A neuron–glia signalling network in the active brain
Abstract
Glial cells are active partners of neurons in processing information and synaptic integration. They receive coded signals from synapses and elaborate modulatory responses. The active properties of glia, including long-range signalling and regulated transmitter release, are beginning to be elucidated. Recent insights suggest that the active brain should no longer be regarded as a circuitry of neuronal contacts, but as an integrated network of interactive neurons and glia.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
These calcium changes cause astrocytes to release glutamate, D-serine, and ATP.
“that trigger the release of various substances from the astrocyte, including glutamate, D-serine, and ATP”
From ApoE, ApoE Receptors, and the Synapse in Alzheimer's Disease (2017) · cites this paper as [81]
Ion flow through astrocytic glutamatergic receptors changes intracellular calcium stores.
“Ion flow through these receptors causes alterations in intracellular Ca2+ stores”
From ApoE, ApoE Receptors, and the Synapse in Alzheimer's Disease (2017) · cites this paper as [81]
The substances released by astrocytes can influence synaptic transmission.
“which can then affect synaptic transmission [81]”
From ApoE, ApoE Receptors, and the Synapse in Alzheimer's Disease (2017) · cites this paper as [81]
Cites
Pellerin, L., & Magistretti, P. J. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.22.10625 · Cited by 2,927 · see citing works
Glutamate-mediated astrocyte–neuron signalling
Parpura, V., Basarsky, T. A., Liu, F., Jeftinija, K., Jeftinija, S., & Haydon, P. G. (1994) · Nature · doi:10.1038/369744a0 · Cited by 1,737 · see citing works
Control of Synapse Number by Glia
Ullian, E. M., Sapperstein, S. K., Christopherson, K. S., & Barres, B. A. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.291.5504.657 · Cited by 1,380 · see citing works
D-serine is an endogenous ligand for the glycine site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor.
Mothet, J., Parent, A., Wolosker, H., Brady, R., Linden, D. J., Ferris, C., Rogawski, M., & Snyder, S. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4926 · Cited by 1,164 · see citing works
Prostaglandins stimulate calcium-dependent glutamate release in astrocytes
Bezzi, P., Carmignoto, G., Pasti, L., Vesce, S., Rossi, D., Rizzini, B. L., Pozzan, T., & Volterra, A. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/34651 · Cited by 1,143 · see citing works
Self-citationGlutamatergic synapses on oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the hippocampus
Bergles, D. E., Roberts, J. D. B., Somogyi, P., & Jahr, C. E. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35012083 · Cited by 1,062 · see citing works
Direct Signaling from Astrocytes to Neurons in Cultures of Mammalian Brain Cells
Nedergaard, M. (1994) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.8134839 · Cited by 1,006 · see citing works
Three-Dimensional Relationships between Hippocampal Synapses and Astrocytes
Ventura, R., & Harris, K. (1999) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-16-06897.1999 · Cited by 900 · see citing works
Stoichiometric coupling of brain glucose metabolism and glutamatergic neuronal activity.
Sibson, N. R., Dhankhar, A., Mason, G. F., Rothman, D. L., Behar, K. L., & Shulman, R. G. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.1.316 · Cited by 897 · see citing works
Astrocyte-mediated potentiation of inhibitory synaptic transmission
Kang, J., Jiang, L., Goldman, S. A., & Nedergaard, M. (1998) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/3684 · Cited by 844 · see citing works
Wolosker, H., Blackshaw, S., & Snyder, S. H. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.23.13409 · Cited by 811 · see citing works
Neuronal activity triggers calcium waves in hippocampal astrocyte networks
Dani, J. W., Chernjavsky, A., & Smith, S. J. (1992) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/0896-6273(92)90271-e · Cited by 808 · see citing works
ATP Released from Astrocytes Mediates Glial Calcium Waves
Guthrie, P. B., Knappenberger, J., Segal, M., Bennett, M. V. L., Charles, A. C., & Kater, S. B. (1999) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-02-00520.1999 · Cited by 806 · see citing works
Pasti, L., Volterra, A., Pozzan, T., & Carmignoto, G. (1997) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.17-20-07817.1997 · Cited by 794 · see citing works
Self-citationSynaptic Efficacy Enhanced by Glial Cells in Vitro
Pfrieger, F. W., & Barres, B. A. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.277.5332.1684 · Cited by 793 · see citing works
Connexins regulate calcium signaling by controlling ATP release
Cotrina, M. L., Lin, J. H.-C., Alves‐Rodrigues, A., Liu, S., Li, J., Azmi, H., Kang, J., Naus, C. C. G., & Nedergaard, M. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.26.15735 · Cited by 773 · see citing works
Microdomains for neuron–glia interaction: parallel fiber signaling to Bergmann glial cells
Grosche, J., Matyash, V., Möller, T., Verkhratsky, A., Reichenbach, A., & Kettenmann, H. (1999) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/5692 · Cited by 700 · see citing works
