The DOI matches its Crossref record; 18 of the 20 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 31 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to determine a generalized equation for predicting maximal heart rate (HRmax) in healthy adults. BACKGROUND The age-predicted HRmax equation (i.e., 220 - age) is commonly used as a basis for prescribing exercise programs, as a criterion for achieving maximal exertion and as a clinical guide during diagnostic exercise testing. Despite its importance and widespread use, the validity of the HRmax equation has never been established in a sample that included a sufficient number of older adults. METHODS First, a meta-analytic approach was used to collect group mean HRmax values from 351 studies involving 492 groups and 18,712 subjects. Subsequently, the new equation was cross-validated in a well-controlled, laboratory-based study in which HRmax was measured in 514 healthy subjects. RESULTS In the meta-analysis, HRmax was strongly related to age (r = -0.90), using the equation of 208 - 0.7 x age. The regression equation obtained in the laboratory-based study (209 - 0.7 x age) was virtually identical to that obtained from the meta-analysis. The regression line was not different between men and women, nor was it influenced by wide variations in habitual physical activity levels. CONCLUSIONS 1) A regression equation to predict HRmax is 208 - 0.7 x age in healthy adults. 2) HRmax is predicted, to a large extent, by age alone and is independent of gender and habitual physical activity status. Our findings suggest that the currently used equation underestimates HRmax…
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Claims the paper makes
15 Own interpretation · 13 Own result · 9 No full text of the sources · 3 Not checked yet · 2 Own method · 2 No basis given · 1 Partly supported · 1 Sources not found · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“However, similar to the original reports by Fox and Haskell (7,8), these studies probably or definitely included subjects with cardiovascular disease who smoked and/or were taking cardiac medications.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] Londeree, 1984, Influence of age and other factors on maximal heart rate, J Cardiac Rehabil
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] Whaley, 1992, Predictors of over- and underachievement of age-predicted maximal heart rate, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
- Partly supportedcites [11] Sheffield, 1978, Maximal heart rate and treadmill performance of healthy women in relation to age, Circulation sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Subjects and Methods (p. 1) reports that three volunteers took mild antihypertensive medications and that none had been told she had cardiovascular disease other than elevated blood pressure. This supports the medication concern in part, but the paper does not report that its volunteers smoked or had other known cardiovascular disease. Its introduction (p. 1) also says medication use was unreported in an earlier study, not that those subjects definitely took medication. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not matchedcites [7] Fox, 1970, The exercise stress test
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] Fox, 1971, Physical activity and the prevention of coronary heart disease, Ann Clin Res source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“using the equation of 208 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age.”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“The regression equation, when all the subjects were combined, was 208 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“First, a regression equation for estimating HR max is 208 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age in healthy adult humans, which is significantly different from the traditional 220 Ϫ age equation.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 18,712- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The regression equation obtained in the laboratory-based study (209 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age) was virtually identical to that obtained from the meta-analysis.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Abstract
plainn = 514- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, a regression equation for estimating HR max is 208 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age in healthy adult humans, which is significantly different from the traditional 220 Ϫ age equation.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The regression equation for HR max (209 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age) was virtually identical to that obtained from the meta-analysis.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“the rate of decline in HR max observed in the present study is very similar to that reported previously for intrinsic heart rate determined after cardiac autonomic blockade (Ϫ0.6 Ϫ 0.8 beats/min per year) (14,15).”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Mechanisms.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] Jose, 1970, The normal range and determinants of the intrinsic heart rate in man, Cardiovasc Res source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] de Marneffe, 1986, Variations of normal sinus node function in relation to age, Eur Heart J source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Stepwise regression analysis revealed that age alone explained ϳ80% of the individual variance in HR max .”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Again, no significant differences in the HR max regression equation were observed between men and women”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Maximal heart rate was inversely related to age in both men and women.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“or between sedentary (212 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age) and endurance-trained (205 Ϫ 0.6 ϫ age) subjects.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 11
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The rate of decline and the y intercepts were not different between men and women”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data from treadmill and cycle ergometers were evaluated together and separately.There were no differences in the results between the two analyses.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Meta-analytic study.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The maximal respiratory exchange ratio (1.17 Ϯ 0.06) and maximal rating of perceived exertion (19.1 Ϯ 0.8) were not different across ages, suggesting consistently similar voluntary maximal efforts.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > RESULTS
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“HR max is predicted, to a large extent, by age alone and is independent of gender and habitual physical activity status.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“Second, HR max is predicted, to a large extent, by age alone and is independent of gender and physical activity status.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 18,712- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“consistent with the present findings, gender (14) and habitual physical activity (16) do not appear to influence intrinsic heart rate in humans.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Mechanisms.
