults.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Conclusions.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · hedged
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The age-predicted HR max equation (i.e., 220 Ϫ age) is commonly used as a basis for prescribing exercise programs, as a criterion for achieving maximal exertion and as a clinical guide during diagnostic exercise testing.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [1] 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] Fletcher, 1997, How to implement physical activity in primary and secondary prevention, Circulation source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Gibbons, 1997, ACC/AHA guidelines for exercise testing, J Am Coll Cardiol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] Tanaka, 1997, Greater rate of decline in maximal aerobic capacity with age in physically active vs. sedentary healthy women, J Appl Physiol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] Howley, 1995, Criteria for maximal oxygen uptake, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“use of the prevailing prediction equation would result in premature termination of the test and possibly failure to attain required exertion levels for diagnostic validity.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Gibbons, 1997, ACC/AHA guidelines for exercise testing, J Am Coll Cardiol source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“To ensure that each subject achieved maximal exertion, at least three of the following four criteria were met by each subject: 1) a plateau in VO 2 with increasing exercise intensity (Ͻ100 ml); 2) a respiratory exchange ratio of at least 1.15; 3) a maximal respiratory rate of at least 35 breaths/min; and 4) a rating of perceived exertion of at least 18 units on the Borg scale (5).”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Meta-analytic study.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] Howley, 1995, Criteria for maximal oxygen uptake, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Each of these conditions influences HR max independent of age (10,12,13).”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] Whaley, 1992, Predictors of over- and underachievement of age-predicted maximal heart rate, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] Wilmore, 1985, Acute response to submaximal and maximal exercise consequent to beta-adrenergic blockade, Am J Cardiol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] Graettinger, 1995, Relationship of left ventricular structure to maximal heart rate during exercise, Chest source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To eliminate the potentially confounding influence of severe obesity, only subjects with a body mass index Ͻ35 kg/m 2 were included.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Meta-analytic study.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Subjects Ͼ50 years of age were further evaluated by physical examination and by rest and maximal exercise electrocardiography ECG (3).”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Meta-analytic study.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Gibbons, 1997, ACC/AHA guidelines for exercise testing, J Am Coll Cardiol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The age-predicted equation was determined “arbitrarily” from a total of 10 studies.The highest age included was Ͻ65 years, with the majority of subjects being Յ55 years old.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [7] Fox, 1970, The exercise stress test
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] Fox, 1971, Physical activity and the prevention of coronary heart disease, Ann Clin Res source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Because we have previously shown that weighted results by sample size were not significantly different from unweighted results (6), no weighting scheme was used in the present meta-analysis.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Meta-analytic study.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] Fitzgerald, 1997, Age-related decline in maximal aerobic capacity in regularly exercising vs. sedentary females, J Appl Physiol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“It has been postulated that the primary mechanism is related to an age-related decline in intrinsic heart rate (i.e., independent of autonomic influences) (14,15).”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Mechanisms.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] Jose, 1970, The normal range and determinants of the intrinsic heart rate in man, Cardiovasc Res source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] de Marneffe, 1986, Variations of normal sinus node function in relation to age, Eur Heart J source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
Older adults demonstrate the highest prevalence of cardiovascular and other chronic diseases.
“The latter limitation is crucial in that older adults demonstrate the highest prevalence of cardiovascular and other chronic diseases.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Older adults are often reluctant or unable to measure HRmax directly because of concerns about the physiologic stress imposed by strenuous exercise.
“Importantly, older adults are a population in which there is often a reluctance or an inability to measure HR max directly, owing to concerns related to the physiologic stress imposed by strenuous exercise.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 220 − age HRmax prediction equation is used in older adults more than in any other population.
“Thus, ironically, the 220 Ϫ age HR max prediction equation is used in this population more than in any other.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“The standard deviation for error between predicted and directly-measured maximal heart rate is roughly 13bpm [43].”
From Resting heart rate is a population-level biomarker of cardiorespiratory fitness: The Fenland Study (2023) · cites this paper as [43]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Moreover, the validity of this equation has never been established in a sample that included a sufficient number of older adults; accordingly, it's utility has been challenged [ 32 , 33 ].”
From Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and cardiovascular health: A clinical practice statement of the American Society for Preventive Cardiology Part II: Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, minimum and goal intensities for exercise training, prescriptive methods, and special patient populations (2022) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“The age-associated decline in maximal heart rate is typically reported to be unaltered by exercise training,139-142 but some evidence suggests that the decline in maximal heart rate with age can be attenuated by vigorous exercise.143-145”
From Hormonal and Metabolic Changes of Aging and the Influence of Lifestyle Modifications (2021) · cites this paper as [142]
Citations
Cites
(2014) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 9,400
ACC/AHA 2002 Guideline Update for Exercise Testing: Summary Article
Gibbons, R. J., Balady, G. J., Bricker, J. T., CHAITMAN, B. R., Fletcher, G. F., Froelicher, V. F., Mark, D. B., McCallister, B. D., Mooss, A. N., O’Reilly, M. G., et al. (2002) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000034670.06526.15 · Cited by 2,583
Criteria for maximal oxygen uptake: review and commentary
HOWLEY, E. T., BASSETT, D. R., & WELCH, H. G. (1995) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199509000-00009 · Cited by 1,656 · cited 3×
“particular study group; 5) adult subjects; 6) maximal exertion documented by using objective criteria (5); and 7) only healthy (e.”
BackgroundMethodGibbons, R. J., Balady, G. J., Beasley, J. W., FAAFP, Bricker, J. T., Duvernoy, W. F. C., Froelicher, V. F., Mark, D. B., Marwick, T. H., McCallister, B. D., et al. (1997) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.96.1.345 · Cited by 1,094
The normal range and determinants of the intrinsic heart rate in man
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Guidelines for exercise testing
Feild, M. D. J. (1986) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(86)80208-x · Cited by 528
Physical activity and the prevention of coronary heart disease
Fox, S. M., & Naughton, J. P. (1972) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/0091-7435(72)90079-5 · Cited by 497
Fitzgerald, M. D., Tanaka, H., Tran, Z. V., & Seals, D. R. (1997) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1997.83.1.160 · Cited by 308
Self-citationPhysical activity and prevention of coronary heart disease.
Rocha, E. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 291
Tanaka, H., Desouza, C. A., Jones, P. P., Stevenson, E. T., Davy, K. P., & Seals, D. R. (1997) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1997.83.6.1947 · Cited by 216 · cited 3×
“Minute oxygen consumption (V̇O2) also was measured using on-line, computerassisted, open-circuit spirometry (4).”
MethodSelf-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
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Torabi, M., & Mirzaei, B. (2022) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Physiology · doi:10.52547/joeppa.15.3.81 · Cited by 1
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Radgiglou, S. N., Safarzade, A., & Shirinbayan, V. (2022) · Asian Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.5812/asjsm-123355 · Cited by 1
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The Intensity of Physical Activity in Asthmatic Children During Active Video Game Playing
Mendonça, J. F. B., Gomes, É. L. D. F. D., David, M. M. C., Basso-Vanelli, R. P., Mello, M. C., & Costa, D. (2019) · EMJ Allergy & Immunology · doi:10.33590/emjallergyimmunol/10311287 · Cited by 1
Exercise Stress Electrocardiography Using the Two-Minute Jump Test in Children
Koyama, Y., Miura, M., Maeda, J., et al. (2022) · Pediatric Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s00246-022-03058-w · Cited by 1
“In adults, the target HR is defined as 85% of the maximum HR, which is calculated as 220 - (age) beats/min or 208 - 0.7 x (age) beats/min [2, 3].”
InfluentialTowards Heart Rate Categorisation from Speech in Outdoor Running Conditions
Gebhard, A., Amiriparian, S., Triantafyllopoulos, A., et al. (2022) · E-Health and Bioengineering Conference (EHB) · doi:10.1109/ehb55594.2022.9991421 · Cited by 1
“7 × age [20], HRrest is fixed and equals 71 for male and 74 for female runners, respectively [21], and HR is the measured HR.”
