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Cited by 909Diet, Metabolism, and DiseaseObesity, Physical Activity, DietNutritional Studies and Diet

Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes: epidemiologic evidence

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Hu, Frank B., Malik, Vasanti S.·2010·Physiology & Behavior
DOI 10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.01.036PMC PMC2862460
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Abstract

In recent decades, temporal patterns in SSB intake have shown a close parallel between the upsurge in obesity and rising levels of SSB consumption. SSBs are beverages that contain added caloric sweeteners such as sucrose, high-fructose corn syrup or fruit-juice concentrates, all of which result in similar metabolic effects. They include the full spectrum of soft drinks, carbonated soft drinks, fruitades, fruit drinks, sports drinks, energy and vitamin water drinks, sweetened iced tea, cordial, squashes, and lemonade, which collectively are the largest contributor to added sugar intake in the US. It has long been suspected that SSBs have an etiologic role in the obesity epidemic, however only recently have large epidemiological studies been able to quantify the relationship between SSB consumption and long-term weight gain, type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Experimental studies have provided important insight into potential underlying biological mechanisms. It is thought that SSBs contribute to weight gain in part by incomplete compensation for energy at subsequent meals following intake of liquid calories. They may also increase risk of T2DM and CVD as a contributor to a high dietary glycemic load leading to inflammation, insulin resistance and impaired beta-cell function. Additional metabolic effects from the fructose fraction of these beverages may also promote accumulation of visceral adiposity, and increased hepatic de novo lipogenesis, and hypertension due to hyperuricemia. Consumption of SSBs should therefore be replaced by healthy alternatives such as water, to reduce risk of obesity and chronic diseases.

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  • The SEARCH study found few differences in macronutrient or fibre intake between youths with type 1 versus type 2 diabetes, but those with type 2 diabetes consumed twice as many sweetened beverages.

    “Indeed, the SEARCH study showed few differences in macronutrient or fibre intake between youths with T1DM versus T2DM, but those with T2DM consumed twice the amount of sweetened beverages 44 .”

    From Type 2 diabetes in adolescents and young adults (2018) · cites this paper as [44]

    The Prospective cohort studies sections discuss sweetened-beverage intake and diabetes risk, but do not report the SEARCH study’s comparison of youths with type 1 versus type 2 diabetes. Searches for SEARCH, macronutrient and fibre intake, and the claimed twofold beverage difference found no passage addressing that comparison. (LLM, conf=0.75)

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  • Studies among children are more limited and have generally focused on weight gain and dental caries, as well as insulin resistance to a lesser extent.

    “Studies among children are more limited and have generally focused on weight gain [4] and dental caries [10], as well as insulin resistance to a lesser extent [11, 12].”

    From The negative impact of sugar-sweetened beverages on children’s health: an update of the literature (2018) · cites this paper as [12]

  • Evidence has shown a positive relationship between SSB consumption and type 2 diabetes among adults.

    “While evidence has shown a positive relationship between SSB consumption and type 2 diabetes among adults [5, 12, 109], the available literature among child and adolescents is limited.”

    From The negative impact of sugar-sweetened beverages on children’s health: an update of the literature (2018) · cites this paper as [12]

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Authors
Hu, F. B., & Malik, V. S.
Affiliations
Harvard University (US)
ORCID
Venue
Physiology & Behavior
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2010-04
Volume
100
Issue
1
Pages
47-54
ISSN
0031-9384 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.01.036
PMC
PMC2862460
OpenAlex
W2122697759
Cited by
909
References
103
Citations by year
2026: 18 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 124 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 70 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 57 · 2014: 66 · 2013: 62 · 2012: 45
FWCI
37.76
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Physiology & Behavior (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL060712)
  • National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK058845)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Keywords
sugar-sweetened beverages, obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular risk, added sugar intake, high fructose corn syrup, sucrose, energy compensation, glycemic load, insulin resistance, beta-cell dysfunction, fructose metabolism, visceral fat, hepatic de novo lipogenesis, hyperuricemia, hypertension, soft drinks, beverage consumption
MeSH terms
Adult, Beverages, Body Weight, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Humans, Hypertension, Inflammation, Male, Myocardial Infarction, Obesity, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, Sweetening Agents, United States, Cohort Studies, Lipid Metabolism, Young Adult

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