What the sources say
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, the traditional equation underestimates HR max past age 40 years, markedly so in older adults.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · hedged
“Our findings suggest that the currently used equation underestimates HR max in older adults.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Conclusions.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · hedged
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The age-predicted HR max equation (i.e., 220 Ϫ age) is commonly used as a basis for prescribing exercise programs, as a criterion for achieving maximal exertion and as a clinical guide during diagnostic exercise testing.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [1] 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] Fletcher, 1997, How to implement physical activity in primary and secondary prevention, Circulation source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Gibbons, 1997, ACC/AHA guidelines for exercise testing, J Am Coll Cardiol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] Tanaka, 1997, Greater rate of decline in maximal aerobic capacity with age in physically active vs. sedentary healthy women, J Appl Physiol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] Howley, 1995, Criteria for maximal oxygen uptake, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“use of the prevailing prediction equation would result in premature termination of the test and possibly failure to attain required exertion levels for diagnostic validity.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Gibbons, 1997, ACC/AHA guidelines for exercise testing, J Am Coll Cardiol source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“To ensure that each subject achieved maximal exertion, at least three of the following four criteria were met by each subject: 1) a plateau in VO 2 with increasing exercise intensity (Ͻ100 ml); 2) a respiratory exchange ratio of at least 1.15; 3) a maximal respiratory rate of at least 35 breaths/min; and 4) a rating of perceived exertion of at least 18 units on the Borg scale (5).”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Meta-analytic study.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] Howley, 1995, Criteria for maximal oxygen uptake, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Each of these conditions influences HR max independent of age (10,12,13).”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] Whaley, 1992, Predictors of over- and underachievement of age-predicted maximal heart rate, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] Wilmore, 1985, Acute response to submaximal and maximal exercise consequent to beta-adrenergic blockade, Am J Cardiol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] Graettinger, 1995, Relationship of left ventricular structure to maximal heart rate during exercise, Chest source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To eliminate the potentially confounding influence of severe obesity, only subjects with a body mass index Ͻ35 kg/m 2 were included.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Meta-analytic study.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Subjects Ͼ50 years of age were further evaluated by physical examination and by rest and maximal exercise electrocardiography ECG (3).”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Meta-analytic study.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Gibbons, 1997, ACC/AHA guidelines for exercise testing, J Am Coll Cardiol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The age-predicted equation was determined “arbitrarily” from a total of 10 studies.The highest age included was Ͻ65 years, with the majority of subjects being Յ55 years old.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [7] Fox, 1970, The exercise stress test
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] Fox, 1971, Physical activity and the prevention of coronary heart disease, Ann Clin Res source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Because we have previously shown that weighted results by sample size were not significantly different from unweighted results (6), no weighting scheme was used in the present meta-analysis.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Meta-analytic study.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] Fitzgerald, 1997, Age-related decline in maximal aerobic capacity in regularly exercising vs. sedentary females, J Appl Physiol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“It has been postulated that the primary mechanism is related to an age-related decline in intrinsic heart rate (i.e., independent of autonomic influences) (14,15).”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Mechanisms.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] Jose, 1970, The normal range and determinants of the intrinsic heart rate in man, Cardiovasc Res source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] de Marneffe, 1986, Variations of normal sinus node function in relation to age, Eur Heart J source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
Older adults demonstrate the highest prevalence of cardiovascular and other chronic diseases.
“The latter limitation is crucial in that older adults demonstrate the highest prevalence of cardiovascular and other chronic diseases.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Older adults are often reluctant or unable to measure HRmax directly because of concerns about the physiologic stress imposed by strenuous exercise.
“Importantly, older adults are a population in which there is often a reluctance or an inability to measure HR max directly, owing to concerns related to the physiologic stress imposed by strenuous exercise.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 220 − age HRmax prediction equation is used in older adults more than in any other population.
“Thus, ironically, the 220 Ϫ age HR max prediction equation is used in this population more than in any other.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“The standard deviation for error between predicted and directly-measured maximal heart rate is roughly 13bpm [43].”
From Resting heart rate is a population-level biomarker of cardiorespiratory fitness: The Fenland Study (2023) · cites this paper as [43]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Moreover, the validity of this equation has never been established in a sample that included a sufficient number of older adults; accordingly, it's utility has been challenged [ 32 , 33 ].”
From Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and cardiovascular health: A clinical practice statement of the American Society for Preventive Cardiology Part II: Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, minimum and goal intensities for exercise training, prescriptive methods, and special patient populations (2022) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“The age-associated decline in maximal heart rate is typically reported to be unaltered by exercise training,139-142 but some evidence suggests that the decline in maximal heart rate with age can be attenuated by vigorous exercise.143-145”
From Hormonal and Metabolic Changes of Aging and the Influence of Lifestyle Modifications (2021) · cites this paper as [142]
Citations
Cites
(2014) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 9,400
ACC/AHA 2002 Guideline Update for Exercise Testing: Summary Article
Gibbons, R. J., Balady, G. J., Bricker, J. T., CHAITMAN, B. R., Fletcher, G. F., Froelicher, V. F., Mark, D. B., McCallister, B. D., Mooss, A. N., O’Reilly, M. G., et al. (2002) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000034670.06526.15 · Cited by 2,583
Criteria for maximal oxygen uptake: review and commentary
HOWLEY, E. T., BASSETT, D. R., & WELCH, H. G. (1995) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199509000-00009 · Cited by 1,656 · cited 3×
“particular study group; 5) adult subjects; 6) maximal exertion documented by using objective criteria (5); and 7) only healthy (e.”
