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An overview of APSIM, a model designed for farming systems simulation
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The Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) is a modular modelling framework that has been developed by the Agricultural Production Systems Research Unit in Australia. APSIM was developed to simulate biophysical process in farming systems, in particular where there is interest in the economic and ecological outcomes of management practice in the face of climatic risk. The paper outlines APSIM's structure and provides details of the concepts behind the different plant, soil and management modules. These modules include a diverse range of crops, pastures and trees, soil processes including water balance, N and P transformations, soil pH, erosion and a full range of management controls. Reports of APSIM testing in a diverse range of systems and environments are summarised. An example of model performance in a long-term cropping systems trial is provided. APSIM has been used in a broad range of applications, including support for on-farm decision making, farming systems design for production or resource management objectives, assessment of the value of seasonal climate forecasting, analysis of supply chain issues in agribusiness activities, development of waste management guidelines, risk assessment for government policy making and as a guide to research and education activity. An extensive citation list for these model testing and application studies is provided.
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The crop growth component of OZCOT is used as the cotton module of the APSIM modeling framework.
“The crop growth component of OZCOT is used as the cotton module of the Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM) modeling framework (Keating et al., 2003), which is used to address farming systems issues (Carberry et al., 2009).”
From Development and Application of Process-based Simulation Models for Cotton Production: A Review of Past, Present, and Future Directions (2014) · cites this paper as Keating et al., 2003
Process-based models have previously been used to evaluate the growth, development and yield of annual and perennial crops under a wide range of conditions, including climate change projection across the globe.
“Notably process-based models have previously been used to evaluate the growth, development and yield of annual and perennial crops under a wide range of conditions (Jones et al., 2003;Keating et al., 2003;Stöckle et al., 2003), including climate change projection across the globe (White et al., 2011;Asseng et al., 2013).”
From Intensify production, transform biomass to energy and novel goods and protect soils in Europe—A vision how to mobilize marginal lands (2018) · cites this paper as Keating et al., 2003
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- Robertson, M.J., Carberry, P.S., Wright, G.C., Singh, D.P., 1997. Assessing the value of putative traits for food legumes using models from a cropping systems perspective. International Food Legumes Conference, Adelaide.
- Robertson, M.J. and Carberry, P.S. 1998. Simulating growth and development of soybean in APSIM. Proceedings Tenth Australian Soybean Conference, Brisbane, 15–17 September, 130–136.
- Robertson, M.J., Holland, J.F., Kirkegaard, J.A., Smith, C.J., 1999. Simulating growth and development of canola in Australia. Proceedings tenth International Rapeseed Congress. (CD-Rom Proceedings).
- Robertson, M.J., Whish, J., Smith, F.P., 2001b. Simulating competition between canola and wild radish. Proceedings of the twelveth Aust. Res. Assembly on Brassicas, October, Geelong, Australia.
- Robertson, M.J., Holland, J.F., Cawley, S., Bambach, R., Cocks, B., Watkinson, A.R., 2001d. Phenology of canola cultivars in the northern region and implications for frost risk. 2001 Aust. Agronomy Conference, Hobart Tasmania, www.regional.org.au/au/asa/2001/.
- Snow, V.O., Bond, W.J., Myers, B.J., Smith, C.J., Polglase, P.J., Theiveyanathan, S., Falkiner, R.A., Benyon, R.G., Verburg, K., Dillon, P.J., 1998. APSIM-WASTE: Prediction of the fate of water, salt, and nitrogen following irrigation with effluent. In: Mulvey, P., (Ed.), ‘National Soils Conference, Environmental Benefits of Soil Management, Brisbane, 27–29 April 1998’. Aust. Soil Science Society, Clayton, Vic. pp. 145–153.
- Turpin, J.E., Probert, M.E., Holford, I.C.R., Poulton, P.L., 1996. Simulation of cereal-legume rotations using APSIM. Proceedings—Eighth Australian Agronomy Conference Toowoomba, Australia, pp. 562–565.
- Verburg, K., (Ed.), 1996. Methodolody in soil water and solute balance modelling: an evaluation of the APSIM-SOILWAT and SWIMv2 models. Divisional Report No 131, CSIRO Division of Soils, Canberra, Australia.
- Verburg, K., Keating, B.A., Bristow, K.L., Huth, N.I., Ross, P.J., 1996a. Modelling nitrate leaching under sugarcane using APSIM-SWIM. Proceedings—Eighth Australian Agronomy Conference Toowoomba, p. 724.
- Verburg, K., Hochman, Z., Probert, M.E., Keating, B.A., 1998. Soil acidification prediction and quantification using APSIM-SWIM. In: Michalk, D.L., Pratley, J.E., (Eds.), Agronomy—Growing a Greener Future. Proceedings Ninth Australian Agronomy Conference, Wagga Wagga, pp. 789–790.
- Verburg, K., Bond, W.J., Keating, B.A., Smith, C.J., Robertson, M.J., Hutchinson, P., 2001a. Simulation of tactical use of phase farming to reduce deep drainage. Aust. Agronomy Conference, Hobart, www.regional.org.au/au/asa/2001/.
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Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Keating, B. A., Carberry, P. S., Hammer, G. L., Probert, M. E., Robertson, M. J., Holzworth, D., Huth, N. I., Hargreaves, J. N. G., Meinke, H., Hochman, Z., McLean, G., Verburg, K., Snow, V, Dimes, J. P., Silburn, M., Wang, E., Brown, S., Bristow, K. L., Asseng, S., Chapman, S., McCown, R. L., Freebairn, D. M., & Smith, C. J.
- Affiliations
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (AU)
- Department of Primary Industries (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Keating, B.A
- ORCID
- Venue
- European Journal of Agronomy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-01
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 3-4
- Pages
- 267-288
- ISSN
- 1161-0301 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2036123899
- Cited by
- 2,878
- References
- 91
- Citations by year
- 2026: 156 · 2025: 178 · 2024: 142 · 2023: 154 · 2022: 181 · 2021: 172 · 2020: 154 · 2019: 146 · 2018: 147 · 2017: 161 · 2016: 145 · 2015: 168 · 2014: 153 · 2013: 118 · 2012: 132
- FWCI
- 92.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- era.daf.qld.gov.au
- Locations
- European Journal of Agronomy (publishedVersion)
- Open Access Repository of ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics) (acceptedVersion)
- Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries archive of scientific and research publications (Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries) (acceptedVersion)
- Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries archive of scientific and research publications (Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries) (submittedVersion)
- mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Pasture and Agricultural Systems
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Sustainable Agricultural Systems Analysis
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Climate change impacts on agriculture
- Keywords
- APSIM, crop growth simulation, soil water balance, soil erosion, soil pH, farm management practices, climate risk, long-term cropping systems, seasonal climate forecasting, agricultural supply chain, waste management
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