The DOI matches its Crossref record; 148 of the 150 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 20 of the 80 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Type 2 diabetes in adolescents and young adults
Open accessAbstract
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes in adolescents and young adults is dramatically increasing. Similar to older-onset type 2 diabetes, the major predisposing risk factors are obesity, family history, and sedentary lifestyle. Onset of diabetes at a younger age (defined here as up to age 40 years) is associated with longer disease exposure and increased risk for chronic complications. Young-onset type 2 diabetes also affects more individuals of working age, accentuating the adverse societal effects of the disease. Furthermore, evidence is accumulating that young-onset type 2 diabetes has a more aggressive disease phenotype, leading to premature development of complications, with adverse effects on quality of life and unfavourable effects on long-term outcomes, raising the possibility of a future public health catastrophe. In this Review, we describe the epidemiology and existing knowledge regarding pathophysiology, risk factors, complications, and management of type 2 diabetes in adolescents and young adults.
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Claims the paper makes
27 No full text of the sources · 15 Partly supported · 15 Own interpretation · 13 Sources not found · 4 Couldn’t confirm · 4 No basis given · 2 Not checked yet · 1 Supported · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“However, apparent ethnic differences based on regional variations in prevalence (table 1), have the limitation that the diagnostic criteria and methods of data collection are not always consistent [15][16][17] .”
§ TYPE 2 DIABETES IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS AUTHORS > EPIDEMIOLOGY
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [15] Kim, 2010, The clinical characteristics of the newly diagnosed early onset (<40 years old) diabetes in outpatients' clinic, Korean Diabetes J sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports regional differences in early-onset diabetes prevalence and says differing patient recruitment and data-collection methods could explain discrepancies between studies. It also shows that studies used different age cutoffs, but does not establish that diabetes diagnostic criteria were inconsistent or specifically assess ethnic differences. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] Chuang, 2006, Comparisons of the outcomes on control, type of management and complications status in early onset and late onset type 2 diabetes in Asia, Diabetes Res Clin Pract source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [17] Jimenez-Corona, 2010, Early-onset type 2 diabetes in a Mexican survey: results from the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2006, Salud Publica Mex source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Such a decrease in second phase insulin secretion would take more than a decade to emerge in most T2DM patients presenting in middle or later life [21][22] .”
§ TYPE 2 DIABETES IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS AUTHORS > PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Decline in beta cell function
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [21] Bagust, 2003, Deteriorating beta–cell function in type 2 diabetes: a long–term model, QJM source
- Partly supportedcites [22] Kahn, 2003, The relative contributions of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes, Diabetologia sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The intravenous-testing section (p. 8) reports reduced second-phase insulin responses in people at high risk of type 2 diabetes, supporting the claim that this response can decline. It does not say that a comparable decline takes more than a decade in most patients whose diabetes presents in middle or later life; the longitudinal study discussed on p. 7 followed a different, high-risk population for an average of five years. (LLM, conf=0.82)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Changes in the intrauterine environment influence development of obesity and type 2 diabetes in adolescents and young adults more strongly than in later life.”
§ TYPE 2 DIABETES IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS AUTHORS > KEY DRIVERS FOR T2DMY Early life determinants
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [31] Reinehr, 2016, Inflammatory markers in obese adolescents with type 2 diabetes and their relationship to hepatokines and adipokines, J Pediatr source
- Partly supportedcites [32] Vrachnis, 2012, Impact of maternal diabetes on epigenetic modifications leading to diseases in the offspring, Exp Diabetes Res sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 3 (page unavailable) says exposure to a diabetic intrauterine environment contributes to obesity and diabetes in offspring. Section 2.2 reports higher diabetes incidence among exposed offspring in all age groups, but neither passage says the effect is stronger in adolescents and young adults than later in life. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Maternal undernutrition and overnutrition are associated with a greater increased risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes in adolescence and early adulthood than in later life ,31,32 .”
§ TYPE 2 DIABETES IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS AUTHORS > KEY DRIVERS FOR T2DMY Early life determinants
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [31] Reinehr, 2016, Inflammatory markers in obese adolescents with type 2 diabetes and their relationship to hepatokines and adipokines, J Pediatr source
- Partly supportedcites [32] Vrachnis, 2012, Impact of maternal diabetes on epigenetic modifications leading to diseases in the offspring, Exp Diabetes Res sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 3 (page unavailable) links exposure to a diabetic intrauterine environment with greater offspring risk of obesity and diabetes. It does not address maternal undernutrition or show that the risk is greater in adolescence and early adulthood than later in life. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“However, IR is directly related to an increased percentage of fat in muscle and liver in all age groups 6 ,”
§ TYPE 2 DIABETES IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS AUTHORS > Obesity induced mechanisms
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [6] Mayer-Davis, 2017, Incidence trends of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among youths, 2002–2012, N Engl J Med sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) says that changes in obesity prevalence among youths may contribute to changes in insulin resistance. It does not address fat percentages in muscle or liver, a direct relationship with insulin resistance, or all age groups; searches for muscle and liver fat found no such passage. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Increased circulating concentrations of these pro-inflammatory markers are reported in adolescents with T2DM 30 .”