BackgroundMethodGibbons, R. J., Balady, G. J., Beasley, J. W., FAAFP, Bricker, J. T., Duvernoy, W. F. C., Froelicher, V. F., Mark, D. B., Marwick, T. H., McCallister, B. D., et al. (1997) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.96.1.345 · Cited by 1,094
The normal range and determinants of the intrinsic heart rate in man
Jose, A. D., & Collison, D. (1970) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/4.2.160 · Cited by 585
Guidelines for exercise testing
Feild, M. D. J. (1986) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(86)80208-x · Cited by 528
Physical activity and the prevention of coronary heart disease
Fox, S. M., & Naughton, J. P. (1972) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/0091-7435(72)90079-5 · Cited by 497
Fitzgerald, M. D., Tanaka, H., Tran, Z. V., & Seals, D. R. (1997) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1997.83.1.160 · Cited by 308
Self-citationPhysical activity and prevention of coronary heart disease.
Rocha, E. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 291
Tanaka, H., Desouza, C. A., Jones, P. P., Stevenson, E. T., Davy, K. P., & Seals, D. R. (1997) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1997.83.6.1947 · Cited by 216 · cited 3×
“Minute oxygen consumption (V̇O2) also was measured using on-line, computerassisted, open-circuit spirometry (4).”
MethodSelf-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
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Fatigability and neuromuscular performance of old and very old healthy adults
Varesco, G. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/fd321034z749cz40c3zbf00z4dda24340aac
Probst, P., Santos, S., Barros, G., Morais, M., Garcia, S., Koch, P., Dias, J. B., Leal, A., Periquito, R., André, S., et al. (2026) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s26072278 · Cited by 1
“To enable meaningful comparison across individuals, heart rate was expressed by the heart rate ratio [59].”
Arellano, A. L., & Luna-Lozano, P. S. (2026) · Ingeniería Investigación y Tecnología · doi:10.22201/fi.25940732e.2026.27.2.010
“(2) In young healthy subjects, the more acceptable formula for estimating HR max t is the difference between 220 and age (Tanaka et al., 2001).”
Torma, F., Santos, E., Jókai, M., Bábszky, Z., Babszky, G., Mozaffaritabar, S., Herai, R. H., Pinho, R. A., Higuchi, M., Gu, Y., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2026.1713760
“Maximal heart rate was estimated using the Tanaka equation (Tanaka et al., 2001).”
Ryan, A. S., Marconi, V. C., Briggs, B. C., Lozano, A. J., Oursler, K. K., FITVET Project Team, Alvarez, A., Brent, C., Clark-Stuart, T., Coulter, M. M., et al. (2026) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofag145
Inoue, A., Soares, J. P. F., Antunes-Santos, F., Ferreira, A., Gonçalves, A., Alcântara, J. A., & dos Santos, M. R. (2026) · JMIR Cardio · doi:10.2196/81917
“…[9] until they met at least two out of the following three conditions: (1) reached 90% of their maximal HR value calculated using Tanaka’s equation [10], (2) achieved a respiratory exchange ratio (RER) greater than or equal to 1.05 [11], and (3) reached maximal voluntary exhaustion, evaluated by…”
InfluentialVangsgaard, D., Noumi, M., Hayden, A., & Doyle–Baker, P. K. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14081080
“Maximal heart rate consistently decreased with age regardless of fitness status [34,57,60,61,64], likely due to changes in intrinsic cardiac pacemaker function [70].”
Ausland, Å., Kelemen, B., & Seiler, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2026.1806303
“However, despite its central importance, many athletes and practitioners still rely on estimated HRmax values derived from regression equations, such as “220 minus age” (6) or “208 minus 0.7 × age” (7).”
InfluentialGong, B., Sun, B., Song, Y., Zhang, J., Ma, S., Yang, X., & Yang, J. (2026) · Intelligent Sports and Health · doi:10.1016/j.ish.2026.03.001
Cardiorespiratory Kinetics: Importance of Age, Physical Activity, and Exercise Mode
Koschate, J., Faber, F., Drescher, U., Zieschang, T., & Hoffmann, U. (2026) · German Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.5960/dzsm.2026.661
Core temperature-dependent leukocyte and neutrophil responses during prolonged heat exposure
Xu, Y., Wang, H. T., & Wang, F. F. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1798608
Mosquera, J. C. G., Portuguez-Molina, P., & Vargas, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2026.1800364
“Exercise intensity was standardized at 70–80% of age-predicted maximum heart rate, calculated using the equation HRmax = 207 − (0.7 × age) (19).”
