The DOI matches its Crossref record; 18 of the 20 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 31 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to determine a generalized equation for predicting maximal heart rate (HRmax) in healthy adults. BACKGROUND The age-predicted HRmax equation (i.e., 220 - age) is commonly used as a basis for prescribing exercise programs, as a criterion for achieving maximal exertion and as a clinical guide during diagnostic exercise testing. Despite its importance and widespread use, the validity of the HRmax equation has never been established in a sample that included a sufficient number of older adults. METHODS First, a meta-analytic approach was used to collect group mean HRmax values from 351 studies involving 492 groups and 18,712 subjects. Subsequently, the new equation was cross-validated in a well-controlled, laboratory-based study in which HRmax was measured in 514 healthy subjects. RESULTS In the meta-analysis, HRmax was strongly related to age (r = -0.90), using the equation of 208 - 0.7 x age. The regression equation obtained in the laboratory-based study (209 - 0.7 x age) was virtually identical to that obtained from the meta-analysis. The regression line was not different between men and women, nor was it influenced by wide variations in habitual physical activity levels. CONCLUSIONS 1) A regression equation to predict HRmax is 208 - 0.7 x age in healthy adults. 2) HRmax is predicted, to a large extent, by age alone and is independent of gender and habitual physical activity status. Our findings suggest that the currently used equation underestimates HRmax…
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Claims the paper makes
15 Own interpretation · 13 Own result · 9 No full text of the sources · 3 Not checked yet · 2 Own method · 2 No basis given · 1 Partly supported · 1 Sources not found · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“However, similar to the original reports by Fox and Haskell (7,8), these studies probably or definitely included subjects with cardiovascular disease who smoked and/or were taking cardiac medications.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] Londeree, 1984, Influence of age and other factors on maximal heart rate, J Cardiac Rehabil
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] Whaley, 1992, Predictors of over- and underachievement of age-predicted maximal heart rate, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
- Partly supportedcites [11] Sheffield, 1978, Maximal heart rate and treadmill performance of healthy women in relation to age, Circulation sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Subjects and Methods (p. 1) reports that three volunteers took mild antihypertensive medications and that none had been told she had cardiovascular disease other than elevated blood pressure. This supports the medication concern in part, but the paper does not report that its volunteers smoked or had other known cardiovascular disease. Its introduction (p. 1) also says medication use was unreported in an earlier study, not that those subjects definitely took medication. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not matchedcites [7] Fox, 1970, The exercise stress test
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] Fox, 1971, Physical activity and the prevention of coronary heart disease, Ann Clin Res source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“using the equation of 208 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age.”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“The regression equation, when all the subjects were combined, was 208 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“First, a regression equation for estimating HR max is 208 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age in healthy adult humans, which is significantly different from the traditional 220 Ϫ age equation.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 18,712- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The regression equation obtained in the laboratory-based study (209 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age) was virtually identical to that obtained from the meta-analysis.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Abstract
plainn = 514- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, a regression equation for estimating HR max is 208 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age in healthy adult humans, which is significantly different from the traditional 220 Ϫ age equation.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The regression equation for HR max (209 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age) was virtually identical to that obtained from the meta-analysis.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“the rate of decline in HR max observed in the present study is very similar to that reported previously for intrinsic heart rate determined after cardiac autonomic blockade (Ϫ0.6 Ϫ 0.8 beats/min per year) (14,15).”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Mechanisms.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] Jose, 1970, The normal range and determinants of the intrinsic heart rate in man, Cardiovasc Res source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] de Marneffe, 1986, Variations of normal sinus node function in relation to age, Eur Heart J source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Stepwise regression analysis revealed that age alone explained ϳ80% of the individual variance in HR max .”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Again, no significant differences in the HR max regression equation were observed between men and women”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Maximal heart rate was inversely related to age in both men and women.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“or between sedentary (212 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age) and endurance-trained (205 Ϫ 0.6 ϫ age) subjects.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 11
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The rate of decline and the y intercepts were not different between men and women”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data from treadmill and cycle ergometers were evaluated together and separately.There were no differences in the results between the two analyses.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Meta-analytic study.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The maximal respiratory exchange ratio (1.17 Ϯ 0.06) and maximal rating of perceived exertion (19.1 Ϯ 0.8) were not different across ages, suggesting consistently similar voluntary maximal efforts.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > RESULTS
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“HR max is predicted, to a large extent, by age alone and is independent of gender and habitual physical activity status.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“Second, HR max is predicted, to a large extent, by age alone and is independent of gender and physical activity status.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 18,712- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“consistent with the present findings, gender (14) and habitual physical activity (16) do not appear to influence intrinsic heart rate in humans.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Mechanisms.
