The DOI matches its Crossref record; 153 of the 153 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 64 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
“The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist”: Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter
Open accessAbstract
This forum builds on the discussion stimulated during an online salon in which the authors participated on June 25, 2020, entitled “Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter,” and which was cosponsored by the Society of Black Archaeologists (SBA), the North American Theoretical Archaeology Group (TAG), and the Columbia Center for Archaeology. The online salon reflected on the social unrest that gripped the United States in the spring of 2020, gauged the history and conditions leading up to it, and considered its rippling throughout the disciplines of archaeology and heritage preservation. Within the forum, the authors go beyond reporting the generative conversation that took place in June by presenting a road map for an antiracist archaeology in which antiblackness is dismantled.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This forum argues that archaeology must dismantle antiblackness and rebuild as an antiracist, Black feminist, Black Study–rooted praxis. It offers a four-phase roadmap and calls for accomplices, public heritage reorientation, and mentorship to retain Black archaeologists.
Key findings
- The authors define antiblackness, drawing on Vargas, as the “fundamental, structural, ubiquitous, and unique” logic of Black suffering and subjugation, and they call for an antiracist archaeology that dismantles it.
- They propose a four-phase approach: Phase I demolition of barriers to racial equity; Phase II foundational construction with accomplices rather than allies; Phase III rebuilding through clarified understandings of race; and Phase IV sustainability through mentorship.
- They argue Black archaeology is more than archaeology of the African diaspora or archaeology done by people of African descent; it requires methodological and theoretical reconceptualization rooted in Black Studies and Black feminism, with intersectional, collaborative, and political practice.
- For public heritage, they argue BLM monument contestation should shift focus from preservation/removal toward interrogating which histories are chosen to steward, and they discuss preserving damage or displaying damaged monuments.
- Contextual numbers include: in the 1994 SAA membership survey, only 2 of over 1,600 respondents self-identified as Black; based on a rough SBA membership estimate, Black archaeologists increased from a handful to over 80 in two decades; the June 25, 2020 salon had over 1,700 Zoom attendees, its Vimeo recording was viewed over 2,000 times in two months, and the event series produced a 40-page resource guide.
Methods
- The article is a forum piece building on the June 25, 2020 online salon “Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter,” cosponsored by the Society of Black Archaeologists, the North American Theoretical Archaeology Group, and the Columbia Center for Archaeology.
- The authors use the most-engaged tweeted panelist quotations as guideposts, then collaboratively expand on them, producing a polyvocal discourse; the event series also included a read-in and a workshop.
- No original data were presented; the piece is a commentary/roadmap rather than an empirical study.
Limitations
- Stated: “No original data were presented in this article.”
- Evident: as a forum/commentary, it does not systematically test the four-phase approach or measure outcomes; recommendations rest on the authors’ and salon participants’ perspectives.
- Evident: the Zoom and Vimeo figures describe reach, not representativeness or effectiveness, and no formal sampling or evaluation is reported.
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 64 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
In the paper
“Afro-Caribbean theorist Sylvia Wynter (2006), however, argues that Black Studies underwent a process of co-optation in the 1980s as it became more firmly entrenched in academia and the orders of knowledge it was initially intended to oppose.”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Envisioning an Antiracist Archaeological Praxis Rooted in Black Study
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Wynter 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fact that there were enough Black archaeologists in 2011 to prompt the founding of the SBA demonstrates that the concerted efforts to recruit and train Black graduate students have made an impact.”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > What Makes This Moment Different?
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“CRT protocols encourage students to bring their own cultural perspective into the process of knowledge production early on-not only after years of studying the canon (Hammond 2015).”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Phase IV: Sustainability through Mentorship
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hammond 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“This hostile environment is further fueled by policies that ignore the daily realities of racism and the power that dominant groups have to suppress the knowledge produced by those perceived to be subordinate (Collins 2000;Kandaswamy 2007).”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Phase I: Identifying and Breaking Down Barriers to Racial Equity in Archaeology: A Case for Representation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Collins 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Kandaswamy 2007
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“History has taught us that diversity and inclusion alone are ineffective solutions (Bradley 2018;Stewart 2016;Williamson 1999).”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Practicing an Antiracist Archaeology
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bradley 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Stewart 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Williamson 1999 source
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In the paper
“Placards frequently obscure alternative ways of knowing monuments, orienting visitors to hegemonic narratives (Flewellen 2017).”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > An Antiracist Archaeological Praxis within Public Heritage
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Flewellen 2017 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Furthermore, Black archaeologists continue to experience implicit and overt forms of antiblack racism in our field (Franklin et al. 2020:757; White and Draycott 2020).”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > What Makes This Moment Different?