Mutations in GFAP, encoding glial fibrillary acidic protein, are associated with Alexander disease
Brenner, M., Johnson, T., Boespflug‐Tanguy, O., Rodriguez, D., Goldman, J. E., & Messing, A. (2001) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/83679 · Cited by 689 · see citing works
Hippocampal AstrocytesIn SituRespond to Glutamate Released from Synaptic Terminals
Porter, J. T., & McCarthy, K. D. (1996) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.16-16-05073.1996 · Cited by 672 · see citing works
Fitch, M. T., Doller, C. M., Combs, C. K., Landreth, G. E., & Silver, J. (1999) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-19-08182.1999 · Cited by 600 · see citing works
Hippocampal Astrocytes In Situ Respond to Glutamate Released from Synaptic Terminals
Porter, J. T., & McCarthy, K. D. (2021) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/s4kv-rg05 · Cited by 561 · see citing works
Araque, A., Parpura, V., Sanzgiri, R. P., & Haydon, P. G. (1998) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.1998.00221.x · Cited by 543 · see citing works
Physiological astrocytic calcium levels stimulate glutamate release to modulate adjacent neurons
Parpura, V., & Haydon, P. G. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.97.15.8629 · Cited by 527 · see citing works
Gap-junction-mediated propagation and amplification of cell injury
Lin, J. H.-C., Weigel, H., Cotrina, M. L., Liu, S., Bueno, E., Hansen, A. J., Hansen, T. W., Goldman, S. A., & Nedergaard, M. (1998) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/2210 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
Shen, J., Petersen, K. F., Behar, K. L., Brown, P., Nixon, T. W., Mason, G. F., Petroff, O. A. C., Shulman, G. I., Shulman, R. G., & Rothman, D. L. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.14.8235 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
Propagation of Intercellular Calcium Waves in Retinal Astrocytes and Müller Cells
Newman, E. A. (2001) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-07-02215.2001 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
SNARE Protein-Dependent Glutamate Release from Astrocytes
Araque, A., Li, N., Doyle, R. T., & Haydon, P. G. (2000) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-02-00666.2000 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Araque, A., Sanzgiri, R. P., Parpura, V., & Haydon, P. (1998) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.18-17-06822.1998 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Rash, J. E., Yasumura, T., Dudek, F. E., & Nagy, J. I. (2001) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-06-01983.2001 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
Cotrina, M. L., Lin, J. H.-C., López-Garcı́a, J. C., Naus, C. C. G., & Nedergaard, M. (2000) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-08-02835.2000 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Modulation of Neuronal Activity by Glial Cells in the Retina
Newman, E. A., & Zahs, K. R. (1998) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.18-11-04022.1998 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Sharma, G. G., & Vijayaraghavan, S. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.071540198 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Functional Coupling between Neurons and Glia
Alvarez, V. A., García-Hernández, F., Williams, J. T., & Bockstaele, E. J. V. (2000) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-11-04091.2000 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Cytosolic Calcium Oscillations in Astrocytes May Regulate Exocytotic Release of Glutamate
Pasti, L., Zonta, M., Pozzan, T., Vicini, S., & Carmignoto, G. (2001) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-02-00477.2001 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
An extracellular signaling component in propagation of astrocytic calcium waves
Hassinger, T. D., Guthrie, P. B., Atkinson, P. B., Bennett, M. V. L., & Kater, S. B. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.23.13268 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Schurr, A., Miller, J. J., Payne, R. S., & Rigor, B. M. (1999) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-01-00034.1999 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Imaging Extracellular Waves of Glutamate during Calcium Signaling in Cultured Astrocytes
Innocenti, B., Parpura, V., & Haydon, P. G. (2000) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-05-01800.2000 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
The relative metabolic demand of inhibition and excitation
Waldvogel, D., van Gelderen, P., Muellbacher, W., Ziemann, U., Immisch, I., & Hallett, M. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35023171 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Astrocytic Gap Junctions Remain Open during Ischemic Conditions
Cotrina, M. L., Kang, J., Lin, J. H.-C., Bueno, E., Hansen, T. W., He, L., Liu, Y., & Nedergaard, M. (1998) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.18-07-02520.1998 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Robitaille, R. (1998) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80600-5 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Functional Specialization and Topographic Segregation of Hippocampal Astrocytes