What the sources say
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, the traditional equation underestimates HR max past age 40 years, markedly so in older adults.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · hedged
“Our findings suggest that the currently used equation underestimates HR max in older adults.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Conclusions.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · hedged
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The age-predicted HR max equation (i.e., 220 Ϫ age) is commonly used as a basis for prescribing exercise programs, as a criterion for achieving maximal exertion and as a clinical guide during diagnostic exercise testing.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [1] 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] Fletcher, 1997, How to implement physical activity in primary and secondary prevention, Circulation source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Gibbons, 1997, ACC/AHA guidelines for exercise testing, J Am Coll Cardiol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] Tanaka, 1997, Greater rate of decline in maximal aerobic capacity with age in physically active vs. sedentary healthy women, J Appl Physiol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] Howley, 1995, Criteria for maximal oxygen uptake, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“use of the prevailing prediction equation would result in premature termination of the test and possibly failure to attain required exertion levels for diagnostic validity.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Gibbons, 1997, ACC/AHA guidelines for exercise testing, J Am Coll Cardiol source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“To ensure that each subject achieved maximal exertion, at least three of the following four criteria were met by each subject: 1) a plateau in VO 2 with increasing exercise intensity (Ͻ100 ml); 2) a respiratory exchange ratio of at least 1.15; 3) a maximal respiratory rate of at least 35 breaths/min; and 4) a rating of perceived exertion of at least 18 units on the Borg scale (5).”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Meta-analytic study.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] Howley, 1995, Criteria for maximal oxygen uptake, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Each of these conditions influences HR max independent of age (10,12,13).”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] Whaley, 1992, Predictors of over- and underachievement of age-predicted maximal heart rate, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] Wilmore, 1985, Acute response to submaximal and maximal exercise consequent to beta-adrenergic blockade, Am J Cardiol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] Graettinger, 1995, Relationship of left ventricular structure to maximal heart rate during exercise, Chest source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To eliminate the potentially confounding influence of severe obesity, only subjects with a body mass index Ͻ35 kg/m 2 were included.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Meta-analytic study.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Subjects Ͼ50 years of age were further evaluated by physical examination and by rest and maximal exercise electrocardiography ECG (3).”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Meta-analytic study.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Gibbons, 1997, ACC/AHA guidelines for exercise testing, J Am Coll Cardiol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The age-predicted equation was determined “arbitrarily” from a total of 10 studies.The highest age included was Ͻ65 years, with the majority of subjects being Յ55 years old.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [7] Fox, 1970, The exercise stress test
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] Fox, 1971, Physical activity and the prevention of coronary heart disease, Ann Clin Res source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Because we have previously shown that weighted results by sample size were not significantly different from unweighted results (6), no weighting scheme was used in the present meta-analysis.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Meta-analytic study.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] Fitzgerald, 1997, Age-related decline in maximal aerobic capacity in regularly exercising vs. sedentary females, J Appl Physiol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“It has been postulated that the primary mechanism is related to an age-related decline in intrinsic heart rate (i.e., independent of autonomic influences) (14,15).”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Mechanisms.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] Jose, 1970, The normal range and determinants of the intrinsic heart rate in man, Cardiovasc Res source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] de Marneffe, 1986, Variations of normal sinus node function in relation to age, Eur Heart J source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
Older adults demonstrate the highest prevalence of cardiovascular and other chronic diseases.