§ TYPE 2 DIABETES IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS AUTHORS > Obesity induced mechanisms
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [30] Lumeng, 2011, Inflammatory links between obesity and metabolic disease, J Clin Invest sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Antiinflammatory therapies for metabolic disease section (page unavailable) reports that treatment in type 2 diabetes decreases systemic inflammatory markers, supporting a general link between these markers and the disease. The Pancreatic islets section discusses adolescents only in relation to adipose tissue, not circulating marker concentrations in adolescents with type 2 diabetes. That population-specific finding is not supported by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.77)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Thus, in a large prospective study, rapid weight gain during the first 4 months of life was associated with an increased risk of overweight at age 7 years 34 ,”
§ TYPE 2 DIABETES IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS AUTHORS > KEY DRIVERS FOR T2DMY Early life determinants
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [34] Jiang, 2013, Early life factors and type 2 diabetes mellitus, J Diabetes Res sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The 'Catch-Up Growth' section links early growth to increased fat gain, and the 'Lactation—Overnutrition' section links neonatal overfeeding to later overweight in animal models. Neither section reports a large prospective study associating weight gain in the first four months of human life with overweight at age seven; the age-seven finding concerns insulin sensitivity, not overweight. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The widespread use of corn derived fructose syrup as a sweetening agent in 'fizzy' drinks has a substantial impact on development of adiposity, IR, hyperglycaemia and other cardio-metabolic risk factors in the young 42,43 .”
§ TYPE 2 DIABETES IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS AUTHORS > Diet and obesity
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [42] Gow, 2016, The effectiveness of different diet strategies to reduce type 2 diabetes risk in youth, Nutrients sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 5, “Glycemic Index of the Diet” (page unavailable), reports that lower-GI diets can improve body weight and insulin resistance in children, supporting a general link between diet and some of the named risk factors. It does not establish that corn-derived fructose syrup in fizzy drinks is widely used or has a substantial effect on those outcomes in young people. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [43] Bray, 2004, Consumption of high-fructose corn syrup in beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity, Am J Clin Nutr source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“including predictions that current funding systems will not be able to accommodate the growing demands for expensive longterm care incurred by the disease complications 3,147,150,151 .”
§ TYPE 2 DIABETES IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS AUTHORS > Societal impact of T2DMY
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [3] 2016, Standards of medical care in diabetes—2016 abridged for primary care providers, Clin Diabetes sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Older Adults section discusses diabetes complications and care in nursing homes and skilled nursing facilities, but it does not address the cost of that care. Searches for funding capacity and the economic burden of long-term care found no prediction that current funding systems will be unable to meet growing demand. (LLM, conf=0.74)
- Not matchedcites [147]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [150]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Early onset obesity and T2DM have also been identified as particular threats to the capacity of healthcare services across Europe and North America”
§ TYPE 2 DIABETES IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS AUTHORS > Societal impact of T2DMY
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [3] 2016, Standards of medical care in diabetes—2016 abridged for primary care providers, Clin Diabetes sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Strategies for Improving Care > Diabetes Care Concepts” (page not provided), the paper says type 2 diabetes is increasing in children and young adults and calls for better coordination between clinical teams. It does not identify early-onset obesity and type 2 diabetes as particular threats to healthcare service capacity in Europe or North America. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Not matchedcites [147]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [150]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
- It may state two separate claims as one. 28
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“A 20-35 % decline in beta cell function annually in 10-19 year olds has been reported compared to the ~7% loss in older individuals with T2DM 23 .”
§ TYPE 2 DIABETES IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS AUTHORS > PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Decline in beta cell function
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [23] 2013, Effects of metformin, metformin plus rosiglitazone, and metformin plus lifestyle on insulin sensitivity and β-cell function in TODAY, Diabetes Care sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions report a 20–35% annual decline in β-cell function in the TODAY treatment groups and cite an approximately 7% annual decline in an adult study. The Study design section says TODAY participants were 10–17 years old at randomization, so the cited paper does not establish the claim’s stated 10–19-year-old age range. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Prevalence estimates suggest a 30•5% increase in T2DM amongst US youth aged 10 to 19 years between 2001 and 2009, accounting for prevalence of 0•48 per 1000 in this age group 5 .”
