Diet, nutrition and the prevention of type 2 diabetes

Steyn, NP; Mann, J; Bennett, PH; Temple, N; Zimmet, P; Tuomilehto, J; Lindström, J; Louheranta, A

doi:10.1079/phn2003586

Cited by 367Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and LipoproteinsNutritional Studies and DietObesity, Physical Activity, Diet

Diet, nutrition and the prevention of type 2 diabetes

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Steyn, NP, Mann, J, Bennett, PH, Temple, N, Zimmet, P, Tuomilehto, J, Lindström, J, Louheranta, A·2004·Public Health Nutrition

DOI 10.1079/phn2003586

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Objectives: The overall objective of this study was to evaluate and provide evidence and recommendations on current published literature about diet and lifestyle in the prevention of type 2 diabetes. Design: Epidemiological and experimental studies, focusing on nutritional intervention in the prevention of type 2 diabetes are used to make disease-specific recommendations. Long-term cohort studies are given the most weight as to strength of evidence available. Setting and subjects: Numerous clinical trials and cohort studies in low, middle and high income countries are evaluated regarding recommendations for dietary prevention of type 2 diabetes. These include, among others, the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study, US Diabetes Prevention Program, Da Qing Study; Pima Indian Study; Iowa Women's Health Study; and the study of the US Male Physicians. Results: There is convincing evidence for a decreased risk of diabetes in adults who are physically active and maintain a normal body mass index (BMI) throughout adulthood, and in overweight adults with impaired glucose tolerance who lose weight voluntarily. An increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes is associated with overweight and obesity; abdominal obesity; physical inactivity; and maternal diabetes. It is probable that a high intake of saturated fats and intrauterine growth retardation also contribute to an increased risk, while non-starch polysaccharides are likely to be associated with a decreased risk. From existing evidence it is also possible that omega-3 fatty acids, low glycaemic index foods and exclusive breastfeeding may play a protective role, and that total fat intake and trans fatty acids may contribute to the risk. However, insufficient evidence is currently available to provide convincing proof. Conclusions: Based on the strength of available evidence regarding diet and lifestyle in the prevention of type 2 diabetes, it is recommended that a normal weight status in the lower BMI range (BMI 21–23) and regular physical activity be maintained throughout adulthood; abdominal obesity be prevented; and saturated fat intake be less than 7% of the total energy intake.

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Among youth, the main contributors are increasing intake of calorie-dense foods and sugar-rich drinks and decreasing physical activity.
“Increasing consumption of calorie dense foods, and sugar-rich drinks and decreased physical activity are the main contributors amongst youth 39 .”
From Type 2 diabetes in adolescents and young adults (2018) · cites this paper as [39]
The Physical inactivity section identifies inactivity as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes, and Recommendations and policy implications advises a diet low in free sugars alongside regular activity. The paper notes younger onset of diabetes, but these passages do not establish that calorie-dense foods and sugar-rich drinks, together with inactivity, are the main contributors specifically among youth. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Authors: Steyn, N., Mann, J., Bennett, P., Temple, N., Zimmet, P., Tuomilehto, J., Lindström, J., & Louheranta, A.
Affiliations: University of Otago (NZ)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (US)
Athabasca University (CA)
Caulfield Hospital (AU)
University of Eastern Finland (FI)
Corresponding author: Steyn, NP
ORCID: Temple, N
Zimmet, P
Tuomilehto, J
Lindström, J
Venue: Public Health Nutrition
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2004-02
Volume: 7
Issue: 1a
Pages: 147-165
ISSN: 1368-9800 (ISSN-L)
1475-2727
DOI: 10.1079/phn2003586
OpenAlex: W2108710614
Cited by: 367
References: 241
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 2.15
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified, 1066 d)
Locations: Public Health Nutrition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
AUSpace (Athabasca University) (submittedVersion)
STM:n Hallinnonalan avoin julkaisuarkisto (Julkari) (submittedVersion)
Funders: World Health Organization
Menzies School of Health Research
University of Cape Town
Medical Research Council
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
Keywords: type 2 diabetes prevention, diet, lifestyle, physical activity, body mass index, overweight and obesity, abdominal obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, weight loss, saturated fat intake, trans fatty acids, omega-3 fatty acids, glycemic index, breastfeeding, fetal growth restriction, maternal diabetes, non-starch polysaccharides, dietary recommendations
MeSH terms: Clinical Trials as Topic, Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diet, Dietary Fats, Health Promotion, Humans, Life Style, Obesity, Risk Factors, Cohort Studies, Exercise, Evidence-Based Medicine

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Diet, nutrition and the prevention of type 2 diabetes

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