Dual-phenotype GABA/glutamate neurons in adult preoptic area: sexual dimorphism and function
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It is generally assumed that the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA and the stimulatory neurotransmitter glutamate are released from different neurons in adults. However, this tenet has made it difficult to explain how the same afferent signals can cause opposite changes in GABA and glutamate release. Such reciprocal release is a central mechanism in the neural control of many physiological processes including activation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons, the neural signal for ovulation. Activation of GnRH neurons requires simultaneous suppression of GABA and stimulation of glutamate release, each of which occurs in response to a daily photoperiodic signal, but only in the presence of estradiol (E 2). In rodents, E 2 and photoperiodic signals converge in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV), but it is unclear how these signals differentially regulate GABA and glutamate secretion. We now report that nearly all neurons in the AVPV of female rats express both vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2), a marker of hypothalamic glutamatergic neurons, as well as glutamic acid decarboxylase and vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT), markers of GABAergic neurons. These dual-phenotype neurons are the main targets of E 2 in the region and are more than twice as numerous in females as in males. Moreover, dual-phenotype synaptic terminals contact GnRH neurons, and at the time of the surge, VGAT-containing vesicles decrease and VGLUT2-containing vesicles increase in these terminals. Thus, we propose a new model for ovulation that includes dual-phenotype GABA/glutamate neurons as central transducers of hormonal and neural signals to GnRH neurons.
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The LH surge is stimulated by glutamate.
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- Authors
- Ottem, E. N., Godwin, J. G., Krishnan, S., & Petersen, S. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- ORCID
- Petersen, Sandra L.
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2004-09-15
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 37
- Pages
- 8097-8105
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6729791
- OpenAlex
- W2133423309
- Cited by
- 201
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 10.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5t32mh020051-09, HD27305)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH20051, T32-MH020051)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD-27305, R01HD027305)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Keywords
- GABAergic neurons, glutamatergic neurons, preoptic area, anteroventral periventricular nucleus, sexual dimorphism, estradiol, photoperiod, GnRH neurons, ovulation, vesicular glutamate transporter 2, vesicular GABA transporter, glutamic acid decarboxylase, synaptic terminals
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Castration, Circadian Rhythm, Drug Implants, Estradiol, Female, gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, Gene Expression Regulation, Glutamate Decarboxylase, Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone, Male, Models, Biological, Nerve Endings, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Neurons, Ovulation, Phenotype, Preoptic Area, Sex Characteristics, Biomarkers, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, In Situ Hybridization, Glutamic Acid, Estrogen Receptor Modulators, Membrane Transport Proteins, Amino Acid Transport Systems, Estrogen Receptor alpha, Vesicular Inhibitory Amino Acid Transport Proteins, Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2, Rats
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