“The latter limitation is crucial in that older adults demonstrate the highest prevalence of cardiovascular and other chronic diseases.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Older adults are often reluctant or unable to measure HRmax directly because of concerns about the physiologic stress imposed by strenuous exercise.
“Importantly, older adults are a population in which there is often a reluctance or an inability to measure HR max directly, owing to concerns related to the physiologic stress imposed by strenuous exercise.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 220 − age HRmax prediction equation is used in older adults more than in any other population.
“Thus, ironically, the 220 Ϫ age HR max prediction equation is used in this population more than in any other.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“The standard deviation for error between predicted and directly-measured maximal heart rate is roughly 13bpm [43].”
From Resting heart rate is a population-level biomarker of cardiorespiratory fitness: The Fenland Study (2023) · cites this paper as [43]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Moreover, the validity of this equation has never been established in a sample that included a sufficient number of older adults; accordingly, it's utility has been challenged [ 32 , 33 ].”
From Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and cardiovascular health: A clinical practice statement of the American Society for Preventive Cardiology Part II: Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, minimum and goal intensities for exercise training, prescriptive methods, and special patient populations (2022) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“The age-associated decline in maximal heart rate is typically reported to be unaltered by exercise training,139-142 but some evidence suggests that the decline in maximal heart rate with age can be attenuated by vigorous exercise.143-145”
From Hormonal and Metabolic Changes of Aging and the Influence of Lifestyle Modifications (2021) · cites this paper as [142]
Citations
Cites
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ACC/AHA 2002 Guideline Update for Exercise Testing: Summary Article
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Criteria for maximal oxygen uptake: review and commentary
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“particular study group; 5) adult subjects; 6) maximal exertion documented by using objective criteria (5); and 7) only healthy (e.”
BackgroundMethodGibbons, R. J., Balady, G. J., Beasley, J. W., FAAFP, Bricker, J. T., Duvernoy, W. F. C., Froelicher, V. F., Mark, D. B., Marwick, T. H., McCallister, B. D., et al. (1997) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.96.1.345 · Cited by 1,094
The normal range and determinants of the intrinsic heart rate in man
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Guidelines for exercise testing
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Physical activity and the prevention of coronary heart disease
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“Minute oxygen consumption (V̇O2) also was measured using on-line, computerassisted, open-circuit spirometry (4).”
MethodSelf-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 3,501–3,600 of 3,736
Zhang, Z., Xia, Y., Liu, B., & Fan, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1720764
“As shown in Table 1, calculations using two applied age-based equations for HR max —the widely cited Tanaka et al. formula (10) and the more recent Park et al. (11) model—yield slightly different numerical estimates for school-age children.”
Yazdanirad, S., Abbasi, M., Dehghan, A., & Dehghan, H. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-25655-z
“1), and a tympanic temperature exceeding 39 °C [19].”
Vecchio, L. D., & Climstein, M. (2025) · The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness · doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.25.17226-5
Couvert, A., Rance, M., Doré, É., Martin, V., Beraud, D., Morel, C., Pereira, B., Lancha, A. H., & Boisseau, N. (2025) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep093045
“Maximum heart rate (HR max ) was estimated using the Tanaka’s formula (Tanaka et al., 2001): HR max = 208 – (0.7 × age).”
InfluentialBuglione, A., Pompa, D., Beato, M., Rocchi, M., Savoia, C., Bertollo, M., Curzi, D., Sisti, D., & Perroni, F. (2025) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports13120424
“Prior to the evaluation, soccer players underwent a standardized warm-up lasting 15 min, composed of low-intensity running (40–60% of age-predicted maximal heart rate [HR, e.g., Tanaka et al. [29]]), followed by strolling locomotion and stretching of the lower limb muscles.”