§ TYPE 2 DIABETES IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS AUTHORS > EPIDEMIOLOGY
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [5] Dabelea, 2014, Prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among children and adolescents from 2001 to 2009, JAMA source
The Results report that, after adjustment for completeness of case ascertainment, type 2 diabetes prevalence rose by 30.5% from 2001 to 2009 and reached 0.48 per 1000 in 2009. The study defines its type 2 diabetes population as youth aged 10–19 years; its estimates come from five US study areas. (LLM, conf=0.95)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Recent data from the SEARCH study showed an annual increase of 7.1% in the incidence of T2DM (9 cases per 100,000 in 2002 -2003 to 12.5 cases per 100,000 in 2011-2012) amongst 10-19 year olds in the USA with significant relative increases in all ethnic groups compared to non Hispanic Whites 6 .”
§ TYPE 2 DIABETES IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS AUTHORS > EPIDEMIOLOGY
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [6] Mayer-Davis, 2017, Incidence trends of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among youths, 2002–2012, N Engl J Med sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaincorrelationaln = 9- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“and younger people with T2DM can have much higher (up to 3 times) amounts of liver fat compared with BMI-matched non-diabetic controls and compared with presentations of T2DM in middle and later life 24,”
§ TYPE 2 DIABETES IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS AUTHORS > Obesity induced mechanisms
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [24] Bacha, 2013, Progressive deterioration of β-cell function in obese youth with type 2 diabetes, Pediatr Diabetes sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section (‘Study subjects and fasting metabolic profile’; page unavailable) reports abdominal fat and hepatic insulin sensitivity, but not liver-fat amounts. Searches for liver fat, intrahepatic fat, and a threefold difference found no comparison with BMI-matched non-diabetic controls or older people with type 2 diabetes in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Physical activity declines further in adolescents compared with younger children and only a small proportion meet recommended levels, eg recent surveys in Europe and North America indicate that about 80% of 13-15 year-olds undertake moderate or vigorous exercise for less than 60 minutes per day, with girls being less active than boys [46][47][48][49] .”
§ TYPE 2 DIABETES IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS AUTHORS > Physical activity
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [46] Dollman, 2005, Evidence for secular trends in children's physical activity behaviour, Br J Sports Med sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [47] Kautiainen, 2005, Use of information and communication technology and prevalence of overweight and obesity among adolescents, Int J Obes source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [48] Hallal, 2012, Global physical activity levels: surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects, Lancet source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Increasing consumption of calorie dense foods, and sugar-rich drinks and decreased physical activity are the main contributors amongst youth 39 .”
§ TYPE 2 DIABETES IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS AUTHORS > Diet and obesity
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [39] Steyn, 2004, Diet, nutrition and the prevention of type 2 diabetes, Public Health Nutr sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Physical inactivity section identifies inactivity as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes, and Recommendations and policy implications advises a diet low in free sugars alongside regular activity. The paper notes younger onset of diabetes, but these passages do not establish that calorie-dense foods and sugar-rich drinks, together with inactivity, are the main contributors specifically among youth. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Indeed, the SEARCH study showed few differences in macronutrient or fibre intake between youths with T1DM versus T2DM, but those with T2DM consumed twice the amount of sweetened beverages 44 .”
§ TYPE 2 DIABETES IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS AUTHORS > Diet and obesity
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [44] Hu, 2010, Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes: epidemiologic evidence, Physiol Behav sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Prospective cohort studies sections discuss sweetened-beverage intake and diabetes risk, but do not report the SEARCH study’s comparison of youths with type 1 versus type 2 diabetes. Searches for SEARCH, macronutrient and fibre intake, and the claimed twofold beverage difference found no passage addressing that comparison. (LLM, conf=0.75)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The global pandemic of overweight and obesity now affects 36.9% of men,38% of women, 23.8% of boys and 22.6% of girls 37 .”
§ TYPE 2 DIABETES IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS AUTHORS > Diet and obesity
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [37] Yessoufou, 2011, Maternal diabetes in pregnancy: early and long-term outcomes on the offspring and the concept of “metabolic memory”, Exp Diabetes Res sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 8 says obesity prevalence is increasing worldwide and that the pandemic affects children and adults. It does not give the claimed percentages for men, women, boys, or girls; searches for those figures and for global prevalence by sex and age found no such estimates in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Although the causes of obesity in children and adolescents are complex, obesity is clearly a driver for the upsurge in T2DMY and changes in lifestyle account for much of the increased prevalence of obesity and T2DM in pre-and early-adult life 38 .”
§ TYPE 2 DIABETES IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS AUTHORS > Diet and obesity
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [38] Ng, 2014, Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013, Lancet sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page not provided) says rising overweight and obesity can drive up diabetes, and the Results report increasing obesity at younger ages. It does not establish a rise in young-onset type 2 diabetes specifically. The Discussion lists diet and physical activity among possible contributors to obesity but explicitly says the analysis does not measure their relative contributions, so it does not support the claim that lifestyle changes explain much of the increase. (LLM, conf=0.88)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Compared with non-obese adolescents, obese adolescents are reported to have chronically increased circulating free fatty acids (FFA) which decrease insulin sensitivity and may contribute to increased reactive oxygen species and impair insulin secretion 29 .”