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Franklin et al. 2020:757
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites White and Draycott 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ultimately, therefore, dismantling racism still leaves misogyny, homophobia, and other structural inequalities problematically intact.”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Envisioning an Antiracist Archaeological Praxis as a Black Feminist Praxis
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The barriers to meaningful inclusion and retention of Black students, faculty, and professionals in archaeology are often embedded in the ways our institutions operate on a daily basis.”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Phase I: Identifying and Breaking Down Barriers to Racial Equity in Archaeology: A Case for Representation
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Although gaining mastery of foundational concepts is an important step toward advanced knowledge, studies have shown that “underserved English learners, poor students, and students of color routinely receive less instruction in higher order skills development than other students” (Hammond 2015:12).”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Phase IV: Sustainability through Mentorship
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hammond 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 33
- It may state two separate claims as one. 24
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on a rough estimate of the SBA's membership, the number of Black archaeologists (including those still in graduate school) has increased from a handful to over 80 in two decades.”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Phase IV: Sustainability through Mentorship
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Fundamentally, Black archaeology is rooted in the tradition of Black Studies generally, and Black feminism more specifically (Battle-Baptiste 2011; Flewellen 2017; Franklin 2001; Sterling 2015).”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Envisioning an Antiracist Archaeological Praxis Rooted in Black Study
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Failing to engage in conversations about race beyond the idea of race as a social construct further marginalizes and alienates people of color within the field.”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Phase III: Creating the House Frame through Clarifying One's Understanding of Race
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Universities, for example, commonly express support for programs that heighten “diverse” experiences across campus, and they infuse ideas of multiculturalism or racial tolerance into their curriculum or mission statements while simultaneously doing nothing to change the fact that many of these campuses are “hostile to the presence of students of color” (Kandaswamy 2007:7) in their failure to recog”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Phase I: Identifying and Breaking Down Barriers to Racial Equity in Archaeology: A Case for Representation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Kandaswamy 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“In departments that are racially exclusive, Black students often feel isolated, and they seek or create alternative spaces for intellectual engagement and fellowship with other BIPOC students (Blackwell 2010).”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Phase IV: Sustainability through Mentorship
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Blackwell 2010 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consequently, we posit that providing supportive mentorship and addressing the racial climate of departments and professional organizations will help with Black student retention in archaeology.”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Phase IV: Sustainability through Mentorship
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The statement “All Lives Matter” implores us to ignore race-based differences in favor of a homogenized human race, at the expense of the very real results of processes of racialization that are experienced as unequal access to education, health disparities, and vulnerability to sexual exploitation, among other injustices.”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Phase III: Creating the House Frame through Clarifying One's Understanding of Race
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Historically, Black archaeology projects-such as the New York African Burial Ground (NYABG), the Estate Little Princess Archaeology Project (ELPAP; Dunnavant et al. 2018), Walter C. Pierce Community Park Project (Dunnavant 2017), and others-emerged as a direct result of community agitation and ensured that descendant community concerns remained paramount to researchers' ambitions.”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Envisioning an Antiracist Archaeological Praxis Rooted in Black Study
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“What is left behind are layers of challenges that render the invisibility of BIPOC groups in archaeology.”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Phase I: Identifying and Breaking Down Barriers to Racial Equity in Archaeology: A Case for Representation
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“What this sentiment fails to acknowledge is that racism is “more than abstract intellectual tirades” but a daily lived reality that is simultaneously systemic, institutional, and structural (Battle-Baptiste 2011:24).”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Phase III: Creating the House Frame through Clarifying One's Understanding of Race
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Battle-Baptiste 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes? Checkable: unclear✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“Imposing pro-white-supremacy statues-many of which made their way into public squares with the collapse of Reconstruction-were meant to instill fear, regulate space, and intentionally assault Black people's psyche (Upton 2017).”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > An Antiracist Archaeological Praxis within Public Heritage
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Upton 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The global civil unrest we all experienced in 2020 will have a rippling effect throughout the world for years to come.”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Conclusion
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In the paper
“Heritage professionals have responded to these conscious acts of destruction and removal with tepid support as well as with division and debate on what kind of afterlife the objects should have (Labode 2016).”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > An Antiracist Archaeological Praxis within Public Heritage
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Labode 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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In the paper
““Diversity boxes” are checked by institutions without any real systemic changes, as people are recruited into toxic environments that do not support their retention (Stewart 2016).”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Practicing an Antiracist Archaeology
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Stewart 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“As Ta-Nehisi Coates (2015:7) observed, “Race is the child of racism and not the father.””