Baig, D., Hanif, M. I., & Khalil, A. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3639686
Boere, K., Young, N. P., Copithorne, F., Dauphinee, R., Heath, M. D., Kirby, B. S., & Krigolson, O. E. (2025) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00941.2025 · Cited by 2
Cardiovascular responses to a 3-minute Harvard step test in Paediatric competitive athletes
Ragazzoni, G. L., Cavigli, L., Boncompagni, A., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2025.134097
Ausgewählte Aspekte der sportärztlichen Untersuchung
Graf, C., & LaRosée, K. (2014) · Der Kardiologe · doi:10.1007/s12181-013-0552-x
“206 minus 0,88*Lebensalter (Frauen; [33]); für KHK-Patienten 164 minus 0,72*Lebensalter [34, 35], und für Patienten mit β-Blockern wird als Grenze das Es sollten mindestens 85% der vorhergesagten Maximalherzbelastung von 220 minus Lebensalter erreicht werden”
BackgroundMaksimaalisen hapenkulutuksen määrittäminen sykemittauksen ja vapaasti valitun juoksunopeuden avulla
Salovuori, T. (2014) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja
Kymmenottelun lajianalyysi ja valmennuksen ohjelmointi
Hassi, L. (2014) · Jyväskylä University Digital Archive (University of Jyväskylä)
Zheng, J., Shen, Y., Li, C., et al. (2014) · Lecture notes in electrical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-44067-4_3
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Udompongpaiboon, P., Reangvilaikul, T., & Vattanavanit, V. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26616943
Kasiak, P., Kowalski, T., Rębiś, K., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26241325
Grummt, M., Hafermann, L., Claussen, L., Herrmann, C., & Wolfarth, B. M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26731969
Shushan, T., Lovell, R., Buchheit, M., Scott, T. J., Barrett, S., Norris, D., & McLaren, S. J. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26577506
Sarmento, A., Adodo, R. I., Hodges, G., Webber, S. C., & Sanchez‐Ramirez, D. C. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25434121
Grummt, M., Hafermann, L., Claussen, L., Herrmann, C., & Wolfarth, B. M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26731972
Kandola, A. A., Osborn, D., Stubbs, B., Choi, K. W., & Hayes, J. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13219418
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Ganesh, G. S., Khan, A. R., Das, S. P., Khan, A., Alqhtani, R. S., Alshahrani, A., Jarrar, M. A. M., Jarrar, M., & Ahmed, H. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26588052
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Ramírez-Marrero, F. A., Vaquer-Rivera, G., & Leyva-Jordán, C. (2025) · Diabetes Technology and Obesity Medicine · doi:10.1177/29986702251384310
“Mean VO 2 -max was higher ( P < 0.05) among those achieving the Tanaka et al. (2001) equation and the predetermined 195 bpm and 200 bpm HR-max criteria.”
InfluentialAssessment of Left Ventricular Contractile Reserve in Heart Failure
Mihaileanu, S., & Antohi, E. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-96562-3_8
Rivas-Sanhueza, C., Muñoz-Cofré, R., Valenzuela-Aedo, F., Lera, L., & Lizana, P. A. (2025) · Revista Médica Clínica Las Condes · doi:10.1016/j.rmclc.2025.11.004
Li, G., Zhao, Y., Zhang, Z., Wei, H., Xu, K., Zhang, X., & Hou, S. (2025) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.103056 · Cited by 2
Long-term impaired exercise capacity and oxygen consumption in Kawasaki disease patients
Bichali, S., Bouzidi, Y., Bigras, J., et al. (2025) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s00431-025-06701-9
“A test was considered maximal if at least 2 of the 3 following criteria were met: respiratory exchange ratio (RER) ≥ 1.1; perceived exertion on the Borg scale > 7/10; maximal heart rate (HR max ) ≥ 85% of the predicted value according to the Tanaka formula [20, 21].”