InfluentialField-Based Fitness Tests Predict Completion of a Firefighter Recruit Academy
Brau, S. D., Mendelson, B. J., Marciniak, R. A., et al. (2026) · Fire · doi:10.3390/fire9050181
Evaluating maximal oxygen uptake in exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation
Sevel, C. T., Dalgas, U., Langeskov‐Christensen, M., & Maribo, T. (2026) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2026.2662167 · Cited by 1
Feasibility and Validity of the 6-Minute Cycling Test in Childhood Cancer Patients
Wypyrsczyk, L., Kuhn, M., Dreismickenbecker, E., et al. (2026) · Pediatric Hematology and Oncology · doi:10.1080/08880018.2026.2661758
“The maximum heart rate was predicted using an age-based equation, 22,23 and the measured heart rate values were then compared with these predicted values.”
Acute metabolic responses to breaking up sedentary time in older adults
Maréchal, R., St‐Martin, P., Desjardins, C., Ghachem, A., Mekari, S., Bélanger, M. F., Cohen, A. A., & Dionne, I. J. (2026) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2026.115361 · Cited by 1
Postural Instability Is Greater in Men with Type 2 Diabetes after Exertional Heat Stress
Wee, J., Low, S., Tan, X. R., et al. (2026) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000004025
“The test was terminated at 85% of age-predicted maximum heart rate (HR) (20), volitional exhaustion, or after five stages.”
The Acute Effect of High-Intensity Exercise on Executive Function: A Meta-AnalysisPreprint
Chou, E., & Moreau, D. (2019) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)
Brain health initiative: protocol for a longitudinal study with a multifaceted intervention
Fraga, J. A., Petter, J. L., Bregalda, J. A., et al. (2026) · Geriatrics Gerontology and Aging · doi:10.53886/gga.e0000385_en
Lovell, R. J., McLaren, S. J., Norris, D., et al. (2024) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)
Guerchi, M., Hamaidi, J., Marzouki, H., Ceylan, H. İ., Hammami, M. A. H., Selmi, O., Bouzouraa, M. M., Aissa, M. B., Guelmami, N., Bădău, D., et al. (2026) · Balneo and PRM Research Journal · doi:10.12680/balneo.2026.1012
Ganesh, G. S., Khan, A. R., Khan, A., & Das, S. P. (2026) · Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies · doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2026.04.024
MoTrPAC Study Group, Brandt, A. R., Fleg, J., Goodpaster, B. H., Jaeger, B. C., Jin, C. A., Johannsen, N. M., Katz, D. H., Keshishian, H., Kohrt, W. M., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.03.02.705347 · Cited by 3
A speed-oriented phenotype is beneficial for 1500 m rowing at the Los Angeles 2028 Olympic Games
Baumann, E., van der Vorst, E. M. C., & Hofmijster, M. J. (2026) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-026-06250-5
“Predicted maximal heart rate was calculated as 208 – 0.7 · age (Tanaka et al. 2001 ).”
InfluentialDancing Through Exertion: How Dancers Retain Lower Extremity Kinematics During Ballet Jumps
Mikkelsen, P., Yamaguchi, A. C., Tang, Y., et al. (2026) · Journal of Dance Medicine & Science · doi:10.1177/1089313x261443136
Stauffer, S. J., Pohlig, R. T., Edwards, D. G., Sarlo, F. B., Horne, J. R., Arch, E. S., & Sions, J. M. (2026) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2026.1830289
Moreno, T. M., Heimler, S., Moran, R. J., Barkai, H., Scandalis, L., Traxler, L., Neil, A., Dozier, S., Bergstrom, J., Ranade, S. S., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.05.15.725565
García-Sánchez, E., Santamaría‐Peláez, M., González-Bernal, J. J., González‐Santos, J., Fernández-Solana, J., & Vélez-Santamaría, R. (2026) · The Egyptian Heart Journal · doi:10.1186/s43044-026-00752-5
“The maximum heart rate was estimated using the exercise test and, failing that, the Tanaka et al. formula (208 − 0.7 × age) to estimate the patient’s cardiovascular capacity [27].”
InfluentialKomici, K., Rengo, G., Femminella, G. D., Pagliaro, R., D'Onghia, M. L., Fasciano, L., Santulli, G., Mone, P., Bianco, A., & Guerra, G. (2026) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2026.106963
de Menezes-Junior, F. J., Brand, C., Tadiotto, M. C., Corazza, P. R. P., Tozo, T. A. A., Purim, K. S. M., Cristi‐Montero, C., & Leite, N. (2026) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2026.101728
Gomes, E. L., Marker, R. J., Bell, C., Aichele, S., Eagan, J., & Leach, H. J. (2026) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-026-10807-7
“To calculate HRR, resting HR was measured using a pulse oximeter before each exercise session, and maximal heart rate max was estimated using the Tanaka equation [208 − (0.7 × age)] [28].”
InfluentialApollaro, G., Franchini, É., Kons, R. L., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2026.1825858
“Furthermore, HR PEAK was expressed as percentages of the athlete ’ s theoretical (208 − [0.7 × age]) maximal HR (%HR max ) (Tanaka et al., 2001).”
InfluentialKhaw, M. J., & Chin, W. V. (2026) · World Journal of Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.5492/wjccm.120866
“This limits the maximum heart rate [clinically estimated by the Tanaka formula as 208-(0.7 × age)] and reduces the response to circulating catecholamines[16-18].”