BackgroundDevelopment of an Electronic Toolkit for Body Condition Monitoring During Group Physical Education
Kolmakov, A., Zelenichenko, A., Topolsky, D. V., et al. (2022) · IEEE International Multi-Conference on Engineering, Computer and Information Sciences (SIBIRCON) · doi:10.1109/sibircon56155.2022.10016971 · Cited by 1
“Using these characteristics, the maximum heart rate [19] for women (1) and men (2), lost calories [20] for women (3) and men (4) can be calculated:”
BackgroundIn-depth Analysis and Creation of Vital Alerts System for Offshore Submerged Work
Almeida, F. S. D., Barbosa, W. S., Gonçalves, F. M., Henriques, F. R., & Gouvea, F. C. (2023) · International Conference on Control, Decision and Information Technologies (CoDIT) · doi:10.1109/codit58514.2023.10284497 · Cited by 1
“Exists several methods to evaluate maximum heart rate, principally according to age variation, of which three were evaluated: Karvonen [20], Jones [21] and Tanaka [22].”
Method[Spanish original] Maximum heart rate prediction equations fail key external validation test
Portuguez-Molina, P., & Vargas, A. (2023) · Pensar en Movimiento Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud · doi:10.15517/pensarmov.v21i2.54959 · Cited by 1
Zhu, N. (2013) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota) · Cited by 1
The Effects of Anthropometrical, Physiological and Environmental Factors on Surfing Performance
Barlow, M. (2013) · Leeds Beckett Repository (Leeds Beckett University) · doi:10.24382/4841 · Cited by 1
Exercise as medicine : reversing treatment toxicities in prostate cancer patients
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Health-enhancing physical activity in rheumatoid arthritis : prevalence, intervention and assessment
Nordgren, B. (2014) · Figshare · Cited by 1
The effects of exercise on appetite regulation
Crabtree, D. R. (2012) · University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham) · Cited by 1
Reply to the comment of Dr. Roy J. Shephard “A critique of RPE as a basis of exercise prescription”
Scherr, J., & Halle, M. (2013) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-013-2631-x · Cited by 1
Barbosa, F. P. (2007) · Fitness & Performance Journal · doi:10.3900/fpj.6.6.367.p · Cited by 1
Exercise induced breathing problems in adolescents
Johansson, H. (2015) · Uppsala University Publications (Uppsala University) · Cited by 1
Frank, L. L., Baer, J. T., Lambert, C. P., & Anderson, M. L. (2002) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.12.3.310 · Cited by 1
Leite, N. (2005) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 1
Timpka, S. (2013) · Lund University Publications (Lund University) · Cited by 1
Bower, J. K. (2010) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota) · Cited by 1
Balgemann, C. E. (2015) · San José State University ScholarWorks (San Jose State University) · doi:10.31979/etd.j63m-fmu3 · Cited by 1
“For example, for a 20-year-old person with an average maximum heart rate of 194 beats per minute (BPM) and a resting heart rate of 65 BPM, using 55% relative heart rate intensity, HRR = 0.55 (194 – 60) + 60 (Tanaka et al., 2001).”
MethodInfluentialRunning, Attention Restoration Theory and Environmental Compatibility.
Suckley, D. (2016) · Liverpool John Moores University · doi:10.24377/ljmu.t.00004386 · Cited by 1
de Almeida, A. M. (2017) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.5.2017.tde-27092017-133302 · Cited by 1
Gómez, P. A. (2017) · doi:10.35376/10324/28609 · Cited by 1
Hörnberg, K. (2018) · DiVA at Umeå University (Umeå University) · Cited by 1
Alsubheen, S. (2016) · Memorial University Research Repository (Memorial University) · Cited by 1
Mazzoleni, M. J. (2017) · Cited by 1
Rieder, R. (2011) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 1
Savage, D. B., Watson, L. P. E., Carr, K., Adams, C., Brage, S., Chatterjee, K., Hodson, L., Boesch, C., Kemp, G. J., & Sleigh, A. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/382283 · Cited by 1
“In controls VO2max was calculated by 130 extrapolating the submaximal heart rate – VO2 relationship to age- predicted maximum heart 131 rate (26).”