§ TYPE 2 DIABETES IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS AUTHORS > Obesity induced mechanisms
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [29] Cree-Green, 2013, Etiology of insulin resistance in youth with type 2 diabetes, Curr Diab Rep sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance in Children with T2DM” section reports increased FFA concentrations in obese children and describes how FFA can decrease insulin sensitivity, increase reactive oxygen species, and lead to defective insulin secretion. It does not establish that the FFA elevation is chronic or explicitly compare FFA concentrations in obese and non-obese adolescents. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Onset of diabetes at a younger age is associated with longer disease exposure and increased risk for chronic complications affecting more individuals of working age and accentuating adverse societal impact of the disease.”
§ TYPE 2 DIABETES IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS AUTHORS > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The global prevalence of adults with diabetes is around 8% (>90% of whom have T2DM)with projections to increase to over 10% by 2040 1 .”
§ TYPE 2 DIABETES IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS AUTHORS > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [1] 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Earlier onset leads to longer lifetime exposure to hyperglycaemia and consequently greater propensity for long term complications.”
§ TYPE 2 DIABETES IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS AUTHORS > INTRODUCTION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These estimates are doubled for Hispanic and black persons suggesting that certain ethnic groups are disproportionately affected 14 .”
§ TYPE 2 DIABETES IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS AUTHORS > EPIDEMIOLOGY
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] Narayan, 2003, Lifetime risk for diabetes mellitus in the United States, JAMA source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The International Diabetes Federation estimated that in the year 2000 young adults aged 20-39 years with T2DM numbered approximately 23 million worldwide (13% of 177 million adults with diabetes 8 ).”
§ TYPE 2 DIABETES IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS AUTHORS > EPIDEMIOLOGY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [8] 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedn = 23- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Evidence is also accumulating that young diabetic cohorts represent an aggressive phenotype leading to premature development of complications with an adverse impact on quality of life and unfavourably influencing long term outcomes, raising the possibility of a future public health catastrophe.”
§ TYPE 2 DIABETES IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS AUTHORS > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“By 2013 this had increased to an estimated 63 million (16% of 382 million adults with T2DM [9][10][11] ), the biggest increases being in Africa, South East Asia and the Western Pacific regions (Figure 1).”
§ TYPE 2 DIABETES IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS AUTHORS > EPIDEMIOLOGY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [9] 2003
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [10] 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [11] 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover,T2DMY affects more individuals of working age which further accentuates its adverse societal impact.”
§ TYPE 2 DIABETES IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS AUTHORS > INTRODUCTION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While obesity is clearly a prominent risk factor for T2DMY, studies focussed on IR, lipid metabolism and inflammation corroborate evidence in the previous section suggesting that the development of 'diabetic' hyperglycaemia in this age group appears to be more strongly dependent on beta-cell failure than T2DM in later life.”
§ TYPE 2 DIABETES IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS AUTHORS > Obesity induced mechanisms
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although aerobic exercise can delay or prevent the development of type 2 diabetes in older adults, the expected metabolic benefits derived from aerobic activity are comparatively less in those with T2DMY 52 .”
§ TYPE 2 DIABETES IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS AUTHORS > Physical activity
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [52] Gustat, 2002, Relation of self-rated measures of physical activity to multiple risk factors of insulin resistance syndrome in young adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study, J Clin Epidemiol source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“there is now evidence that it is safe and effective in obese adolescents [145][146] .”
§ TYPE 2 DIABETES IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS AUTHORS > Bariatric Surgery
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [145]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [146]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Separate observational studies in adolescents of different ethnic groups have similarly confirmed the early deterioration of beta-cell function with T2DMY: this was closely associated with the severity of insulin resistance (IR) in African-American adolescents but less so in white Europids and South Asians 25,26 .”
§ TYPE 2 DIABETES IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS AUTHORS > PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Decline in beta cell function
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [25] Mohan, 2013, Associations of β-cell function and insulin resistance with youth-onset type 2 diabetes and prediabetes among Asian Indians, Diabetes Technol Ther source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] Wilmot, 2014, Early onset type 2 diabetes: risk factors, clinical impact and management, Ther Adv Chronic Dis source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Regular consumption of sweetened beverages increases energy consumption by about 10%, while increased portion sizes, access to fast foods and targeted advertising of snacks increase adiposity in children, adolescents and young adults 40,41 .”