InfluentialLertyongphati, A., Udomkhwamsuk, W., Amornrungrojanakul, N., Suk-ieam, K., Khamyan, W., Chaengchit, P., Asawaponwiput, W., Vichitkunakorn, P., & Surangsrirat, D. (2026) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2026.1829700
Exercise-induced sweat suppresses depression-like behaviors in micePreprint
Yao, H., Xing, S., Liang, M., Fei, Q., Cao, J., Liang, T., Yang, B., Cui, C., Liu, H., & Cui, Q. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.06.02.728455
“As none of the participants had a history of regular exercise training, each individual's maximum heart rate (HRmax) was estimated using the Tanaka formula:: HRmax = 208 − (0.7 × age) 26 .”
InfluentialCombating Alzheimer’s through sleep and exercise (CASE): A study protocol
Chung, D. P., Larsen, B. A., Garchitorena, L., Ramos, A. R., Kirk-Sanchez, N. J., Jean-Louis, G., & Seixas, A. A. (2026) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-026-02337-1
“MHR will be estimated using Tanaka’s formula (maxHR = 208-(0.7*age)) [33], and the target heart rate (THR) will be calculated using Karvonen’s formula to account for resting heart rate (RHR), where THR = ((MHR-RHR)*% intensity) + RHR [34].”
InfluentialHyvärinen, M., Kajan, N., Kettunen, E., et al. (2026) · Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging · doi:10.1111/cpf.70073
“In addition to absolute post ‐ ascent heart rate, heart rate relative to age ‐ predicted maximum (Tanaka et al., 2001) was also included in the analyses, and calculated by dividing the post ‐ ascent heart rate by 208 – 0.7·age.”
InfluentialAffective and physiological predictors of exercise motivation: Evidence from HRV-based profiling
Everett, E. R. N., Cabral, D. F., Saul, A. D., & Bigliassi, M. (2026) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2026.103182
Akalp, K., Besikci, H., Mateus, A. R., Rama, L. M. P. L., Ferreira, J. P., Ribeiro, M. J., & Teixeira, A. M. (2026) · Frontiers in Aging · doi:10.3389/fragi.2026.1819235
“Intensity for the AE and Activ4Brain programs was set between 60%–80% of Maximal HR calculated using Tanaka´s Formula (HR max = 208-(0.7 x age) (Tanaka et al., 2001).”
InfluentialMilani, J. G. P. O., Milani, M., D’Ascenzi, F., et al. (2026) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1093/eurjpc/zwag311
Asahara, R., Fukuie, M., Hoshi, D., Won, J., Zhang, R., Sugawara, J., & Tarumi, T. (2026) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.70329
“Exercise intensity was set at 50%–70% of age-predicted maximal heart rate calculated as 208–0.7 × age [36].”
InfluentialHodge, S., Haque, A., Quraishi, T., Bryan, A., Rogers, S., Bowling, F. L., & Ghosh, J. (2026) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2026-118841
“…any major adverse limb event (MALE; defined as untreated loss of patency, reintervention on the index arterial segment or major amputation of the index limb), any major adverse cardiac event (MACE; defined as myocardial infarction, stroke or cardiovascular death) and all-cause mortality.”
Tourula, E. N., Heikkinen, M., Regester, A., Owen, M. G., Hess, H. W., Spence, L., Mickleborough, T. D., Johnson, B. D., Gletsu-Miller, N. A., & Schlader, Z. J. (2026) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00047.2026
Aging Disrupts L-type Ca 2+ Channel Organization and Function in Pacemaker Cells
Vivas, O., Baudot, M., Madden, R., Piñon-Teal, W. L., Hunt, M. S., Choi, S., Pournejati, R., Flores-Tamez, V. A., Santana, L. F., & Moreno, C. M. (2026) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.125.327894
Schwarz, I., Chan, L. Y., & Gordon, B. R. (2026) · Current Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Reports · doi:10.1007/s40141-026-00542-9
“T a r g e t H R = ( 220 - a g e ) x % H R m a x [ 38 ] H R r e s e r v e ( 40 % –80 % o f p ea k ) , O 2 r e s e r v e ( 40 % –80 % o f p ea k ) , p e r ce n t o f p ea k e x e r c i s e H R ac h i e v e d ( 65 % – 80 % ) , a nd R P E ( 1 1– 16 on a 6 - t o - 20 B o r g s ca l e ) [ 28 , 37 ] P a…”
Effects of a general warm-up on anaerobic exercise performance in power and endurance athletes
Ushirooka, N., Muratomi, K., Maemura, H., & Tanigawa, S. (2026) · Journal of Human Sport and Exercise · doi:10.55860/7sn2h323
“…found no difference in maximum heart rate between power athletes and endurance athletes (Whyte et al., 2008), this study applied the same estimation formula (Tanaka et al., 2001) to calculate maximum heart rate for all participants, setting the relative intensity of the GWU equally for both groups.”