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Phase III: Creating the House Frame through Clarifying One's Understanding of Race
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Coates 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Students often feel exploited, especially when their labor goes unrecognized, and they feel powerless to end the relationship (Johnson and Huwe 2002;Remaker et al. 2019;Robinson et al. 2019).”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Phase IV: Sustainability through Mentorship
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Black Lives Matter activists on the ground are demonstrating the possibilities of a Black archaeology through disruptive engagement with historical sites and monuments.”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > An Antiracist Archaeological Praxis within Public Heritage
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Black communities historically opposed racist monuments through a variety of strategies, including sustained engagement with defacement that has persisted to the present day.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Black archaeology has yet to realize its full potential and by its very nature escapes concrete definition.”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Envisioning an Antiracist Archaeological Praxis Rooted in Black Study
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In the paper
“Consequently, Ibram X. Kendi argues that “there is no such thing as a nonracist or raceneutral policy,” given that the policies that govern our lives all produce or sustain “either racial inequity or equity between racial groups” (Kendi 2019:18).”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Phase III: Creating the House Frame through Clarifying One's Understanding of Race
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kendi 2019
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, there is an entanglement of race, class, sexuality, gender, and other forms of difference that simultaneously oppress Black women.”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Envisioning an Antiracist Archaeological Praxis as a Black Feminist Praxis
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Educators devote years of study to antiracist and feminist pedagogies, and they view teaching and mentoring as ongoing processes (Blakeney 2005).”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Phase IV: Sustainability through Mentorship
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Blakeney 2005 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Studies have shown that attrition commonly stems from negative mentoring relationships, which are especially harmful to students of color (Johnson and Huwe 2002;Remaker et al. 2019;Robinson et al. 2019).”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Phase IV: Sustainability through Mentorship
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Without the commitment and followthrough to dismantle systemic racism, however, these statements are merely a tactic of selfpreservation to quiet complaints and concerns from stakeholders (students of color and their supporters, trustees, and nervous donors; Stewart 2017).”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Phase II: Building an Antiracist Foundation and Decolonizing One's Work
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Stewart 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These challenges are discouraging for students of color, and as a result, they are often unmotivated to pursue their studies.”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Phase IV: Sustainability through Mentorship
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, social media platforms such as Twitter have become the frontline for civic engagement as well as one of the main methods of communication for social movements that incite societal change, such as The Movement for Black Lives (Franklin et al. 2020).”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Coming to the Table
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Franklin et al. 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Racism is a visceral experience that enacts individual, institutional, and generational violence on the body.”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Phase III: Creating the House Frame through Clarifying One's Understanding of Race
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The common ground for many is African diaspora archaeology and a commitment to addressing inequality in the treatment of cultural resources and historical narratives of marginalized groups (Agbe-Davies 2014 ;Flewellen 2017;Martin 2019;Ogundiran and Falola 2007;Singleton 1999Singleton , 2010;;White 2010White , 2017) ) within archival spaces (Flewellen 2020), through community-based research (Agbe-D”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Phase IV: Sustainability through Mentorship
What the sources say
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, because Black women's positionalities differ from those of Black men and white women, their experiences, perspectives, and struggles are likewise distinctive.”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Envisioning an Antiracist Archaeological Praxis as a Black Feminist Praxis
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“And third, Black women's insights into multiple forms of subjugation are invaluable in recognizing and dismantling them.”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Envisioning an Antiracist Archaeological Praxis as a Black Feminist Praxis
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Anna Agbe-Davies (2002:27) once wrote that the “presumed lure of African American archaeology will not be enough to attract and retain black archaeologists.””
