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Epidemiology of Parkinson's disease
Abstract
The causes of Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, are still largely unknown. Current thinking is that major gene mutations cause only a small proportion of all cases and that in most cases, non-genetic factors play a part, probably in interaction with susceptibility genes. Numerous epidemiological studies have been done to identify such non-genetic risk factors, but most were small and methodologically limited. Larger, well-designed prospective cohort studies have only recently reached a stage at which they have enough incident patients and person-years of follow-up to investigate possible risk factors and their interactions. In this article, we review what is known about the prevalence, incidence, risk factors, and prognosis of PD from epidemiological studies.
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“The prevalence of PD in industrialised countries is generally estimated at 0.3% of the entire population and about 1% in people over 60 years of age (De Lau and Breteler 2006).”
From The clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease. (2016) · cites this paper as De Lau and Breteler 2006
In the citing paper
“The prevalence of PD in industrialised countries is generally estimated at 0.3% of the entire population and about 1% in people over 60 years of age (De Lau and Breteler 2006).”
From The clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease. (2016) · cites this paper as De Lau and Breteler 2006
In the citing paper
“Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and Parkinson's Disease (PD) are the most common neurodegenerative disorders (de Lau and Breteler, 2006).”
From The role of microglia in retinal neurodegeneration: Alzheimer’s disease, parkinson, and glaucoma. (2017) · cites this paper as de Lau and Breteler, 2006
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Chotinaiwattarakul, W., Dayalu, P., Chervin, R. D., & Albin, R. L. (2010) · Sleep And Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-010-0362-3 · Cited by 45
Non-motor symptoms: the core of multi-morbid Parkinson's disease
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Fukuoka Kinki Parkinson's Disease Study Group, Kiyohara, C., Miyake, Y., Koyanagi, M., Fujimoto, T., Shirasawa, S., Tanaka, K., Fukushima, W., Sasaki, S., Tsuboi, Y., et al. (2011) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/1471-2377-11-89 · Cited by 45
SLC6A3 is a risk factor for Parkinson's disease: A meta-analysis of sixteen years’ studies
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Occupational exposure in Parkinsonian disorders: A 43-year prospective cohort study in men
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“Risk factors for the disease are largely unknown [1].”
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Bensalem, J., Dal‐Pan, A., Gillard, E., Calon, F., & Pallet, V. (2015) · Nutrition and Aging · doi:10.3233/nua-150051 · Cited by 46
“An increased risk of PD is associated with exposure to certain pesticides, insecticides and heavy metals [72–74], in contrast with a lower risk in tobacco smokers [74], coffee consumers [75] and individuals treated with anti-inflammatory drugs [74].”
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A 3D Convolutional Neural Network Approach for the Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease
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Sleep disorders and Parkinson disease; lessons from genetics
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Risky behaviors and Parkinson disease
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Microglial Activation in the Retina of a Triple-Transgenic Alzheimer’s Disease Mouse Model (3xTg-AD)
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Antioxidative role of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Parkinson's disease
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A systematic review of nutritional risk factors of Parkinson's disease
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Dysfunction of Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis in Parkinson’s Disease
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Linking chronic kidney disease and Parkinson’s disease: a literature review
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Resolution of Inflammation in Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Role of Resolvins
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Update: Protective and risk factors for Parkinson disease
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In Vitro Study of α-Synuclein Protofibrils by Cryo-EM Suggests a Cu2+-Dependent Aggregation Pathway
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Activated Immune Cells in Parkinson's Disease
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Metacognitions, anxiety, and distress related to motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease.
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“The Metacognitions Questionnaire 30 (MCQ) [13] is a 30-item self-report measure that assesses five-factors pertaining to metacognition: [1] positive beliefs about worry (MCQ 1; e.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- de Lau, L. M., & Breteler, M. M.
- Affiliations
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Breteler, Monique MB
- ORCID
- Breteler, Monique MB
- Venue
- The Lancet Neurology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-06
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 525-535
- ISSN
- 1474-4422 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2134886133
- Cited by
- 4,110
- References
- 119
- Citations by year
- 2026: 108 · 2025: 172 · 2024: 229 · 2023: 230 · 2022: 307 · 2021: 315 · 2020: 337 · 2019: 290 · 2018: 301 · 2017: 284 · 2016: 259 · 2015: 288 · 2014: 232 · 2013: 200 · 2012: 159
- FWCI
- 7.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Lancet Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nuclear Receptors and Signaling
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- Parkinson's disease, prevalence, incidence, risk factors, prognosis, genetic susceptibility, gene-environment interaction, neurodegeneration, prospective cohort
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Humans, Parkinson Disease, Prognosis, Risk Factors
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