InfluentialWang, J., Liu, D., Liang, Y., Cao, X., Guo, S., Wu, J., Yang, Y., Xie, T., Yang, K., Zhuang, J., et al. (2026) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-026-28081-x · Cited by 1
“Heart rate was sampled every 30 s. Target intensity for the intervention followed American College of Sports Medicine recommendations, with exercise prescribed at 60 to 90 percent of age predicted maximal heart rate (HRmax), where HRmax was estimated as 208 minus 0.7 multiplied by age in years [13].”
InfluentialEvaluating Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Versus Tachycardia in SIRS Criterion
FLATHERS, E., Fang, F., Fitzgerald, B., & Ori, T. (2026) · Journal of Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1177/08850666261457341
The foundational role of perception-action couplings for expert performance in jump rope
de Carvalho, M. V., Lopes, H., Brito, H., Carrilho, D., Carvalho, A., & Araújo, D. (2026) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2026.103195
Zheng, X., Wang, P., Wang, S., et al. (2026) · Cardiology Research and Practice · doi:10.1155/crp/4446755
Zhang, H., Zhang, B., Zheng, C., Poon, E. T., Liao, Q., & Sun, F. (2026) · Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise · doi:10.1007/s42978-026-00383-x
Sterringer, T. M., Sale, C., Morozov, A., Liang, J., & Larson‐Meyer, D. E. (2026) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/s00223-026-01564-0 · Cited by 1
Chiwanga, F. S., Sambalino, F., Sambaiga, R., et al. (2026) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.26338.1
Bai, X., Wang, Y., Chen, F., Jin, Z., Xiao, W., & Soh, K. G. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0352243
“The Frequency is 3 times per week, intensity is moderate-intensity exercise (50–70% of HRmax) the maximal heart rate (MHR) was calculated with the equation of Tanaka [FCmax = (220-age) * (0.5–0.7)] [34] (Applying the finger touch pulse method throughout training.”
InfluentialMENEGOTTE, P. C. S., Sá, C. A. D., Mânica, A., Ozelame, B. C., Farias, K. C., Bones, U. A., Cardoso, A. M., Laux, R. C., & Corralo, V. D. S. (2026) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2026.113224
Effects of verification stage intensity and duration on $$\dot{V}O_{{2\max }}$$ determination
Foster, A., Dennis, E. J., Kurti, S. P., et al. (2026) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-026-06314-6
“…incremental test, 10 of 12, 9 of 10, 11 of 17, and 15 of 17 participants met the HR criterion for maximal effort (≥ 93% age-predicted maximal heart rate using the Tanaka ( 2001) equation) for the short/submaximal, short/supramax-imal, long/submaximal, and long/supramaximal conditions, respectively.”
Efectos del ejercicio concurrente en la salud metabólica de mujeres con obesidad
Cerda, F., Soto-Sánchez, J. P., Torres-Rivas, F., et al. (2026) · ARS MEDICA Revista de Ciencias Médicas · doi:10.11565/arsmed.v51i2.2188
Kasiak, P. S., & Procyk, G. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15135133 · Cited by 1
“Maximal heart rate (HR max ) is also one of the most important variables used in clinical medicine and physiology [8].”
Komici, K., Iacono, A. D., Aversa, D. L., Femminella, G. D., Rengo, G., & Guerra, G. (2026) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-026-01057-2
A Template-Based and Learning-Driven Method for Reliable Heartbeat Detection in Wearable PPG
Chierico, P., Suárez, D., Bertomeu‐González, V., Martínez‐Rodrigo, A., Alcaraz, R., & Rieta, J. J. (2026) · World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, September 7 - 12, 2009, Munich, Germany · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-24045-3_21
Otto‐Yáñez, M., Torres‐Castro, R., Soliman, L., Chiemelie, O., Webber, S. C., Mancopes, R., Sarmento, A., & Sanchez‐Ramirez, D. C. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15135292
“Based on this assessment, a member of the research team provided individualized safety recommendations, including personalized guidance on target exercise intensity, maximum heart rate, and minimum oxygen saturation (SpO 2 ) following established standards [27,28].”
Cao, L., Qi, K., Dong, X., Zhou, C., Xu, Y., & Chen, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1853313
Wearable-derived cardiovascular fitness age and its lifestyle correlates in 442 adults
Shanmugam, A., Gupta, K., Dhawale, N., Singhal, V., Kumar, M., Srinivasan, B., & Narasimhan, V. (2026) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2026.1842633 · Cited by 1
“The Ultrahuman CA algorithm draws on established cardiorespiratory fitness estimation frameworks [24, 26], adapting laboratory-grade physiological foundations for a consumer wearable context.”
Medina‐González, P. (2026) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2025-0356
Li, N., Wu, M., Li, Y., & Yang, X. (2026) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/s41430-026-01785-4
“Breakfast consumption was supervised by a member of the research staff, and participants were required to fi nish the meal 1 h before the exercise session.”