InfluentialBrown, R. C. C., Ross, M. H., Coombes, J. S., Hickman, I. J., Burton, N. W., Kelly, J. T., Russell, T. G., & Keating, S. E. (2025) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076251410986
Vargas‐Hitos, J. A., González‐Bustos, P., Martin-Jaimez, M. J., Chamorro, A. D., Checa, B. S., Parra, A. O., Jimenez, L. Q., García-Mateo, P., Martínez‐Rosales, E., Sánchez, C. G., et al. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2025.12.22.25342692
Kalu, M. E., Oladimeji, A. K., Adandom, I. I., Nessa, N. S., Ugwu, C. L. J., Onyekere, C. P., Kolawole, F. O., & Fawole, H. O. (2026) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics Plus · doi:10.1016/j.aggp.2026.100243
Soares, F. D. C., Lima, J. H. D. M., Pedrosa, R., et al. (2026) · Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2026.108638
Exercise program based on cardiopulmonary function in older adults
山本, 周., & 宮嶋, 大. (2025) · Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi Japanese Journal of Geriatrics · doi:10.3143/geriatrics.62.382
Rosly, M. M. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-03183-9_9
Guo, L., Yu, W., Shao, Y., et al. (2026) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.116962
Pilotto, A., Higueras-Liébana, E., Ansaldo, M., Baltasar‐Fernandez, I., Neri, M., Giusti, L., Buendía‐Romero, Á., Valenzuela, P. L., Alcázar, J., Lauretani, F., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2025.1735019
“(Tanaka et al., 2001).”
Influentialde Menezes-Junior, F. J., Brand, C., Tadiotto, M. C., Corazza, P. R. P., Tozo, T. A. A., Purim, K. S. M., Mota, J. A. P. S., Pereira, B., Rosario, R. V., & Leite, N. (2026) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-025-04737-z
Karkousha, R. N., Draz, A. H., Elnahas, N. G. M., Kentiba, E., & ElMeligie, M. M. (2026) · Health sport rehabilitation · doi:10.58962/hsr.1254
Karkousha, R. N., Draz, A. H., Elnahas, N. G. M., Kentiba, E., & ElMeligie, M. M. (2026) · Health sport rehabilitation · doi:10.58962/hsr.1260
“Mq Maximum heart rate was estimated using the age-predicted equation [25]: MHR = 220 – age.”
InfluentialSoto, D. A. S., Pérez, D. I. V., Almeida, N., Miarka, B., Oyarzo, A. I. A., Marins, J. C. B., Sillero‐Quintana, M., Queiroz, A. C. C., & Brito, C. J. (2026) · Journal of Thermal Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2026.104392
Olmo-Fajardo, T., Kantan, P. R., Rojo, A., et al. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.01.14.26343736
The physiological mirage: Why oxygen pulse overstates surgical success in pectus excavatum
de Paoli, F. V., Juhl‐Olsen, P., Katballe, N., et al. (2026) · Journal of Pediatric Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2026.162939
Wang, Y., Liang, W., Duan, Y., Lau, W.-M. B., Chan, N.-M. J., Yang, S., & Baker, J. S. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1697763 · Cited by 1
Bhat, N., Dua, S., Kapoor, M., et al. (2026) · Medical Journal Armed Forces India · doi:10.1016/j.mjafi.2025.12.018
ANÁLISE DE 1000 HORAS DE BEACH TENNIS EM ATLETAS AMADORES
Polese, D., & Ferrasa, A. (2026) · Fiep Bulletin - online · doi:10.16887/hyq7d945
Physical activity and exercise
Troncoso, J., & Ferrer, F. M. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13825-6.00349-6
Selmi, M. A., Hammami, R., Ceylan, H. İ., et al. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-37000-4
“Notably, the HRmax recorded at the end surpassed the predicted HRmax (196 ± 0.2 bpm), calculated using the Tanaka et al. 38 Eqs.”
InfluentialBatten, K., van Doorn, N., McManus, C., Jones, B., Simar, D., Broderick, C. R., & Bhattacharya, K. (2026) · Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases · doi:10.1186/s13023-026-04222-8
“Target HR was 50–75% of predicted maximum (208-(0.7*age)); target RPE was 5–7; and RPP 0–1 [18, 38, 52, 53].”
