Associations between Postprandial Insulin and Blood Glucose Responses, Appetite Sensations and Energy Intake in Normal Weight and Overweight Individuals: A Meta-Analysis of Test Meal Studies
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It is unclear whether postprandial blood glucose or insulin exerts a regulatory function in short-term appetite regulation in humans. The aim of this study was to investigate, by use of meta-analysis, the role of blood glucose and insulin in short-term appetite sensation and energy intake (EI) in normal weight and overweight participants. Data from seven test meal studies were used, including 136 healthy participants (ALL) (92 normal weight (NW) and 44 overweight or obese (OW)). All meals were served as breakfasts after an overnight fast, and appetite sensations and blood samples were obtained frequently in the postprandial period. Finally, an ad libitum lunch was served. Data were analysed by fixed effects study level (SL) meta-regression analysis and individual participant data (IPD) regression analysis, using STATA software. In SL analysis, postprandial insulin response was associated with decreased hunger in ALL, NW and OW ( P < 0·019), and with increased satiety in NW ( P = 0·004) and lower subsequent EI in OW ( P = 0·022). Multivariate IPD analysis showed similar associations, but only in NW for hunger, satiety and EI ( P < 0·028), and in ALL for EI ( P = 0·016). The only association involving blood glucose was the multivariate IPD analysis showing an inverse association between blood glucose and EI in ALL ( P = 0·032). Our results suggest that insulin, but not glucose, is associated with short-term appetite regulation in healthy participants, but the relationship is disrupted in the overweight and obese. We conclude that the postprandial insulin response may be an important satiety signal, and that central nervous system insulin resistance in overweight might explain the blunted effect on appetite.
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In individuals of normal weight, there is an inverse association between postprandial insulin response and subsequent ad libitum energy intake.
“Additionally, in individuals of normal weight, an inverse association has been observed between postprandial insulin response and the subsequent ad libitum energy intake [20,79].”
Low insulin sensitivity reduces post-prandial satiety and weakens meal-to-meal appetite control.
“Indeed there is good evidence that low insulin sensitivity reduces post-prandial satiety and weakens meal to meal appetite control [47].”
From Appetite control and energy balance: Impact of exercise (2015) · cites this paper as [47]
Changes in insulin sensitivity (arising indirectly from a reduction in adipose tissue) influence the accuracy of post-prandial satiety.
“Of importance will be a change in resting metabolism (RMR) due to changes in FFM and FM - now shown to be a determinant of meal size and daily EI [43] [as depicted in Figure 2], and changes in insulin sensitivity (arising indirectly from a reduction in adipose tissue) which influences the accuracy of post-prandial satiety [47].”
From Appetite control and energy balance: Impact of exercise (2015) · cites this paper as [47]
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- Authors
- Flint, A., Gregersen, N. T., Gluud, L. L., Møller, B. K., Raben, A., Tetens, I., Verdich, C., & Astrup, A.
- Affiliations
- Novo Nordisk (Denmark) (DK)
- Rigshospitalet (DK)
- Copenhagen University Hospital (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Gregersen, Nikolaj T.
- Venue
- British Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2007-07
- Volume
- 98
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 17-25
- ISSN
- 0007-1145 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2662
- OpenAlex
- W2029711078
- Cited by
- 192
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 0.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal Of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Orbit (Technical University of Denmark, DTU) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission
- Novo Nordisk
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- postprandial insulin, blood glucose, appetite regulation, hunger, satiety, energy intake, overweight, obesity
- MeSH terms
- Appetite Regulation, Blood Glucose, Energy Intake, Food, Humans, Insulin, Obesity, Satiety Response, Postprandial Period, Overweight
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