Interval eccentric cycling : a promising training modality for sedentary people
Vandenbroeck, B., Kaux, J., Schleich, F., Monseur, J., & Hody, S. (2026) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-026-06345-z
Chen, W. J., Ludin, A. F. M., & Fauzi, N. F. M. (2026) · Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal · doi:10.1123/wspaj.2025-0171
Besikci, H., Akalp, K., Rama, L. M. P. L., Gomes, B. B., Ferreira, J. P. L., Mouga, S., Bernardino, I., Castelo-Branco, M. S., Silva, A. R., Teixeira, A. M., et al. (2026) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/92631
“The test is continued at 60 to 70 rpm and is completed once participants achieve 85% of their predicted maximal heart rate, as determined by the Tanaka formula [34].”
Yeung, M. T. L., Villanueva, C., Neo, S. Q., et al. (2026) · Trends in Public Health · doi:10.3390/tph1020008
“…the physiological intensity of the test, the following cardiovascular variables were derived: Predicted Maximum HR (HRmax) calculated using HRmax = 208 − (0.7 × Age) [21]; while the HR Reserve (HRR) was calculated as the difference between HRmax and the resting HR (HRrest): HRR = HRmax − HRrest.”
InfluentialThe Effects of Indoor Environment Color on Cardiovascular Fitness in Healthy Young Adults
Yazıcı, D. K., Alpay, J., Şahin, B., Berberoglu, M., & Söğüt, M. (2026) · Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences · doi:10.54141/psbd.1869320
Pina, W. A. R. D. A., Lourenço, V. L. D. S., dos Anjos, V. R., Vivan, L., de Lira, C. A. B., Weiss, K., Knechtle, B., & Andrade, M. (2026) · Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.resp.2026.104620
Höchsmann, C., Figueroa, S. H., Saller, M., Frodl, A., Nußer, V., & Koehler, K. (2026) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101439
Darrehshouri, K., Abedanzadeh, R., & Theodorakis, Y. (2026) · International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching · doi:10.1177/17479541261455226
Calabrese, J. C., Cardoso, J. A., de Oliveira, J., et al. (2026) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-026-01869-5
“The HR max reached during the KPMPT was expressed as absolute and relative values, with relative values expressed in relation to the HR max predicted (%HR max ) using the following equation: 208 ─ 0.7 × age [19].”
InfluentialOlmo-Fajardo, T., Kantan, P. R., Rojo, A., Sanz-Morère, C. B., Spaich, E. G., Dahl, S., & Moreno, J. C. (2026) · PLOS Digital Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pdig.0001203 · Cited by 2
“This baseline speed was defined as the pedaling speed required to reach and sustain 70% of age-predicted maximum heart rate (HRmax), calculated using sex-specific formulas: Tanaka equation for males (HRmax = 208.75 - 0.73 × age) [62] and Gulati equation for females (HRmax = 206 - 0.88 × age) [63].”
InfluentialRemote Monitoring Enhanced Outpatient Physical Therapy: A Mixed-Methods Implementation Study
Hohl, K., Hendricksen, M., Handlery, R., Redd, H., Smaller, K. A., Jackson, S., & Rafferty, M. R. (2026) · Neurology Report · doi:10.1097/npt.0000000000000574
Bustos, D., Cardoso, F., Rios, M. J., et al. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0353529
The FITP: A Controlled Intermittent Running Test for Futsal Athletes
Ribeiro, J. N., Yousefian, F., Bartolomeu, R. F., Martins, F. S. B., Spyrou, K., Travassos, B. F. R., Vila-Chã, C. J. F., & Esteves, P. (2026) · Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology · doi:10.3390/jfmk11030296
Chmielewski, M., Szeremet, A., Jabłonowska-Babij, P., et al. (2026) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers18152421
“At study entry, an individual target training HR was established for each participant as 60% of the age-predicted maximum HR, calculated as (220 − age) × 0.60 beats per min [28].”
InfluentialAkkaya, C. C., & Ceylan, C. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1911856
Chiwanga, F. S., Sambalino, F., Sambaiga, R., et al. (2026) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.26338.2
Fechner, M., Kozielewska-Zwierska, E., & Krawczyński, A. (2026) · International Conference Mixed Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems · doi:10.23919/mixdes69535.2026.11617280
“7 × age) can be used, while the commonly adopted 220 – age method often applies to people aged between 30 and 40 [25], [26].”
Lamatta, A. O., Quezada, R. S., Cuevas, J. P., Rabanal, D. O., & Machuca, L. H. L. (2026) · Archivos de la Sociedad Chilena de Medicina del Deporte · doi:10.59856/arch.soc.chil.med.deporte.v71i1.92
(2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-24041-6.00002-7
Wilke, C., Alles, T., Feodoroff, B., Heimann, N., & Wonneberger, M. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-47565-8.00011-3
Ruhee, R. T., Wakasugi-Onogi, S., Ma, S., Nakamura, N., Seki, Y., & Suzuki, K. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18162617 · Cited by 1
“The VO 2 peak was considered achieved if at least two or more of the following criteria were met: (1) VO 2 plateau, (2) HR reaching 90% of the predicted maximum HR (HRmax) by age (predicted HRmax = 220 − age) [28], and (3) RPE using a Borg scale (Borg 1982) [29] reaching 18 or greater.”