§ TYPE 2 DIABETES IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS AUTHORS > Diet and obesity
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Data in youth with type 2 diabetes are limited but nevertheless encouraging with significant improvements in weight and glycaemic indicators as seen in older adults (ref).”
§ TYPE 2 DIABETES IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS AUTHORS > Bariatric Surgery
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites ref
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In contrast, a relationship between the degree of obesity and the extent of IR has not been a consistent finding in studies of adolescents with T2DM, and there are insufficient data to determine the involvement of visceral adiposity in this age group 19 .”
§ TYPE 2 DIABETES IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS AUTHORS > Obesity induced mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] Druet, 2006, Characterization of insulin secretion and resistance in type 2 diabetes of adolescents, J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, better transportation, television viewing and video games all contribute to sedentary behaviours 45 .”
§ TYPE 2 DIABETES IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS AUTHORS > Physical activity
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [45] Mayer-Davis, 2006, Dietary intake among youth with diabetes: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study, J Am Diet Assoc source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The T2DMY phenotype has a stronger family history”
§ TYPE 2 DIABETES IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS AUTHORS > Summary and Future research direction
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“early onset and rapid progression of micro-and macrovascular complications”
§ TYPE 2 DIABETES IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS AUTHORS > Summary and Future research direction
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“The continued escalation of obesity and T2DM in young adults also impinges on the lives of other family members, friends, work colleagues, communities and the prosperity of localities where prevalence is particularly high 147,149 .”
§ TYPE 2 DIABETES IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS AUTHORS > Societal impact of T2DMY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [147]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [149]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
The cited studies' findings can be generalised to the broader population of adolescents and young adults with type 2 diabetes.
“Increasing numbers of children, adolescents and young adults with T2DM have been reported across most regions of the world.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The age cutoff of 40 years defines a biologically and clinically meaningful group for the purposes of this review.
“For this review we have defined T2DMY as onset of type 2 diabetes ( ADA and WHO criteria 3,4 ) in adolescents and young adults up to age 40 years excluding secondary diabetes (drug-or chemicalinduced, exocrine pancreas disease, genetic defects), MODY, gestational diabetes and rare forms of diabetes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Pregnancy is not uncommon in this age group with T2DMY.
“Pregnancy is not an uncommon occurrence in this age group”
The paper relies on this without support.
T2DMY can adversely affect maternal and foetal outcomes.
“the presence of T2DMY can adversely affect maternal and foetal outcomes ( Add reference).”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ TYPE 2 DIABETES IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS AUTHORS > EPIDEMIOLOGY
“an annual increase of 7.1% in the incidence of T2DM”
§ TYPE 2 DIABETES IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS AUTHORS > EPIDEMIOLOGY
“(9 cases per 100,000 in 2002 -2003 to 12.5 cases per 100,000 in 2011-2012)”
Citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 810
Skøt, L., Nielsen, J. B., & Leppin, A. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5884-9 · Cited by 20
Seear, K. H., Atkinson, D. N., Lelievre, M. P., Henderson-Yates, L. M., & Marley, J. V. (2019) · Australian Journal of Primary Health · doi:10.1071/py19024 · Cited by 21
Zaccardi, F., Davies, M. J., & Khunti, K. (2020) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.13929 · Cited by 22
Kim, J. Y., Lee, J., Moon, J. H., Park, S. E., Ko, S., Choi, S. H., & Kim, N. H. (2025) · Diabetes & Metabolism Journal · doi:10.4093/dmj.2024.0826 · Cited by 22
“While definitions of early-onset T2DM vary, it is generally accepted that a diagnosis made before the age of 40 years represents a distinct clinical entity compared to later-onset T2DM [2,4].”
Fishman, B., Grossman, E., Zucker, I., Orr, O., Lutski, M., Bardugo, A., Bendor, C. D., Leiba, Y., Cukierman‐Yaffe, T., Derazne, E., et al. (2020) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc20-1752 · Cited by 21
“which was shown to have even more deleterious effects than older age of diabetes onset (4).”
