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Epidemiology of Parkinson's disease
Abstract
The causes of Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, are still largely unknown. Current thinking is that major gene mutations cause only a small proportion of all cases and that in most cases, non-genetic factors play a part, probably in interaction with susceptibility genes. Numerous epidemiological studies have been done to identify such non-genetic risk factors, but most were small and methodologically limited. Larger, well-designed prospective cohort studies have only recently reached a stage at which they have enough incident patients and person-years of follow-up to investigate possible risk factors and their interactions. In this article, we review what is known about the prevalence, incidence, risk factors, and prognosis of PD from epidemiological studies.
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“The prevalence of PD in industrialised countries is generally estimated at 0.3% of the entire population and about 1% in people over 60 years of age (De Lau and Breteler 2006).”
From The clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease. (2016) · cites this paper as De Lau and Breteler 2006
In the citing paper
“The prevalence of PD in industrialised countries is generally estimated at 0.3% of the entire population and about 1% in people over 60 years of age (De Lau and Breteler 2006).”
From The clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease. (2016) · cites this paper as De Lau and Breteler 2006
In the citing paper
“Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and Parkinson's Disease (PD) are the most common neurodegenerative disorders (de Lau and Breteler, 2006).”
From The role of microglia in retinal neurodegeneration: Alzheimer’s disease, parkinson, and glaucoma. (2017) · cites this paper as de Lau and Breteler, 2006
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“3% and increases with age: 1% of people over the age of 60 and up to 4% of those over 80 are affected [10].”
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Zhang, S., Xiao, Q., & Le, W. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119928 · Cited by 73
Non-invasive brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease: Current concepts and outlook 2015
Benninger, D. H., & Hallett, M. (2015) · Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3233/nre-151237 · Cited by 73
Subramanian, L., Morris, M. B., Brosnan, M., Turner, D., Morris, H., & Linden, D. (2016) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00111 · Cited by 66
“Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder (de Lau and Breteler, 2006) affecting the motor circuit and affecting both motor and non-motor functions.”
Sales, T. A., Prandi, I. G., de Castro, A. A., Leal, D. H. S., da Cunha, E. F. F., Kuča, K., & Ramalho, T. C. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20081829 · Cited by 73
“Parkinson’s disease (PD) is another example of common NDD, reaching around 1% of the population above the age of 60 and about 4% above 85 years old [68].”
BackgroundRaket, L. L., Oudin Åström, D., Norlin, J. M., Kellerborg, K., Martinez-Martin, P., & Odin, P. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-04356-8 · Cited by 72
TSPO imaging in animal models of brain diseases
Camp, N. V., Lavisse, S., Roost, P., Gubinelli, F., Hillmer, A. T., & Boutin, H. (2021) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-021-05379-z · Cited by 71
The relationship of alpha-synuclein to mitochondrial dynamics and quality control
Thorne, N. J., & Tumbarello, D. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2022.947191 · Cited by 78
Parkinson's disease proteins: Novel mitochondrial targets for cardioprotection
Mukherjee, U., Ong, S., Ong, S., & Hausenloy, D. J. (2015) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.10.005 · Cited by 72
“After Alzheimer's disease, PD is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder (de Lau & Breteler, 2006).”
BackgroundRisk factors for Parkinson's disease may differ in men and women: an exploratory study
Savica, R., Grossardt, B. R., Bower, J. H., Ahlskog, J. E., & Rocca, W. A. (2012) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.05.013 · Cited by 73
“Although several environmental and genetic risk or protective factors have been studied one-at-a-time in men and women combined (de Lau and Breteler, 2006; Elbaz and Moisan, 2008), their interactions have © 2012 Elsevier Inc.”
BackgroundPlotegher, N., Kumar, D., Tessari, I., Brucale, M., Munari, F., Tosatto, L., Belluzzi, E., Greggio, E., Bisaglia, M., Capaldi, S., et al. (2014) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddu275 · Cited by 72
A novel design of a Phase III trial of isradipine in early Parkinson disease (STEADY‐PD III)
Biglan, K., Oakes, D., Lang, A. E., Hauser, R. A., Hodgeman, K., Greco, B., Lowell, J., Rockhill, R. L., Shoulson, I., Venuto, C. S., et al. (2017) · Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology · doi:10.1002/acn3.412 · Cited by 72
Quantifying Dynamic Balance in Young, Elderly and Parkinson's Individuals: A Systematic Review
Siragy, T., & Nantel, J. (2018) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2018.00387 · Cited by 72
Sex Differences in Clinical Features of Early, Treated Parkinson’s Disease
Augustine, E. F., Pérez, A., Dhall, R., Umeh, C. C., Videnovic, A., Cambi, F., Wills, A.-M. A., Elm, J. J., Zweig, R. M., Shulman, L. M., et al. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133002 · Cited by 71
“[7–9] Although Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a common disorder with aging[10], sex differences are not well understood.”
BackgroundAltered GABAergic Signaling in Brain Disease at Various Stages of Life
Kim, Y. S., & Yoon, B. (2017) · Experimental Neurobiology · doi:10.5607/en.2017.26.3.122 · Cited by 70
Smolders, S., & Broeckhoven, C. V. (2020) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-020-00935-4 · Cited by 72
“over 65 years is affected with PD, and up to 4–5% people aged over 85 years [71].”
BackgroundMaurice, T. (2020) · Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery · doi:10.1080/17460441.2021.1838483 · Cited by 71
Dietary patterns and risk of Parkinson’s disease: a case–control study in Japan
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Mutations in PRKN and SNCA Genes Important for the Progress of Parkinson’s Disease
Oczkowska, A., Kozubski, W. P., Lianeri, M., & Dorszewska, J. (2014) · Current Genomics · doi:10.2174/1389202914666131210205839 · Cited by 72
Michel, P. P., Toulorge, D., Guerreiro, S., & Hirsch, É. C. (2013) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.12-220418 · Cited by 70
Metadata
- Authors
- de Lau, L. M., & Breteler, M. M.
- Affiliations
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Breteler, Monique MB
- ORCID
- Breteler, Monique MB
- Venue
- The Lancet Neurology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-06
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 525-535
- ISSN
- 1474-4422 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2134886133
- Cited by
- 4,110
- References
- 119
- Citations by year
- 2026: 108 · 2025: 172 · 2024: 229 · 2023: 230 · 2022: 307 · 2021: 315 · 2020: 337 · 2019: 290 · 2018: 301 · 2017: 284 · 2016: 259 · 2015: 288 · 2014: 232 · 2013: 200 · 2012: 159
- FWCI
- 7.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Lancet Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nuclear Receptors and Signaling
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- Parkinson's disease, prevalence, incidence, risk factors, prognosis, genetic susceptibility, gene-environment interaction, neurodegeneration, prospective cohort
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Humans, Parkinson Disease, Prognosis, Risk Factors
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