Cited by 94Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormonesReproductive Biology and FertilityNeuroendocrine regulation and behavior

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Chapter 2 Hypothalamic Neural Systems Controlling the Female Reproductive Life Cycle

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Jacqueline A. Maffucci, Andrea C. Gore·2009·International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology

DOI 10.1016/s1937-6448(08)02002-9PMC PMC2821833

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Abstract

The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis undergoes a number of changes throughout the reproductive life cycle that are responsible for the development, puberty, adulthood, and senescence of reproductive systems. This natural progression is dictated by the neural network controlling the hypothalamus including the cells that synthesize and release gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and their regulatory neurotransmitters. Glutamate and GABA are the primary excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the central nervous system, and as such contribute a great deal to modulating this axis throughout the lifetime via their actions on receptors in the hypothalamus, both directly on GnRH neurons as well as indirectly through other hypothalamic neural networks. Interactions among GnRH neurons, glutamate, and GABA, including the regulation of GnRH gene and protein expression, hormone release, and modulation by estrogen, are critical to age-appropriate changes in reproductive function. Here, we present evidence for the modulation of GnRH neurosecretory cells by the balance of glutamate and GABA in the hypothalamus, and the functional consequences of these interactions on reproductive physiology across the life cycle.

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Morphological Characterization of Immortalized Hypothalamic Neurons Synthesizing Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone
LIPOSITS, Z., MERCHENTHALER, I., WETSEL, W. C., REID, J. J., MELLON, P. L., WEINER, R. I., & NEGRO-VILAR, A. (1991) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-129-3-1575 · Cited by 88
γ-Aminobutyric Acid Neurons Integrate and Rapidly Transmit Permissive and Inhibitory Metabolic Cues to Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons
Sullivan, S. D., & Moenter, S. M. (2003) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2003-1374 · Cited by 87
Several GABAA receptor subunits are expressed in LHRH neurons of juvenile female rats1This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health, HD25123 (S.R.O.), P30 Population Center Grant HD18185 and RR00163 for the operation of the Oregon Regional Primate Research Center.1
Jung, H., Shannon, E. M., Fritschy, J., & Ojeda, S. R. (1998) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(97)01152-9 · Cited by 87
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors mediate the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by NMDA in a hypothalamic GnRH neuronal cell line (GT1-1)
Mahachoklertwattana, P., Sanchez, J., Kaplan, S. L., & Grumbach, M. M. (1994) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.134.3.1023 · Cited by 87
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons, NMDA receptors, and their regulation by steroid hormones across the reproductive life cycle
Gore, A. C. (2001) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(01)00121-7 · Cited by 84
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Preoptic rather than Mediobasal Hypothalamic Amino Acid Neurotransmitter Release Regulates GnRH Secretion during the Estrogen-Induced LH Surge in the Ovariectomized Rat
Jarry, H., Leonhardt, S., Schwarze, T., & Wuttke, W. (2008) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000127037 · Cited by 84
Glutamatergic Signaling through theN-Methyl- d -Aspartate Receptor Directly Activates Medial Subpopulations of Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone (LHRH) Neurons, But Does Not Appear to Mediate the Effects of Estradiol on LHRH Gene Expression
Ottem, E. N., Godwin, J. G., & Petersen, S. L. (2002) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2002-220707 · Cited by 82
LHRH neurons in the female C57BL/6J mouse brain during reproductive aging: No loss up to middle age
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Glutamate Inhibits GABA Excitatory Activity in Developing Neurons
van den Pol, A. N., Gao, X., Patrylo, P. R., Ghosh, P. K., & Obrietan, K. H. (1998) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.18-24-10749.1998 · Cited by 81
Excitatory Neurotransmission and Sexual Differentiation of the Brain
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The Morphometry of Astrocytes in the Rostral Preoptic Area Exhibits a Diurnal Rhythm on Proestrus: Relationship to the Luteinizing Hormone Surge and Effects of Age
Cashion, A. B., Smith, M. J., & Wise, P. M. (2002) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2002-220711 · Cited by 80
Neurosteroids Alter γ-Aminobutyric Acid Postsynaptic Currents in Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons: A Possible Mechanism for Direct Steroidal Control
Sullivan, S. D., & Moenter, S. M. (2003) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2003-0634 · Cited by 79
Menopausal Increases in Pulsatile Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Release in a Nonhuman Primate (Macaca mulatta)
Gore, A. C., Windsor-Engnell, B. M., & Terasawa, E. (2004) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2004-0379 · Cited by 78
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Biphasic Gabaergic Regulation of GnRH Secretion in GT 1 Cell Lines
de la Escalera, G. M., Choi, A. L. H., & Weiner, R. I. (2008) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000126687 · Cited by 78
REGIONAL CHANGES IN AMINO ACID CONTENT IN DEVELOPING RAT BRAIN1
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Aging Results in Attenuated Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone‐Luteinizing Hormone Axis Responsiveness to Glutamate Receptor Agonist N‐Methyl‐D‐Aspartate*
Bonavera, J. J., Swerdloff, R. S., HIKIM, A. P. S., Lue, Y., & Wang, C. (1998) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2826.1998.00177.x · Cited by 75
Firing Pattern and Rapid Modulation of Activity by Estrogen in Primate Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone-1 Neurons
Abe, H., & Terasawa, E. (2005) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2005-0435 · Cited by 75
GABA receptors precede glutamate receptors in hypothalamic development; differential regulation by astrocytes
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Sustained Intermittent Release of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone in the Prepubertal Male Rhesus Monkey Induced by N-Methyl-DL-Aspartic Acid