BackgroundThe TODAY Study Group, Weinstock, R. S., Braffett, B. H., Songer, T. J., Herman, W. H., Kuo, S., Gubitosi‐Klug, R., Laffel, L. M., McKay, S. V., Siska, M., et al. (2020) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc20-0760 · Cited by 20
Age at diagnosis of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk factor profile: A pooled analysis
Barker, M. M., Zaccardi, F., Brady, E. M., Gulsin, G. S., Hall, A. P., Henson, J. J., Htike, Z. Z., Khunti, K., McCann, G. P., Baldry, E. L., et al. (2022) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v13.i3.260 · Cited by 18
Yu, J. H., Kim, R. E. Y., Park, S. Y., Lee, D. Y., Cho, H. J., Kim, N. H., Yoo, H. J., Seo, J. A., Kim, S. G., Choi, K. M., et al. (2022) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.14958 · Cited by 24
Prediabetes in children and adolescents: An updated review
Ng, H. Y., & Chan, T. W. L. (2023) · World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.5409/wjcp.v12.i5.263 · Cited by 22
Jiang, Y., & Lai, X. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1356942 · Cited by 21
Gortazar, L., Goday, A., Roux, J. A. F., Sarsanedas, E., Payà, A., Mañé, L., Pedro‐Botet, J., & Benaiges, D. (2020) · BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care · doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001254 · Cited by 19
Wu, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Zhang, R., Zhao, L., Ren, H., Zou, Y., Wang, T., Wang, J., Zhao, Y., et al. (2021) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.202624 · Cited by 23
Partridge, S. R., Raeside, R., Latham, Z., Singleton, A. C., Hyun, K. K., Grunseit, A. M., Steinbeck, K. S., & Redfern, J. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16244887 · Cited by 19
Nair, R. G., Vasudev, M. M., & Mavathur, R. N. (2021) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaab043 · Cited by 19
Rezaeeshirazi, R. (2021) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2021.1875111 · Cited by 23
The Impact of Hypoglycemia on Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Analysis
Agrawal, S., Makuch, S., Dróżdż, M., Dudzik, T., Domański, I., Poręba, R., & Mazur, G. J. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11030626 · Cited by 21
“Type 2 diabetes is associated with more severe complications, including cardiovascular and renal failure, retinopathy with increased risk of blindness, diabetic foot potentially leading to amputations, and severe infections [3].”
BackgroundLintz, M., Walk, R. E., Tang, S. Y., & Bonassar, L. J. (2022) · JOR Spine · doi:10.1002/jsp2.1191 · Cited by 19
Hasebe, T., & Hasebe, N. (2022) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/s41440-022-00951-y · Cited by 19
“While the prevalence of diabetes has been increasing in all age groups, the increase has been greatest in adolescents and young adults [52].”
BackgroundType 2 diabetes and bone fragility in children and adults
Faienza, M. F., Pontrelli, P., & Brunetti, G. (2022) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v13.i11.900 · Cited by 19
The Prevalence of Metabolically Unhealthy Normal Weight and Its Influence on the Risk of Diabetes
Ye, J., Guo, K., Li, X., et al. (2023) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgad152 · Cited by 19
Elsenburg, L. K., Bengtsson, J., Rieckmann, A., & Rod, N. H. (2023) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-023-05911-w · Cited by 19
“This is worrying because early-onset type 2 diabetes (<40 years of age) is suggested to be a more aggressive pathological entity [1].”
BackgroundInfluentialYan, Y., Gong, Y., Jiang, M., Gao, Y., Guo, S., Huo, J., Zhao, Z., & Li, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1170127 · Cited by 19
“27% (6) and the course of T2DM in childhood and adolescence may be faster and more devastating than in patients with later onset of the disease, leading to poor quality of life (7).”
BackgroundParental Income Level and Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes in Youth
Yen, F., Wei, J. C., Liu, J., Hwu, C., & Hsu, C. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.45812 · Cited by 24
Multiomics analysis revealed the mechanism of the anti-diabetic effect of Salecan
Yuan, L., Zhao, J., Liu, Y., Zhao, J., Olnood, C. G., Xu, Y., & Liu, Y. (2023) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121694 · Cited by 21
Is chronic low back pain a risk factor for diabetes? The Nord-Trøndelag Health Study
Heuch, I., Heuch, I., Hagen, K., Sørgjerd, E. P., Åsvold, B. O., & Zwart, J. (2018) · BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care · doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2018-000569 · Cited by 19
“For type 2 diabetes, the disease onset and progression may be different in young people.(48) In the cross-sectional HUNT2 study, type 1 diabetes (including latent autoimmune diabetes in adults) must be represented in all age groups, although most of the cases are likely of type 2 diabetes.”
BackgroundBurden of Complications in U.S. Adults With Young-Onset Type 2 or Type 1 Diabetes
Fang, M., Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B., & Selvin, E. (2020) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc19-2394 · Cited by 19
“Young-onset type 2 diabetes has a more aggressive clinical course than type 2 diabetes that occurs at an older age (1).”