MethodPrediction of Heat Strain by Heart Rate for Firefighters in Protective Clothing
김시연 (2018) · Seoul National University Open Repository (Seoul National University) · Cited by 1
Moreira, D. G. (2018) · UPM Digital Archive (Technical University of Madrid) · doi:10.20868/upm.thesis.51176 · Cited by 1
Abstracts presented at International Congress CIDESD 2019
CIDESD (2019) · Motricidade · doi:10.6063/motricidade.16967 · Cited by 3
The Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training on Piano Learning
Swarbrick, D. (2018) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 1
Using wearable technology to monitor exercise intensity and predict VO2max
Pettitt, R. W., Fretti, S. K., Kantor, M. A., & Gubler, C. (2021) · mHealth · doi:10.21037/mhealth.2020.01.03 · Cited by 1
“It is well known that “true” HRmax can vary from APHRM (6).”
BackgroundRosario, M. A., Kern, K. L., Mumtaz, S., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.04.11.439355 · Cited by 1
“We terminated testing when the participant reached 85% of their age-predicted maximum heart rate (Tanaka et al., 2001).”
MethodExploring the force-frequency relationship in people with chronic heart failure
Lowry, J. E. (2021) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) · Cited by 1
Aerobic Training Reduces Chronic Airway Inflammation and Mediators of Remodeling in AsthmaPreprint
Moraes-Ferreira, R., Brandão-Rangel, M. A. R., Gibson-Alves, T. G., et al. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3999043 · Cited by 1
The effects of different protocols of physical exercise and rest on long-term memoryPreprint
Pyke, W., Ifram, F., Coventry, L., Sung, Y., Champion, I., & Javadi, A. (2019) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/ckvdf · Cited by 1
“HRmax was calculated based on participant’s age using the following formula (23):”
Xiang, X.-N., Zong, H.-Y., Ou, Y., et al. (2021) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-158028/v1 · Cited by 1
Age-Related Physiological Strain of Male Order-Pickers in Deep Cold
Kluth, K., Penzkofer, M., & Strasser, H. (2010) · Advances in human factors and ergonomics series · doi:10.1201/ebk1439835074-21 · Cited by 1
Leite, T. (2006) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) · Cited by 1
Vivas, O., Baudot, M., Madden, R., Choi, S., Flores, V. A., Santana, L. F., & Moreno, C. M. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.06.22.497267 · Cited by 1
Duan, Y., Wang, Y., Liang, W., et al. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4160308/v1 · Cited by 1
Melville, M. A., Stark, J. H., Hiersche, K. J., Esterman, M. S., & Hayes, S. M. (2024) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/9aenu · Cited by 1
Cagiao, A. M. M., Fariñas, J., Rial-Vázquez, J., Rúa-Alonso, M., Brage, P. A. D., García, M. A. G., & Carnero, E. Á. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.02.15.25322225 · Cited by 1
Garrity, C., Reisman, D. S., Billinger, S. A., Pressler, D., Wagner, E. A., Awosika, O. O., Bartsch, B. L., Briton-Carpenter, A., Carl, D., Engler, A., et al. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.07.30.25332470 · Cited by 1
Evaluating the Efficacy of Pulse Transit Time between Palm and Forehead in Blood Pressure Estimation
Qiu, C., Chin, J. W., Chan, T. T., Wong, K. L., & So, R. H. Y. (2025) · INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MULTIMODAL INTERACTION · doi:10.1145/3716553.3750789 · Cited by 1
“The exercise continued until subjects exceeded 5 minutes of pedaling and reached 70% of their maximum HR, maintaining this level or above for at least 10 seconds, calculated using the formula: 70% of (220 - Age) [2, 24].”
Wan, A., Guo, J., Khanh, L. P., & Jin, Y. (2025) · ACM SIGGRAPH International Conference on Virtual-Reality Continuum and its Applications in Industry (VRCAI) · doi:10.1145/3779232.3779465
“Physiological signals are mapped to effort zones using the Karvonen heart rate reserve method [Tanaka et al. 2001].”