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Decrease in Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Pulse Frequency with Aging in Postmenopausal Women
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The aging reproductive neuroendocrine axis
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GABA-Dependent Firing of Glutamate-Evoked Action Potentials at AMPA/Kainate Receptors in Developing Hypothalamic Neurons
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Hormonal Regulation of Glutamate Receptor Gene Expression in the Anteroventral Periventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus
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GABAergic neuronal activity and mRNA levels for both forms of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65 and GAD67) are reduced in the diagonal band of Broca during the afternoon of proestrus
Grattan, D. R., Rocca, M. S., Strauss, K. I., Sagrillo, C. A., SELMANOFF, M. K., & McCarthy, M. M. (1996) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(96)00532-x · Cited by 71
Regulation of GABA transporter activity and mRNA expression by estrogen in rat preoptic area
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Activation of Central GABA A - but Not of GABA B – Receptors Rapidly Reduces Pituitary LH Release and GnRH Gene Expression in the Preoptic/Anterior Hypothalamic Area of Ovariectomized Rats
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Oestrogen Modulation of Excitatory Al Noradrenergic Input to Rat Medial Preoptic Gamma Aminobutyric Acid Neurones Demonstrated by Microdialysis
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Neuroendocrine Aging in the Female Rat: The Changing Relationship of Hypothalamic Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons and N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptors**Preliminary versions of this work were presented at the 28th and 29th Annual Meetings of the Society for Neuroscience (Abstracts 110.11 and 777.10). This work was supported by the Brookdale Foundation (to A.C.G.), NIH Grant 1-PO1-AG16765–01 (to A.C.G. and J.H.M.).
Gore, A. C., Yeung, G., Morrison, J. H., & Oung, T. (2000) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.141.12.7841 · Cited by 69
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Steroid modulation of GABAA receptor-mediated transmission in the hypothalamus: Effects on reproductive function
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Neuroendocrine Mechanisms for Reproductive Senescence in the Female Rat: Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons
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Qualitative Changes in Luteinizing Hormone and Prolactin Responses toN-Methyl-Aspartic Acid during Lactation in the Rat*
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Age-Related Changes in Estrogen Receptor β in Rat Hypothalamus: A Quantitative Analysis
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Release of Glutamate and Aspartate from the Preoptic Area during the Progesterone-Induced LH Surge: In vivo Microdialysis Studies
Ping, L., Mahesh, V. B., Wiedmeier, V. T., & Brann, D. W. (2008) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000126673 · Cited by 66
Activation of A‐Type γ‐Amino Butyric Acid Receptors Excites Gonadotrophin‐Releasing Hormone Neurones Isolated from Adult Rats
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Role of medial preoptic GABA neurones in regulating luteinising hormone secretion in the ovariectomised rat
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GAMMA aminobutyric acid (GABA), a modulator of anterior pituitary hormone secretion by hypothalamic and pituitary action
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Sexual maturation modifies the GABAergic control of gonadotrophin secretion in female rats
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A progesterone metabolite stimulates the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone from GT1-1 hypothalamic neurons via the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor.
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Attenuation of Preoptic Area Glutamate Release Correlates with Reduced Luteinizing Hormone Secretion in Middle-Aged Female Rats
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Induced Release of γ‐Aminobutyric Acid by a Carrier‐Mediated, High‐Affinity Uptake of L‐Glutamate in Cultured Chick Retina Cells
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GABAA receptor ε subunit expression in identified peptidergic neurons of the rat hypothalamus
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Stimulation of Luteinizing Hormone Release by γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Agonists: Mediation by GABAA-Type Receptors and Activation of Chloride and Voltage-Sensitive Calcium Channels*
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Effects of ovarian steroids on the gonadotropin response to N-methyl-D- aspartate and on hypothalamic excitatory amino acid levels during sexual maturation in female rats
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Excitatory amino acid-evoked release of [3H]GABA from hippocampal neurons in primary culture
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The neurobiology of reproductive development
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Age‐Related Changes in Hypothalamic Gonadotropin‐Releasing Hormone and N‐Methyl‐ d ‐Aspartate Receptor Gene Expression, and their Regulation by Oestrogen, in the Female Rat
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Immortalized hypothalamic GT1-7 neurons express functional gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors.
Hales, T. G., Kim, H., Longoni, B., Olsen, R. W., & Tobin, A. J. (1992) · Molecular Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0026-895x(25)08900-x · Cited by 60
Expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase messenger RNA in rat medial preoptic area neurones during the oestrous cycle and after ovariectomy
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N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Subunit Expression in GnRH Neurons Changes during Reproductive Senescence in the Female Rat
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Glutamate Modulates [Ca 2+ ] i and Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Secretion in Immortalized Hypothalamic GT1-7 Neurons
Spergel, D. J., Krsmanović, L. Z., Stojilković, S. S., & Catt, K. J. (2008) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000126672 · Cited by 59
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Characterization of Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors in Rat Hypothalamus, Pituitary and Immortalized Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Neurons (GT1-7 Cells)
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Regulation of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone Secretion by AMPA Receptors
