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Multiple sclerosis: risk factors, prodromes, and potential causal pathways
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common, complex neurological disease. The precise aetiology of MS is not yet known, although epidemiological data indicate that both genetic and environmental factors are important. The evidence that the environment acts long before MS becomes clinically evident is well established and suggests the existence of a prodromal phase for the disease. The increasing incidence of MS emphasises the need for strategies to prevent this chronic disorder, and the possibility of a prodrome indicates a window of opportunity to potentially reverse early disease processes before clinical disease becomes evident. Studying a prodrome requires techniques other than clinical observation such as monitoring endophenotypes that result from associated risk factors. However, our current knowledge of causal pathways and endophenotypes in MS is limited. Identifying and studying individuals with a high risk of developing the disease provides a powerful opportunity to understand the MS causal cascade and is highly relevant to strategies that are aimed at preventing this debilitating disease.
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“This is surprising given that mutations in various SYK-related molecules have been identified as prominent MS genetic risk factors (Ramagopalan et al., 2010).”
From SYK coordinates neuroprotective microglial responses in neurodegenerative disease (2022) · cites this paper as Ramagopalan et al., 2010
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Genetic Association of MiR-146a with Multiple Sclerosis Susceptibility in the Chinese Population
Li, Y., Chen, D., Wang, W., Ma, G., Cui, L., Zhou, H., Tao, H., Yao, L., Zhao, B., & Li, K. (2015) · Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1159/000369695 · Cited by 56
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Adult mesenchymal stem cell therapy for myelin repair in Multiple Sclerosis
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High rates of physician services utilization at least five years before multiple sclerosis diagnosis
Marrie, R. A., Yu, N., Wei, Y., Elliott, L. J., & Blanchard, J. (2012) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458512471877 · Cited by 52
Agnello, L., Scazzone, C., Sasso, B. L., Bellia, C., Bivona, G., Realmuto, S., Brighina, F., Schillaci, R., Ragonese, P., Salemi, G., et al. (2016) · Biochemical Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10528-016-9783-4 · Cited by 52
Epstein–Barr virus and multiple sclerosis: association or causation?
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Vitamin D receptor binding, chromatin states and association with multiple sclerosis
Disanto, G., Sandve, G. K., Berlanga‐Taylor, A. J., Ragnedda, G., Morahan, J. M., Watson, C. T., Giovannoni, G., Ebers, G. C., & Ramagopalan, S. V. (2012) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/dds189 · Cited by 50
Ragnedda, G., Leoni, S., Parpinel, M. T., Casetta, I., Riise, T., Myhr, K., Wolfson, C. M., & Pugliatti, M. (2015) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-015-7704-9 · Cited by 51
Gabelic, T., Ramasamy, D. P., Weinstock-Guttman, B., Hagemeier, J., Kennedy, C., Melia, R., Hojnacki, D., Ramanathan, M., & Zivadinov, R. (2014) · American Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.3174/ajnr.a3653 · Cited by 51
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ramagopalan, S. V., Dobson, R., Meier, U. C., & Giovannoni, G.
- Affiliations
- Centre for Human Genetics (GB)
- Queen Mary University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Giovannoni, Gavin
- Venue
- The Lancet Neurology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-07
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 727-739
- ISSN
- 1474-4422 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2149134458
- Cited by
- 548
- References
- 155
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 49
- FWCI
- 5.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Lancet Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Rea Charitable Trust
- Medical Research Council
- National Multiple Sclerosis Society
- Aims2Cure
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Psoriasis: Treatment and Pathogenesis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Polyomavirus and related diseases
- Keywords
- multiple sclerosis, risk factors, prodromal symptoms, etiology, causal pathways, endophenotypes, genetic factors, environmental factors, disease prevention, MS incidence
- MeSH terms
- Disease Susceptibility, Environment, Environmental Exposure, Humans, Multiple Sclerosis, Risk Factors, Sex Factors
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