Exercise-conditioned tear fluid suppresses myopia progressionPreprint
Yao, H., Liang, M., Fei, Q., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.02.05.704049 · Cited by 1
Exercise-induced Sweat Promotes Wound Healing in Diabetic Foot UlcersPreprint
Zhao, M., Tong, Y., Yao, H., Cao, J., Liang, T., Fei, Q., Liang, M., Yang, B., Sun, M., Wang, C., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.04.11.717882 · Cited by 1
“As none of the participants had a history of regular exercise training, this study estimated each individual's maximum heart rate (HRmax) using the Tanaka formula :HRmax = 208 − (0.7 × age) 26 .”
InfluentialThe effects of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) on whole body and isolated skeletal muscle performance
Higgins, M. F. (2013) · Coventry University Open Collections (Coventry university) · Cited by 1
MacKenzie, M. J. (2012) · Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) · doi:10.11575/prism/26121
Studio e validazione di una nuova metodica per la valutazione dello stato di forma
Foschi, E. (2008) · AMS Dottorato Institutional Doctoral Theses Repository (University of Bologna) · doi:10.6092/unibo/amsdottorato/782
Conte, M., Ciolac, E. G., Rosa, M. R. R., Cozza, H. F. P., & Baldin, A. D. (2012) · Ensaios e Ciência C Biológicas Agrárias e da Saúde · doi:10.17921/1415-6938.2012v16n6p%p
Bushong, J. R. (2011) · Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science
Perceived Fatigue Evaluating Model in Health Men Performing Backpack Load-Carriage Exercises
Shen, Y., Zheng, J., Li, C., et al. (2014) · Lecture notes in electrical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-44067-4_2
An examination of the acute and chronic effects of exercise on cognitive function in older adults
Joyce, J. (2013) · Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) · doi:10.34961/6380
Potenciales aplicaciones de la hipoxia intermitente: individualización del entrenamiento anaeróbico
Álvarez‐Herms, J. (2014) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
Condessa, L. A., Filho, M. L. M., Aidar, F. J., et al. (2014) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
Salvador, E. P. (2012) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.6.2012.tde-17012013-104018
Heart rate as a physiologic response to scenarios on the driving simulator
Cooper, K. (2012) · The Scholarship East Carolina University's Institutional Repository (East Carolina University)
Bronchopneumopathie chronique obstructive et activité physique
Coste, O., & Grillon, J.-L. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-70215-0.00011-9
Cold Water Immersion: A Foe for Immediate Leg Strength Recovery Post Strenuous Activity
Mondal, S., Goon, A. K., & Ghosh, C. (2014) · Journals & Books Hosting (International Knowledge Sharing Platform)
Bernardes, C. F. (2013) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT)
Individual Protective Equipment – Do You Know What to Wear?
Hagner, K., & Hesse, F. (2013) · doi:10.1002/9783527650163.ch11
Galvani, C. (2008) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique)
Effect of Exercise on the Aging Brain
Marks, B. L. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118840634.ch22
The Influence of Concurrent Visual Feedback During Treadmill Training in Parkinson’s Disease
Johnston, R. E. (2009) · Scholars Commons (Wilfrid Laurier University)
Advance in optimal design and deployment of ambient intelligence systems
Pérez, P. A. L. M. (2012) · doi:10.31428/10317/2890
Efectos del entrenamiento concurrente, polarizado y tradicional, sobre la condición física saludable
Varela-Sanz, A. (2014) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
de Moura, B. P., Carlos, J., Marins, B., et al. (2011)
Carneiro, R. W., de Souza, T. M. F., Assumpção, C. D. O., et al. (2013) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
Control de entrenamiento y competición en corredores de campo a través
Lanao, J. E. (2004) · KRONOS · doi:10.64197/kronos.3.05-06.447
Modulação da osmolalidade plasmática após exercício indoor
Baganha, R. J., Riêra, I. D. S., Monteiro, L. V., et al. (2011) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
Reid, G. J. (2012) · ChesterRep (University of Chester)
Heart rate recovery after maximal and submaximal exercise
Karjalainen, P. (2012) · Jyväskylä University Digital Archive (University of Jyväskylä)
Assessment of Workers’ Body Temperature and Workload in Tomato Production Greenhouse Work
Silalahi, R. L. R., Ushada, M., Fallah, M. A. F., et al. (2017) · Indonesian Journal of Biotechnology (Universitas Gadjah Mada) · doi:10.2010/aij.v3i1.27
“7×age) (Tanaka et al., 2001), while HRrest measured before work.”