Şahin, G., & Mutlay, F. (2026) · European Review of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s11556-026-00432-y
“In addition, age was negatively correlated with ΔRMSSD and ΔHF, suggesting that advancing age may be associated with reduced recovery of HRV-derived autonomic markers after submaximal exercise [20, 42, 56, 57].”
InfluentialKocur, M., Chaparro-Gonzalez, A., Delgado, J., Malam, J., Ivey, C., Lawhorne, K., McFarlane, N., García‐Retortillo, S., Schwind, V., & Henze, N. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-62664-3 · Cited by 1
“7 × age ) 24 .”
包振斌, Li, Z., Han, T., Mi, L., Qian, G., Li, B., Ossowski, Z. M., Mao, S., Niu, Y., Lei, T., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1863839
“Sets will be performed as rapidly as safely possible, with a target intensity of 80% – 95% of predicted maximum heart rate (HRmax), estimated as 208 − 0.7 × age (47).”
InfluentialHalonen, J., Säynäjäkangas, P., Lusa, S., et al. (2026) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2026.104865
Polechoński, J., Ryśnik, J., Witkowska, A., & Dębska, M. (2026) · Technologies · doi:10.3390/technologies14080507
“The use of a chest sensor increases the reliability of HR measurement, but %HR max was calculated using a predictive equation, which may be associated with individual error [47].”
InfluentialFerreira, A., de Araújo, A. C., Schamne, J. C., & Okuno, N. M. (2026) · Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology · doi:10.1590/1678-4324-2026250927
Larrière, O., Schnegg, A., Houndekon, M., et al. (2026) · Science & Sports · doi:10.1016/j.scispo.2026.05.006
Evaluating the Safety of Local LLM-Generated Exercise Prescriptions Against Clinical Guidelines
de Mendonça, A. M. P., Sousa, F. P., & Coelho, I. M. (2026) · SeGAH ... IEEE ... International Conference on Serious Games and Applications for Health/IEEE International Conference on Serious Games and Applications for Health · doi:10.1109/segah69272.2026.11653312
“The ACSM [9] stratifies both MET and heart rate thresholds by age group ( for ages ≥ 65, with complementary %HRmax zones derived from age-predicted maximal heart rate [10].”
Exercise and physical activity interventions in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Su, W., Li, X., Gou, H., Yuan, L., Lin, L., Lin, X., Wang, X., Xiong, Y., & Luan, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1887543
“Accordingly, age-predicted maximal heart rate should not be used as the sole basis for exercise prescription in patients with CAN or in those receiving HR-limiting medications (144 – 146).”
Bianco, A., Russo, F., Prospero, L., Laselva, G., Grasso, M., D’Attoma, B., Verrelli, N., Ignazzi, A., Franco, I., Grazioli, E., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2026.1912788
“Exercise intensity was continuously monitored throughout each session using a heart rate monitor and adjusted according to the Tanaka formula (Tanaka et al., 2001), with perceived exertion assessed using the Borg RPE scale (Wilson and Jones, 1989).”
Active reperfusion for enhancing high-intensity intermittent performance in soccer players
dos Santos, I. A., Puggina, E. F., de Oliveira, D. C. X., & da Mota, G. R. (2026) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/a-2934-8226
Rojas‐Valverde, D., Uribe, J. D. P., Becerra-Patiño, B. A., Cásares-Mighty, D., Ramírez, V., Gómez‐Carmona, C. D., & Vasquez-Bonilla, A. A. (2026) · Scientific Journal of Sport and Performance · doi:10.55860/ohnz4353
“In addition to absolute values, heart rate was expressed as a percentage of age-predicted maximal heart rate, estimated with the equation 208 − 0.7 × age (Tanaka et al., 2001), to allow a more meaningful comparison between sexes and with previous endurance-sport literature.”
InfluentialSantos‐de‐Araújo, A. D., Bassi-Dibai, D., Dourado, I. M., et al. (2026) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-026-01902-7
“[21], SpO 2 ≤ 87%, SBP > 170 mmHg, DBP > 110 mmHg, RPD > 7 for dyspnea, RPE > 7 for lower limb fatigue, chest pain > 2 on the Borg category ratio 10, presence of symptoms of dizziness, vertigo, or nausea [22].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Tanaka, H., Monahan, K. D., & Seals, D. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tanaka, Hirofumi
- Venue
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-01
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 153-156
- ISSN
- 0735-1097 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2090296913
- Semantic Scholar
- 857d95626adc70db6e64da8c5fa9060489db0262
- Cited by
- 3,775
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 249 · 2025: 277 · 2024: 304 · 2023: 240 · 2022: 295 · 2021: 262 · 2020: 273 · 2019: 259 · 2018: 246 · 2017: 189 · 2016: 182 · 2015: 174 · 2014: 178 · 2013: 149 · 2012: 107
- FWCI
- 38.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (AG-13038, AG 00847, AG-06537, R01AG006537)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Effects of Exercise
- Keywords
- maximal heart rate, heart rate prediction equations, older adults, exercise prescription, exercise testing, physical stress, physical activity behavior, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Reference Values
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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