BackgroundMethodSeki, E. S., Tanaka, A. K. S. D. R., Machado, M. L. P., et al. (2021) · Revista Uningá · doi:10.46311/2318-0579.58.euj3256 · Cited by 19
Type 2 Diabetes and Risk of Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer
Li, Z., Chen, H., Fritz, C. D. L., Zheng, X., Zong, X., Nickel, K. B., Tipping, A. D., Nguyen, L. H., Chan, A. T., Giovannucci, E. L., et al. (2022) · Gastro Hep Advances · doi:10.1016/j.gastha.2021.10.009 · Cited by 19
Kim, Y., Choi, Y., Lee, K., Sang, H., Han, K., Kim, S. Y., & Rhee, S. Y. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-04193-z · Cited by 20
Thrailkill, K. M., Bunn, R. C., Uppuganti, S., Ray, P. D., Popescu, I. R., Kalaitzoglou, E., Fowlkes, J. L., & Nyman, J. S. (2020) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2020.115625 · Cited by 20
Lactoferrin: An Effective Weapon in the Battle Against Bacterial Infections
Ávalos-Gómez, C., Rico, G. R., Ruiz-Mazón, L., León-Sicairos, N. M., Serrano‐Luna, J., & de la Garza, M. (2022) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/1381612829666221025153216 · Cited by 18
Han, Y., Kim, D.-Y., Woo, J., & Kim, J. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29030 · Cited by 21
“Type 2 diabetes, which is more prevalent, is characterized by insulin resistance or inadequate insulin production, often associated with aging, obesity, and a lack of physical activity [5 – 7].”
BackgroundRohmann, N., Geese, T., Nestel, S., Schlicht, K., Geisler, C., Türk, K., Brix, F., Jensen‐Kroll, J., Demetrowitsch, T. J., Bang, C., et al. (2024) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-024-03709-0 · Cited by 20
“Regarding diabetes, multiple studies [44], while the Mediterranean diet is linked to a significantly reduced T2D risk [45, 46].”
BackgroundLiang, J., Cai, H., Liang, G., Liu, Z., Fang, L., Zhu, B., Liu, B., & Zhang, H. (2021) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-020-01647-w · Cited by 18
Cuda, S. E., Kharofa, R. Y., Williams, D. R., O’Hara, V. M., Conroy, R., Karjoo, S., Paisley, J., Censani, M., & Browne, N. T. (2022) · Obesity Pillars · doi:10.1016/j.obpill.2022.100031 · Cited by 19
Baek, H.-S., Park, J., Yu, J. S., Lee, J., Yang, Y., Ha, J., Lee, S., Cho, J., Lim, D., & Kim, H. (2022) · Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.3803/enm.2022.1501 · Cited by 19
“Additionally, the proportion of patients with simultaneous NAFLD and severe obesity was the highest in the YOD group.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialWang, Y., & Wang, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.780979 · Cited by 17
“The dramatically rising global prevalence of T2DM especially in young adults further increases its global burden (2).”
BackgroundInfluentialYokoyama, H., Araki, S., Yamazaki, K., Kawai, K., Shirabe, S., Oishi, M., Kanatsuka, A., Yagi, N., Kabata, D., Shintani, A., et al. (2022) · BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care · doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2021-002727 · Cited by 20
“Young age and obesity are important determinants of trends in glycemic control, as shown in previous studies, 9 38 39 and clinical parameters associated with metabolic syndrome, including blood pressure and lipid profiles as well as body weight and use of blood pressure-lowering and lipid-lowering…”
Type 2 diabetes mellitus and the risk of abnormal spermatozoa: A Mendelian randomization study
Dai, M., Guo, W., Zhu, S., Gong, G., Chen, M., Zhong, Z., Guo, J., & Zhang, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.1035338 · Cited by 18
“There is evidence of accelerated loss of b-cell function in in younger patients with T2DM, with a prevalence estimated at 31% T2DM has increased in 10-19 years (24).”
BackgroundLi, Z., Zhong, W.-F., Zhang, X., Chung, V. C., Song, W.-Q., Chen, Q., Wang, X., Huang, Q., Shen, D., Zhang, P., et al. (2022) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/s12940-022-00922-3 · Cited by 17
“Background The global burden of type 2 diabetes (T2D) has increased over the past few decades, and its prevention is a public health priority [1].”
BackgroundZhang, J., Yuan, Z., Mo, C., Kang, Y., Wang, F., Wei, X., Huang, S., Qin, F., Jiang, J., Liang, H., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2023.1247705 · Cited by 19
“In fact, a growing number of articles show an increasing disease burden of type 2 diabetes for the younger generation (43).”
BackgroundNew insights into the roles of Irisin in diabetic cardiomyopathy and vascular diseases
Zhang, T., Qian, Y., Huang, W., Feng, J., & Liu, H. (2024) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116631 · Cited by 22
Diabetic retinopathy detection through generative AI techniques: A review
Bansal, V. K., Jain, A., & Walia, N. K. (2024) · Results in Optics · doi:10.1016/j.rio.2024.100700 · Cited by 19
Borges, R. D. S., Conegundes, A. F., de Paula, L. H., dos Santos, R. L. C., Alves, S. N., Machado, R. A., Viana, I. B., & Silva, A. C. S. E. (2024) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1155/2024/6295345 · Cited by 19
“Moreover, the subset of young adults (18 – 24 years old) is systematically excluded from pediatric trials [23, 24], even though the characteristics of T2DM in this subgroup are quite similar to those of patients with 10 – 17 years old [25].”