MethodInfluentialThe Measurement of Sporting Performance using Mobile Physiological Monitoring Technology
Johnstone, J. (2014) · University of Hertfordshire Research Archive (University of Hertfordshire) · doi:10.18745/th.13527
“, 2010). The validity of the test process might be in question, though there are no cricket specific competitive match pre-post data to compare, and in a follow-up study Houghton et al. (2012) did note decreased CMJ and SJ 24 hours post BATEX.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSyncope detection electronic system
Dobrescu, L., Caramaliu, R. V., & Stanciu, S. M. (2013) · E-Health and Bioengineering Conference (EHB) · doi:10.1109/ehb.2013.6707266
“Heart rate variation versus patients age[6].”
BackgroundCardiovascular Changes with Aging
Maurer, M. S., & Weisfeldt, M. L. (2003) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-357-6_9
Kluth, K., Penzkofer, M., & Strasser, H. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-35057-3_18
Barbosa, F. P. (2007) · Fitness & Performance Journal · doi:10.3900/fpj.6.6.367.e
Baganha, R. J., Santos, G. F. S. E., Moreira, R. A. C., et al. (2008) · journal of physical education · doi:10.4025/reveducfis.v19i2.5556
“Na fase de atividade, os atletas pedalaram em uma bicicleta estacionária (indoor) a uma intensidade mínima de 60% e máxima de 75% da freqüência cardíaca máxima, proposta por Tanaka et al. (2001), por um período de 120 minutos.”
BackgroundTasaki, H., Ueyama, C., Irita, A., Miyagawa, A., Kitano, K., Hayano, M., Isomoto, S., Seto, S., & Yano, K. (2003) · Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi Japanese Journal of Geriatrics · doi:10.3143/geriatrics.40.254
Cardiovascular effects and enjoyment of exer-gaming in older adults
Fachko, M. J. (2012) · ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania)
Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction Diagnostics: Impact of a Repeated Exercise Challenge Test
Angell, M. R., Augestad, L. B., Haugen, T. S., et al. (2014) · Open Journal of Respiratory Diseases · doi:10.4236/ojrd.2014.42009
“However, as there is high individual variance in HRmax [9], it has been reported that heart rate based on ATS standard protocols may not ensure sufficient exercise intensity to induce bronchoconstriction [10].”
BackgroundInfluentialBarbosa, F. P. (2007) · Fitness & Performance Journal · doi:10.3900/fpj.6.6.367.s
Pereira, L. A., & Garganta, R. (2012) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) · doi:10.6063/motricidade.678
Metadata
- Authors
- Tanaka, H., Monahan, K. D., & Seals, D. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tanaka, Hirofumi
- Venue
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-01
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 153-156
- ISSN
- 0735-1097 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2090296913
- Semantic Scholar
- 857d95626adc70db6e64da8c5fa9060489db0262
- Cited by
- 3,775
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 249 · 2025: 277 · 2024: 304 · 2023: 240 · 2022: 295 · 2021: 262 · 2020: 273 · 2019: 259 · 2018: 246 · 2017: 189 · 2016: 182 · 2015: 174 · 2014: 178 · 2013: 149 · 2012: 107
- FWCI
- 38.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (AG-13038, AG 00847, AG-06537, R01AG006537)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Effects of Exercise
- Keywords
- maximal heart rate, heart rate prediction equations, older adults, exercise prescription, exercise testing, physical stress, physical activity behavior, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Reference Values
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