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Phase IV: Sustainability through Mentorship
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Agbe-Davies 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, antiracist practices are learned: it is erroneous to assume that BIPOC colleagues are natural experts in race work.”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Phase IV: Sustainability through Mentorship
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Importantly, antiracist and feminist pedagogies require faculty to continually examine their position of power in relation to their students as well as the way it impacts their mentoring (Blakeney 2005:126-127;Hanna 2019;Kishimoto 2015).”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Phase IV: Sustainability through Mentorship
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“This rhetoric argues that because race is a social construct, it is not real, and as a result, racism-or the marriage of policies and ideas designed to perpetuate and normalize racial inequalities-is also not real (Kendi 2019:18).”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Phase III: Creating the House Frame through Clarifying One's Understanding of Race
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kendi 2019
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✗ Asserted: fails✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This praxis is rooted in the conceptualization of the kitchen table as a space where Black people-specifically Black womengather communally to support one another and collectively envision a world after the dismantling of structural oppression.”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Coming to the Table
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Smith and Smith 1983
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“It also acknowledges that the social perception of race is part of a daily lived experience for Black, Indigenous, and people of color groups, and it presents real challenges with regard to housing, employment, and overall safety in this country (Goodman et al. 2012).”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Phase III: Creating the House Frame through Clarifying One's Understanding of Race
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Goodman et al. 2012 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet, racism does not fully encapsulate all of the vectors of oppression that most Blacks and other people of color currently experience.”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Envisioning an Antiracist Archaeological Praxis as a Black Feminist Praxis
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Consequently, Black feminists have consistently advocated for the liberation of Black women, with the understanding that justice for them is justice for all people (Combahee River Collective 2000).”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Envisioning an Antiracist Archaeological Praxis as a Black Feminist Praxis
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Combahee River Collective 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Across various disciplines, graduate students' negative experiences are largely due to either mentor unavailability, problematic mentor behavior, an inability to meet mentors' expectations, and feelings of inadequacy.”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Phase IV: Sustainability through Mentorship
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Black feminist thought undergirds both the salon and this article, illuminating the epistemological and pedagogical value in peeling back the quotidian to expose systemic forms of power and oppression (Collins 1986(Collins , 2000)).”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Coming to the Table
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Collins 1986 source
- Not matchedcites Collins 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These challenges include socially segregated classroom spaces, the delegitimizing of antiracist scholarship and anything that challenges the archaeology canon or attempts to democratize archaeological knowledge, the dismissal of nonacademic persons and their ways of knowing as invalid, and research agendas that perpetuate exploitative and colonial power dynamics.”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Phase I: Identifying and Breaking Down Barriers to Racial Equity in Archaeology: A Case for Representation
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Archaeology and heritage work are never just intellectual exercises-they have always been political (e.g., Barile 2004;Davidson and Brandon 2012;Franklin and Paynter 2010;Gould and Pyburn 2017;Joseph 2004;Little and Shackel 2014;Trigger 2006).”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > An Antiracist Archaeological Praxis Requires Us to Leave Our Silos
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Barile 2004 source
- Not matchedcites Davidson and Brandon 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Franklin and Paynter 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Allies, however, are not helping to change a system.Instead, they are using it to position themselves as undercover agents of the system from which their power flows.”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Phase II: Building an Antiracist Foundation and Decolonizing One's Work
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To her words we add, “The future of archaeology is antiracist or it is nothing.””
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Conclusion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Two days after the June 2020 salon, Whitney Battle-Baptiste tweeted, “The future of archaeology is antiracist” (Battle-Baptiste, 2020).”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Battle-Baptiste 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, the sustainability of an antiracist archaeology relies on an investment in the mentorship of Black students and in the support of Black faculty as part of a practice of communal care.”
§ "The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist": Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
The effects of a global pandemic coupled with police brutality against Black people made stark racial disparities hypervisible to the larger public.
“Together, both made stark racial disparities, already known and experienced by Black Americans, hypervisible to the larger public.”
The paper relies on this without support.
State-sanctioned violence against Black people is underwritten within the founding of the United States of America.
“State-sanctioned violence against Black people is underwritten within the founding of the United States of America, so it is ages old.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The hypervisibility of Black death seen through the coupling of COVID-19 and police brutality has had effects that have rippled through the profession as archaeologists confront the field's racist foundations.