D’Ambrosio, R., Wenzel, J., Schwartzkroin, P. A., McKhann, G. M., & Janigro, D. (1998) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.18-12-04425.1998 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Localization of estrogen receptor ?-immunoreactivity in astrocytes of the adult rat brain
Azcoitia, Í., Sierra, A., & García‐Segura, L. M. (1999) · Glia · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-1136(199905)26:3 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Direct Observation of Calcium-Independent Intercellular ATP Signaling in Astrocytes
Wang, Z., Haydon, P. G., & Yeung, E. S. (2000) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac9912146 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Activity-Dependent Neuronal Control of Gap-Junctional Communication in Astrocytes
Rouach, N., Glowinski, J., & Giaume, C. (2000) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.149.7.1513 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Dzubay, J. A., & Jahr, C. E. (1999) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-13-05265.1999 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Cytoskeletal Assembly and ATP Release Regulate Astrocytic Calcium Signaling
Cotrina, M. L., Lin, J. H.-C., & Nedergaard, M. (1998) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.18-21-08794.1998 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
P2Y1Purinoceptor-Mediated Ca2+Signaling and Ca2+Wave Propagation in Dorsal Spinal Cord Astrocytes
Fam, S. R., Gallagher, C. J., & Salter, M. W. (2000) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-08-02800.2000 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Scemes, E., Suadicani, S. O., & Spray, D. C. (2000) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-04-01435.2000 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
John, G. R., Scemes, E., Suadicani, S. O., Liu, J. S.-H., Charles, P. C., Lee, S. C., Spray, D. C., & Brosnan, C. F. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.20.11613 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
An astroglia-linked dopamine D2-receptor action in prefrontal cortex
Khan, Z. U., Koulen, P., Rubinstein, M., Grandy, D. K., & Goldman‐Rakic, P. S. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.98.4.1964 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Glutamate Metabolic Signaling in Retinal Glial (Müller) Cells
Poitry, S., Poitry‐Yamate, C. L., Ueberfeld, J., MacLeish, P. R., & Tsacopoulos, M. (2000) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-05-01809.2000 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Gap-junctional coupling between neurons and astrocytes in primary central nervous system cultures
Fróes, M. M., Correia, A. H., Garcia-Abreu, J., Spray, D. C., de Carvalho, A. C. C., & Moura‐Neto, V. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.13.7541 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
A Regulated Secretory Pathway in Cultured Hippocampal Astrocytes
Calegari, F., Coco, S., Taverna, E., BASSETTI, M., Verderio, C., Corradi, N., Matteoli, M., & Rosa, P. (1999) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.274.32.22539 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Synapse–Glia Interactions at the Mammalian Neuromuscular Junction
Rochon, D., Rousse, I., & Robitaille, R. (2001) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-11-03819.2001 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Duffy, H. S., John, G. R., Lee, S. C., Brosnan, C. F., & Spray, D. C. (2000) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-23-j0004.2000 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Neuron–Glia Signaling via α1Adrenoceptor-Mediated Ca2+Release in Bergmann Glial CellsIn Situ
Kulik, A., Haentzsch, A., Lückermann, M., Reichelt, W., & Ballanyi, K. (1999) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-19-08401.1999 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Willmott, N. J., Wong, K., & Strong, A. J. (2000) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-05-01767.2000 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Neuronal and glial cell biology Editorial overview
Kelly, R. B., & Reichardt, L. F. (1994) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/0959-4388(94)90001-9 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Neuronal and glial cell biology
Barres, B. A., & Barde, Y. (2000) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0959-4388(00)00134-3 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Liu, J. S.-H., John, G. R., Sikora, A. G., Lee, S. C., & Brosnan, C. F. (2000) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-14-05292.2000 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Atkins, C. M., & Sweatt, J. D. (1999) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-17-07241.1999 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Thomas, S., & Robitaille, R. (2001) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-04-01087.2001 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Control of Synaptic Strength by Glial TNFα
Beattie, E. C., Stellwagen, D., Morishita, W., Bresnahan, J. C., Ha, B. K., Von Zastrow, M., Beattie, M. S., & Malenka, R. C. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1067859 · Cited by 1,344 · see citing works