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Myopia and Early-Onset Type 2 Diabetes: A Nationwide Cohort Study
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“As the prevalence of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in adolescents is increasing [1], it is vital to identify metabolic dysfunction prior to disease onset to classify individual risk and implement preventative strategies.”
BackgroundCabello-Olmo, M., Oneca, M., Urtasun, R., Pajares, M. J., Goñi, S., Riezu‐Boj, J. I., Milagro, F. I., Ayo, J., Encı́o, I., Barajas, M., et al. (2023) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics15041203 · Cited by 16
“Genetic predisposition partially explains the individual susceptibility to developing T2D, but an unhealthy diet and a sedentary lifestyle are determinant factors of the current global epidemic [4].”
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“Management of type 2 diabetes in this age group is challenging, and there are age-specific concerns [11].”
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“One is excessive glucose intake, which prevents the body from utilizing it in a timely manner (Lascar et al., 2018).”
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Adolescent Thyroid Disorders and Risk for Type 2 Diabetes in Young Adulthood
Bardugo, A., Derazne, E., Zucker, I., Bendor, C. D., Puris, G., Lutski, M., Pinhas‐Hamiel, O., Cukierman‐Yaffe, T., Mosenzon, O., Schechter, M., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab382 · Cited by 16
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“Chronic conditions, such as diabetes and cancer, are now occurring in younger populations as early as 20–39 years old (Berger, 2018; Koroukian et al., 2019; Lascar et al., 2018), making such diseases no longer exclusively diseases of aging.”
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“Early-onset T2DM is associated with a greater lifetime risk of diabetes-associated complications than T1DM or late-onset T2DM [27,104].”
BackgroundWang, X., Li, H., Ji, L., Cang, J., & Zhao, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1045141 · Cited by 15
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“High blood sugar levels facilitate ferroptosis in diabetic complications such as myocardial ischemia and diabetic retinopathy (199, 200).”
BackgroundPharmacological and Clinical Studies of Medicinal Plants That Inhibit Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV
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“Early onset of diabetes results in prolonged exposure to high blood sugar, precipitating early development of microvascular and macrovascular complications, thereby increasing its destructive potential [5, 6].”
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Antibiotic exposure and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Zhou, J., Lin, Y., Liu, Y., & Chen, K. (2021) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-021-16781-3 · Cited by 16
Marshall, C. J., Rodríguez, H. P., Dyer, W., & Schmittdiel, J. A. (2020) · Women s Health Issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2020.03.003 · Cited by 14
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“Type 2 diabetes has become a major concern in children and adolescents recently (1).”
BackgroundChronic Kidney Disease Management in Developing Countries
Badro, D. A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-74786-2_27-1 · Cited by 18
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“While DM2 most often develops in people older than 45, its incidence is increasing among younger populations due to obesity, increased food intake, and lack of physical activity [9,10].”
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“The onset of diabetes at a younger age is associated with prolonged disease exposure and increased risk of diabetic complications [27].”
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Preventing foot complications in people with diabetes mellitus
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“Background Type 2 diabetes contributes enormously to global burdens of mortality and disability, which has been reported to affect around 425 million people worldwide in the past decade with an increased tendency of occurring in adolescent and young adults [1, 2].”
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“However, due to the increasing prevalence of obesity, T2D has also been observed in younger people [21–23].”
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“103,104 Given the considerable distance between ONECUT1e-664kb and the ONECUT1 gene as well as the marginal impact of the rs528350911 risk variant on ONECUT1 transcription, it is unlikely that this variant would have been prioritized for investigation in a high-throughput variant modeling screen…”
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Birth weight, family history of diabetes and diabetes onset in schizophrenia
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“Family history of diabetes is a risk factor for diabetes onset in the general population 26 and in people with schizophrenia.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Lascar, N., Brown, J., Pattison, H., Barnett, A. H., Bailey, C. J., & Bellary, S.
- Affiliations
- Aston University (GB)
- Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Bellary, Srikanth
- Venue
- The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-01
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 69-80
- ISSN
- 2213-8587 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2748764116
- Cited by
- 824
- References
- 150
- Citations by year
- 2026: 73 · 2025: 118 · 2024: 112 · 2023: 118 · 2022: 134 · 2021: 107 · 2020: 99 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 17
- FWCI
- 6.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Aston Publications Explorer (Aston University) (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, youth-onset type 2 diabetes, adolescents, young adults, obesity, family history (medicine), sedentary lifestyle, diabetes risk factors, diabetes complications, disease pathophysiology, diabetes management, quality of life
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Male, Quality of Life, Prevalence, Young Adult
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