InfluentialGuled, M. M. A. A., Madsen, K. R., Myint, A., et al. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8402262/v1
PAULA, M. D. S., Gomes, N. D., Ramos, N. S., et al. (2026) · Arquivos de Ciências da Saúde da UNIPAR · doi:10.25110/arqsaude.v30i2.2026-12415
Caudet, P., Baiget, E., Batalla-Gavaldà, A., et al. (2026) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.1080/00913847.2026.2631370
“Using age-predicted HRmax (208 − 0.7 × age [17]), this corresponded to 71.7 ± 12.7% of HRmax, indicative of a moderate-intensity warm-up.”
InfluentialPrevalence of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in elite Chinese summer sport athletes
Cao, Z., Dickinson, J., Faghy, M. A., Chen, S., Duncan, M., Gao, B., & Liu, M. (2026) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2026.101131
Adams, T., Cameron, H., Tingelstad, H. C., et al. (2026) · Prehospital Emergency Care · doi:10.1080/10903127.2026.2628839
“Participant max HR was obtained from the scenario that elicited the largest 5 s peak HR due to age-related predictive values (35) being lower than measured values.”
Individual baseline differences outweigh personal traits in short-term heat acclimation adaptations
Klous, L., van der Sanden, K., Paalman, F., et al. (2026) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140139.2025.2595643
Santos‐de‐Araújo, A. D., Bassi-Dibai, D., Marinho, R. S., et al. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-41337-1
Silva, I. S., da Silva, A. M. L., Moreira, D. V. S., Pinheiro, A. D. S., Augusto, S. S., dos Santos, R. G., de Souza, T. A. V. M., Ribeiro, D. L., Lima, B. D. S., ARAUJO, F. D. S., et al. (2025) · Revista Brasileira de Ciências do Esporte · doi:10.1590/rbce.47.e20240125
Weston, K. L., Burn, N., Goroski, A., Weston, M., Galna, D. B., Glossop, R., Patterson, M., Batten, H., Gordon, A., & Basterfield, L. (2026) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-026-26543-w · Cited by 2
“(208—0.7 ∗ age in years) [56].”
InfluentialGélébart, J., Digonet, G., Jacquet, T., Ruffino, C., & Debarnot, U. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.02.25.708006
Heart rate as an internal load parameter is reproducible in taekwondo training
Vecchio, F. B. D., Guilherme, F. R., Iahnke, N., Tabanes, S., & Diniz, R. (2025) · Revista Brasileira de Ciências do Esporte · doi:10.1590/rbce.47.e20240089
Zeng, Y., Sun, Y., Lin, J., Yang, Z., Zhou, C., & Li, W. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-41119-9
Evaluación del desempeño físico en infancias, juventudes y personas adultas mayores.
Pineda, L. T. B. (2026) · Universidad de Colima eBooks · doi:10.53897/li.2026.0005.ucol
Sargent, C., Halson, S. L., Morrison, M. A., Gardiner, C., Miller, D. J., Elliott, B. L., Nguyen, K., Broatch, J. R., Weakley, J. J. S., & Roach, G. D. (2026) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s26051625
“For each participant, the values for power output and HR obtained for each minute were plotted and the predicted power output corresponding to 70% of age-predicted maximal HR was extrapolated [35].”
Carpes, L. D. O., Jung, N. N., Domingues, L. B., Bastos, R., Ramos, D., Mohr, M., & Ferrari, R. (2026) · Revista Brasileira de Atividade Física & Saúde · doi:10.12820/rbafs.31e0427
Stascheit, F., Lauermann, M., Risch, L., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2026.1760707
Nordic Walking in People With Parkinson's Disease: Benefits and Practical Recommendations
Vecchio, F. B. D., & Peyré-Tartaruga, L. A. (2026) · Strength and conditioning journal · doi:10.1519/ssc.0000000000000961
Inoue, A., Soares, J. P. F., Antunes-Santos, F., Ferreira, A., Gonçalves, A., Alcântara, J. A., & dos Santos, M. R. (2025) · doi:10.2196/preprints.81917
Dual-mode paper-based epidermal microfluidics for sweat rate normalized chloride sensing
Keyvanara, M., Parvaneh, S., Dehghani, P., et al. (2026) · Sensors and Actuators B Chemical · doi:10.1016/j.snb.2026.140686
The effects of acute coordinative vs. endurance exercise on the testosterone concentration
Budde, H., Mueller‐Alcazar, A., Ahrens, C., Velasques, B., Ribeiro, P. F. M., Machado, S. A. M., Paes, F., & Wegner, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2026.1782332
“The participants were exercising in an interindividual comparable intensity according to Garber et al. (2011), we calculated their HR max using a formula (Tanaka et al., 2001) and did not explicitly test their HR max , for example, with the shuttle run test.”