Gliotransmitters Travel in Time and Space
Araque, A., Carmignoto, G., Haydon, P. G., Oliet, S. H. R., Robitaille, R., & Volterra, A. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.02.007 · Cited by 1,308 · see citing works
Self-citationSulforhodamine 101 as a specific marker of astroglia in the neocortex in vivo
Nimmerjahn, A., Kirchhoff, F., Kerr, J. N. D., & Helmchen, F. (2004) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth706 · Cited by 784 · see citing works
Evidence for a cytokine model of cognitive function
McAfoose, J., & Baune, B. T. (2009) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.10.005 · Cited by 760 · see citing works
Yang, Y., Ge, W., Chen, Y., Zhang, Z., Shen, W., Wu, C., Poo, M., & Duan, S. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2431073100 · Cited by 533 · see citing works
Hypothalamic tanycytes: a key component of brain-endocrine interaction
RODRIGUEZ, E., BLAZQUEZ, J., PASTOR, F., PELAEZ, B., PENA, P., PERUZZO, B., & AMAT, P. (2005) · International review of cytology · doi:10.1016/s0074-7696(05)47003-5 · Cited by 475 · see citing works
Astrocyte Ca2+ signalling: an unexpected complexity
Volterra, A., Liaudet, N., & Savtchouk, I. (2014) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3725 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
Self-citationSynaptopathies: synaptic dysfunction in neurological disorders – A review from students to students
Lepeta, K., Lourenco, M. V., Schweitzer, B. C., Martino Adami, P. V., Banerjee, P., Catuara‐Solarz, S., de La Fuente Revenga, M., Guillem, A. M., Haidar, M., Ijomone, O. M., et al. (2016) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.13713 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
Norepinephrine triggers release of glial ATP to increase postsynaptic efficacy
Gordon, G. R. J., Baimoukhametova, D. V., Hewitt, S. A., Rajapaksha, W. R. A. K. J. S., Fisher, T. E., & Bains, J. S. (2005) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1498 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Synaptic Integration of Adult-Born Hippocampal Neurons Is Locally Controlled by Astrocytes
Sultan, S., Li, L., Moss, J., Petrelli, F., Cassé, F., Gebara, E., Lopatar, J., Pfrieger, F. W., Bezzi, P., Bischofberger, J., et al. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.10.037 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Self-citationFitzgerald, D. P., Palmieri, D., Hua, E., Hargrave, E., Herring, J. M., Qian, Y., Vega-Valle, E., Weil, R. J., Stark, A. M., Vortmeyer, A. O., et al. (2008) · Clinical & Experimental Metastasis · doi:10.1007/s10585-008-9193-z · Cited by 218 · see citing works
ApoE, ApoE Receptors, and the Synapse in Alzheimer's Disease
Lane-Donovan, C., & Herz, J. (2017) · Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2016.12.001 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
“Ion flow through these receptors causes alterations in intracellular Ca2+ stores that trigger the release of various substances from the astrocyte, including glutamate, D-serine, and ATP, which can then affect synaptic transmission [81].”
BackgroundGottschling, C., Wegrzyn, D., Denecke, B., & Faissner, A. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-50404-9 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
The ‘conscious pilot’ — dendritic synchrony moves through the brain to mediate consciousness.
Hameroff, S. (2010) · Journal of Biological Physics · doi:10.1007/s10867-009-9148-x · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Tunca, Z., Ozerdem, A., Ceylan, D., Yalçın, Y., Can, G., Resmi, H., Akan, P., Ergör, G., Aydemir, Ö., Cengisiz, C., et al. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.05.012 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Calì, C., Cantando, I., Veloz Castillo, M. F., Gonzalez, L., & Bezzi, P. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25168922 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Bezzi, P., & Volterra, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Milan (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Bezzi, Paola
- Volterra, Andrea
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Neurobiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-06
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 387-394
- ISSN
- 0959-4388 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2001537648
- Cited by
- 446
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 3.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Neurobiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- IRIS (submittedVersion)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
- SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- glial cells, synaptic integration, glial modulation
- MeSH terms
- Action Potentials, Animals, Brain, Calcium, Cell Communication, Cerebellum, Dopamine, Energy Metabolism, Exocytosis, Humans, Inflammation, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Models, Neurological, Nerve Net, Synaptic Transmission, Neuroglia, Neuronal Plasticity, Neurons, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Retina, Dinoprostone, Signal Transduction, Gap Junctions, Neurotransmitter Agents, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review