“But the hypervisibility of Black death seen through the coupling of COVID-19 and police brutality has had effects that have rippled through the profession as archaeologists confront the field's racist foundations.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The murder of George Floyd and the disproportionate number of people of color, especially African Americans, dying from COVID-19 have underscored racial inequality as America's dominant social problem.
“The murder of George Floyd and the disproportionate number of people of color, especially African Americans, dying from COVID-19 have underscored racial inequality as America's dominant social problem.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The interventions of Black feminists are consistently sidelined in conversations around inequality within public and private domains.
“The interventions of Black feminists are consistently sidelined in conversations around inequality within public and private domains.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The discipline has witnessed previous interventions (e.g., the New Archaeology, feminist archaeology, post-processualism) whereby archaeologists promoted new agendas, methods, and theories.
“The discipline has witnessed previous interventions (e.g., the New Archaeology, feminist archaeology, post-processualism) whereby archaeologists promoted new agendas, methods, and theories.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Black communities historically opposed racist monuments through a variety of strategies, including sustained engagement with defacement that has persisted to the present day.
“Black communities historically opposed these monuments through a variety of strategies, including sustained engagement with defacement that has persisted to the present day.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Renovations happen silently without recognition of vandalism, and the monumentality of these racist objects is often normalized as part of the everyday.
“In addition, renovations happen silently without recognition of vandalism, and, most dangerously, the monumentality of these racist objects is often normalized as part of the everyday.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The lesser known history of radical Black dissent is regularly either rendered invisible or demonized.
“Moreover, the lesser known history of radical Black dissent is regularly either rendered invisible or demonized.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Reducing care guidelines and prioritizing the preservation of damage are already being considered.
“For instance, reducing care guidelines and prioritizing the preservation of damage are already being considered.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Keeping up defaced and destroyed monuments has been proposed as a striking alternative to removal.
“From an interpretive standpoint too, keeping up defaced and destroyed monuments has been proposed as a striking alternative to removal.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The possible display of damaged monuments in museums is being discussed as a way to cut through some of the risks of reinforcing white supremacist history in white spaces.
“Similarly, the possible display of damaged monuments in museums is being discussed as a way to cut through some of the risks of reinforcing white supremacist history in white spaces.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In the United States, nonwhite racialized groups experience larger wealth and income gaps, higher poverty rates, lower home ownership, failing school systems, and higher incarceration rates than their nonwhite counterparts.
“In the United States, this daily reality impacts nonwhite racialized groups in many different ways-for example, families of African descent wrestle with a larger wealth and income gap, higher poverty rates, lower rates of home ownership, failing school systems in “urban areas,” and higher incarceration rates than their nonwhite counterparts.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This further demonstrates that current academic structures are inept at supporting and recognizing the necessary forms of collaboration and scholarship needed to develop community-based archaeology (Flewellen et al. 2021; Franklin et al. 2020).”
From Creating Community and Engaging Community: The Foundations of the Estate Little Princess Archaeology Project in St. Croix, United States Virgin Islands (2022) · cites this paper as Flewellen et al. 2021
In the citing paper
“Rather than reinforcing this exclusive power, the Montpelier case gestures towards a new position for archaeologists along the collaborative continuum as 'accomplices' (Flewellen et al. 2021).”
From The future of archaeology is (still) community collaboration (2023) · cites this paper as Flewellen et al. 2021
In the citing paper
“The small but growing number of Black archaeologists in the field has changed not only who is involved in archaeology but also how collaborative research is conducted with African Diaspora communities (Flewellen et al. 2021(Flewellen et al. , 2022;;Reid 2022;White 2022).”
From The future of archaeology is (still) community collaboration (2023) · cites this paper as Flewellen et al. 2021
In the citing paper
“in the wake of this most recent wave of the Black Lives Matter movement and the global COVID-19 pandemic, these organizations have been forced to consider anew the kinds of work they will nurture moving forward, and the many ways that such nurturing will require an iterative process of dismantling and rebuilding (Archaeology Centers Coalition, 2021;Flewellen et al., 2021).”