Toward a Unified Definition of the Human Core: The Total Body Core Model
Paredes, F. G. (2026) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.105599
Rodrigues, M. A. M., de Oliveira, V. N., Marques, N. E., de Freitas, J. V. R., de Lima, B. E., Andrade, M. S., Vancini, R. L., Weiss, K., Knechtle, B., Viana, R. B., et al. (2026) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.106714 · Cited by 1
Quiblier, S. P. H., García-Pérez-de-Sevilla, G., Santiago, C., Iturriaga, T., Benítez-Valero, R., Revuelta, C., Carrasco, A. F., & Domínguez-Balmaseda, D. (2026) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2026.1768915
“Aerobic capacity (VO 2 max) will be measured on two occasions: day 0 (before the intervention) and day 5 (at the end of the protocol), using the following procedure: First, a warm-up acsm consisting of 5 min of light jogging or walking at 5– ) (36).”
da Silva, M. D., da Silva, P. F., Santos, S. N., Fernandes, M. E., Santos, M. K. D. O., Romano, C. M., do AMARAL, J. B., Shio, M. T., Amirato, G. R., Santos, C. A. F., et al. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27073008
“…(i): aerobic exercise performed at 60–70% of the heart rate reserve, with maximal heart rate estimated by the Tanaka equation (208 − 0.7 × age) [74], involving low-impact step-platform activities, jumps, coordination drills, and rhythmic movements (occasionally including dance), with monthly…”
Influentialde Müllenheim, P. (2016) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/6d31aae1z0118z4f71zb382z54db5db6f6ab
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Personalized Dance Synthesis Based on Physical and Cognitive Intensities
Tang, X., Yeo, E., Mao, R., Guo, X., & Alghofaili, R. (2026) · IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR) · doi:10.1109/vr67842.2026.00048 · Cited by 1
“7 × age) [52].”
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Gkotsis, D. E., Raiter, Y., Thompson, D., et al. (2026) · Pediatric Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s00246-026-04252-w
Performance factors of prolonged running : a particular focus on running economy and fatigue
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Dunn, A., Walters, G. W. M., Williams, R. A., Dring, K. J., Needham, R., Cooper, S. B., & Boat, R. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14070939
“Maximal predicted heart rate was determined using a calculation by Tanaka, Monahan and Seals [40], and validated in children [41].”
Counting pollen instead of sheep? Investigating the relationship between pollen exposure and sleep
Alonso-Hellweg, A., Bürgler, A., Tamási, B., Luyten, A., Corpening, B., Gan, K., Gehrig, R., Glick, S., Beigi, M., Hartmann, K., et al. (2026) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2026.124442
Metadata
- Authors
- Tanaka, H., Monahan, K. D., & Seals, D. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tanaka, Hirofumi
- Venue
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-01
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 153-156
- ISSN
- 0735-1097 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2090296913
- Semantic Scholar
- 857d95626adc70db6e64da8c5fa9060489db0262
- Cited by
- 3,775
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 249 · 2025: 277 · 2024: 304 · 2023: 240 · 2022: 295 · 2021: 262 · 2020: 273 · 2019: 259 · 2018: 246 · 2017: 189 · 2016: 182 · 2015: 174 · 2014: 178 · 2013: 149 · 2012: 107
- FWCI
- 38.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (AG-13038, AG 00847, AG-06537, R01AG006537)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Effects of Exercise
- Keywords
- maximal heart rate, heart rate prediction equations, older adults, exercise prescription, exercise testing, physical stress, physical activity behavior, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Reference Values
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