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Steroid Hormone Effects on NMDA Receptor Binding and NMDA Receptor mRNA Levels in the Hypothalamus and Cerebral Cortex of the Adult Rat
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Gonadal hormones alter hypothalamic GABA and glutamate levels
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Identification of glutamate receptor subtype mRNAs in gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons in rat brain
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Excitatory amino acid regulation of gonadotropin secretion: modulation by steroid hormones
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Expression of Glutamate Receptor Subunit mRNAs in Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons during the Sexual Maturation of the Female Rat
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Aging-Related Changes in Release of Growth Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone in Female Rhesus Monkeys
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Immortalization of Neuroendocrine Cells by Targeted Oncogenesis
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GABA release in the medial preoptic area of cyclic female rats
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Restoration of the Luteinizing Hormone Surge in Middle-Aged Female Rats by Altering the Balance of GABA and Glutamate Transmission in the Medial Preoptic Area1
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Evidence for Terminal Regulation of GnRH Release by Excitatory Amino Acids in the Median Eminence in Female Rats: A Dual Immunoelectron Microscopic Study
Kawakami, S.-I., Hirunagi, K., Ichikawa, M., Tsukamura, H., & Maeda, K. (1998) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.139.3.5979 · Cited by 53
Endogenous glutamate involvement in pulsatile secretion of gonadotropin- releasing hormone: evidence from effect of glutamine and developmental changes
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Age-related Changes in Hormones and Their Receptors in Animal Models of Female Reproductive Senescence
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The number and distribution of detectable luteinizing hormone (LH)-releasing hormone cell bodies changes in association with the preovulatory LH surge in the brains of young but not middle-aged female rats.
Rubin, B. S., & King, J. C. (1994) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.134.1.8275960 · Cited by 51
Molecular and Electrophysiological Evidence for a GABACReceptor in Thyrotropin-Secreting Cells1
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Different postnatal development profiles of neurons containing distinct GABAA receptor β subunit mRNAs (β1, β2, and β3) in the rat forebrain
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Perinatal Changes in Hypothalamic N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors and Their Relationship to Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons
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Live View of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Containing Neuron Migration
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Differential expression of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors in immortalized luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons
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Embryonic hypothalamic expression of functional glutamate receptors
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Bicuculline Infusions Advance the Timing of Luteinizing Hormone Surge in Proestrous Rats: Comparisons with Naloxone Effects
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Restraining Action of GABA on Estradiol-Induced LH Surge in the Rat: GABA Activity in Brain Nuclei and Effects of GABA Mimetics in the Medial Preoptic Nucleus
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Kainate Receptor Subunit-Positive Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons Express c-Fos during the Steroid-Induced Luteinizing Hormone Surge in the Female Rat1
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Differential Gonadotropin Responses to N-Methyl-D,L-aspartate in Metestrous, Proestrous, and Ovariectomized Rats1
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In vivo GABA release from the medial preoptic area of diestrous and ovariectomized rats
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Estradiol Modulates the LH Release Response to N-Methyl-D-Aspartate in Adult Female Rats: Studies on Hypothalamic Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone and Neurotransmitter Release
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Pulsatile administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone for induction of ovulation
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A Critical Period for Glutamate Receptor‐Mediated Induction of Precocious Puberty in Female Rats
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Inhibition of Proestrous LH Surge and Ovulation in Rats Evoked by Stimulation of the Medial Raphe Nucleus Involves a GABA-Mediated Mechanism
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Differences in the Luteinizing Hormone and Prolactin Responses to Multiple Injections of Kainate, as Compared to iV-Methyl-D,L-Aspartate, in Cycling Rats*
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Authors: Maffucci, J. A., & Gore, A. C.
Affiliations: The University of Texas at Austin (US)
ORCID: Andrea C. Gore
Venue: International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology
Publisher: Elsevier
Published: 2009
Volume: 274
Pages: 69-127
ISSN: 0074-7696 (ISSN-L)
1937-6448
DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(08)02002-9
PMC: PMC2821833
OpenAlex: W1496951129
Cited by: 93
References: 259
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 3
FWCI: 23.91
Type: book chapter
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: International review of cytology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Aging (AG-16765, AG028051, R01AG028051, P01AG016765)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Reproductive Biology and Fertility
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
Keywords: hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, GnRH neurons, glutamate, GABA, neurotransmitter modulation, puberty, reproductive aging, estrogen modulation, GnRH gene expression
MeSH terms: Animals, Female, gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, Glutamates, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone, Nervous System, Reproduction

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Chapter 2 Hypothalamic Neural Systems Controlling the Female Reproductive Life Cycle

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