From Heritage as liberation (2023) · cites this paper as Flewellen et al., 2021
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- Hartman, 2019, Wayward Lives, Beautiful Experiments: Intimate Histories of Riotous Black Girls, Troublesome Women, and Queer Radicals
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Sorted by citations
Items 101–151 of 151
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Towards a Public Archaeology of the Working Classes
Westmont, V. C. (2024) · Archaeologies · doi:10.1007/s11759-024-09518-4 · Cited by 1
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Cuthbertson, T. J. (2022) · Historical Archaeology · doi:10.1007/s41636-022-00358-z
Contemporary regimes of disappearance and the unequal treatment of human remains
Hattori, M. L. (2022) · World Archaeology · doi:10.1080/00438243.2023.2199008
The Problem and Potential of Anti-Black Monuments in Museums
Labode, M., & Wolde-Michael, T. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-28609-4_25
Self-citationEnslavement to Enlistment: Refiguring Opportunity for African Americans in the Military
Hayes, K. H., & Minor, S. (2023) · Journal of African Diaspora Archaeology and Heritage · doi:10.1080/21619441.2023.2231228
Reflections on the American Experience in Archaeological Perspective Book Series
Nassaney, M. S., & Ryzewski, K. (2023) · Historical Archaeology · doi:10.1007/s41636-023-00427-x
Plague and Prejudice: Archaeology, COVID-19, and the Resurgence of Social Justice Movements
Kratimenos, P., Kratimenos, P., & Sladen, L. (2024) · Papers from the Institute of Archaeology · doi:10.14324/111.444.2041-9015.1753
Pollock, S. (2024) · Cambridge Archaeological Journal · doi:10.1017/s0959774323000392
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Schofield, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192844880.002.0007
Schofield, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192844880.003.0003
Schofield, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192844880.003.0008
Schofield, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192844880.003.0007
Schofield, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192844880.003.0002
Schofield, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192844880.003.0004
Schofield, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192844880.002.0005
Schofield, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192844880.002.0004
Schofield, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192844880.003.0001
Some Questions for Book-group Discussions, Essays, and Examinations
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Witcher, R. (2024) · Antiquity · doi:10.15184/aqy.2024.110
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Orser, C. E. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190092504.013.33
Activating archaeology: Robert McCormick Adams and how the past can help solve the problems of today
Olson, K. G. (2024) · Journal of Social Archaeology · doi:10.1177/14696053241304675
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Amundsen-Meyer, L., Wadsworth, W. T. D., Foggo, C., Neustaedter, P., Lucy, M., Dagg, L., & Perry, W. (2025) · International Journal of Historical Archaeology · doi:10.1007/s10761-025-00797-3
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“Let Perpetual Light Shine upon Them”: Forgetting and Remembering Segregated Catholic Cemeteries
Masur, L. E., Fleskes, R. E., Schurr, T. G., Brown, D. M., Harpole, T. H., Pollard, P., Alukonis, L., Horsley, T. J., Jacobe, S., & Lukezic, C. (2025) · American Antiquity · doi:10.1017/aaq.2025.10103
Heritage and the Human Rights of Indigenous and Minority Peoples
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Reflections on the State of Northwest Archaeology: Essays in Honor of Virginia Butler: Introduction
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Aerial Digital Archaeology and Data Ethics through the Lens of Actor-Network Theory
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Introduction: Bioarchaeologists Should Be Activists Too
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Metadata
- Authors
- Flewellen, A. O., Dunnavant, J. P., Odewale, A., Jones, A., Wolde-Michael, T., Crossland, Z., & Franklin, M.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Riverside (US)
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- University of Tulsa (US)
- Smithsonian Institution (US)
- Columbia University (US)
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Corresponding author
- Flewellen, Ayana Omilade
- Venue
- American Antiquity
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2021-04
- Volume
- 86
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 224-243
- ISSN
- 0002-7316 (ISSN-L)
- 2325-5064
- OpenAlex
- W3154196164
- Semantic Scholar
- 6da47e9f81cd45a959a88aa51dd83a54abe3dab0
- Cited by
- 151
- References
- 149
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 5
- FWCI
- 48.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Antiquity (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Historical and Cultural Archaeology Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Race, History, and American Society
- Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Cultural Identity and Heritage
- Keywords
- Black Lives Matter, anti-Blackness, cultural heritage preservation, social unrest, decolonizing archaeology, racial justice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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