Association of fish and n-3 fatty acid intake with the risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective studies

Zhou, Yunping; Tian, Changwei; Jia, Chongqi

doi:10.1017/s0007114512002036

Cited by 78Fatty Acid Research and HealthNutritional Studies and DietDiet, Metabolism, and Disease

Association of fish and n-3 fatty acid intake with the risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective studies

Open access

Zhou, Yunping, Tian, Changwei, Jia, Chongqi·2012·British Journal of Nutrition

DOI 10.1017/s0007114512002036

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

Results from observational studies on the association of fish and n-3 fatty acid consumption with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk are conflicting. Hence, a meta-analysis was performed to investigate this association from cohort studies. A comprehensive search was then conducted to identify cohort studies on the association of fish and/or n-3 fatty acid intake with T2DM risk. In the highest v. lowest categorical analyses, the fixed or random-effect model was selected based on the homogeneity test among studies. Linear and non-linear dose–response relationships were also assessed by univariate and bivariate random-effect meta-regression with restricted maximum likelihood estimation. In the highest v. lowest categorical analyses, the pooled relative risk (RR) of T2DM for intake of fish and n-3 fatty acid was 1·146 (95 % CI 0·975, 1·346) and 1·076 (95 % CI 0·955, 1·213), respectively. In the linear dose–response relationship, the pooled RR for an increment of one time (about 105 g)/week of fish intake (four times/month) and of 0·1 g/d of n-3 fatty acid intake was 1·042 (95 % CI 1·026, 1·058) and 1·057 (95 % CI 1·042, 1·073), respectively. The significant non-linear dose–response associations of fish and n-3 fatty acid intake with T2DM risk were not observed. The present evidence from observational studies suggests that the intake of both fish and n-3 fatty acids might be weakly positively associated with the T2DM risk. Further studies are needed to confirm these results.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1017/s0007114512002036

Cites

42 of 42 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Fish and omega-3 intake have little association with diabetes risk, although protective associations are seen in Asian populations and fish oil supplementation modestly raises adiponectin.
“Fish and omega-3 intake also have little association with diabetes risk, although protective associations are seen in Asian populations209-211 and fish oil supplementation modestly raises adiponectin.212”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [210]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses
Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 · Cited by 63,139 · see citing works
Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test
Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629 · Cited by 56,722 · see citing works
Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta‐analysis
Higgins, J. P. T., & Thompson, S. G. (2002) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.1186 · Cited by 36,763 · see citing works
Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin
(2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa012512 · Cited by 19,011 · see citing works
Untitled work
(2014) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 17,633 · see citing works
Methods for Trend Estimation from Summarized Dose-Response Data, with Applications to Meta-Analysis
Greenland, S., & Longnecker, M. P. (1992) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116237 · Cited by 2,353 · see citing works
Fish Intake, Contaminants, and Human Health: Evaluating the Risks and the Benefits
Mozaffarian, D., & Rimm, E. B. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.296.15.1885 · Cited by 1,966 · see citing works
Generalized Least Squares for Trend Estimation of Summarized Dose–response Data
Orsini, N., Bellocco, R., & Greenland, S. (2006) · The Stata Journal Promoting communications on statistics and Stata · doi:10.1177/1536867x0600600103 · Cited by 1,248 · see citing works
Sensitivity of between-study heterogeneity in meta-analysis: proposed metrics and empirical evaluation
Patsopoulos, N. A., Εvangelou, Ε., & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2008) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyn065 · Cited by 1,147 · see citing works
Accumulated Evidence on Fish Consumption and Coronary Heart Disease Mortality: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies
He, K., Song, Y., Daviglus, M. L., Liu, K., Van Horn, L., Dyer, A. R., & Greenland, P. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000132503.19410.6b · Cited by 764 · see citing works
Fruit and vegetable intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis
Carter, P., Gray, L. J., Troughton, J., Khunti, K., & Davies, M. J. (2010) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.c4229 · Cited by 728 · see citing works
A Strong Dose-Response Relation Between Serum Concentrations of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Diabetes
Lee, D., Lee, I., Song, K., Steffes, M. W., Toscano, W. A., Baker, B. A., & Jacobs, D. R. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-0543 · Cited by 641 · see citing works
Dietary Fat and Meat Intake in Relation to Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Men
van Dam, R. M., Willett, W. C., Rimm, E. B., Stampfer, M. J., & Hu, F. B. (2002) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.25.3.417 · Cited by 593 · see citing works
Meta-analysis of Epidemiologic Dose-Response Data
Berlin, J. A., Longnecker, M. P., & Greenland, S. (1993) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-199305000-00005 · Cited by 571 · see citing works
Assessing the influence of a single study in the meta-anyalysis estimate
Tobı́as, A. (1999) · Stata technical bulletin · Cited by 504 · see citing works
Dietary fat and incidence of type 2 diabetes in older Iowa women
Meyer, K. A., Kushi, L. H., Jacobs, D. R., & Folsom, A. R. (2001) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.24.9.1528 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
A Prospective Study of Red Meat Consumption and Type 2 Diabetes in Middle-Aged and Elderly Women
Song, Y., Manson, J. E., Buring, J. E., & Liu, S. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.9.2108 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Effects of purified eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on glycemic control, blood pressure, and serum lipids in type 2 diabetic patients with treated hypertension,,
Woodman, R. J., Mori, T. A., Burke, V., Puddey, I. B., Watts, G. F., & Beilin, L. J. (2002) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/76.5.1007 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Multivariate Random-effects Meta-analysis
White, I. R. (2009) · The Stata Journal Promoting communications on statistics and Stata · doi:10.1177/1536867x0900900103 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Approaches to analysis of dietary data: relationship between planned analyses and choice of methodology
Beaton, G. H. (1994) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/59.1.253s · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Flexible Meta-Regression Functions for Modeling Aggregate Dose-Response Data, with an Application to Alcohol and Mortality
Bagnardi, V. (2004) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwh142 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Prevention of insulin resistance by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
Fedor, D. M., & Kelley, D. S. (2009) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0b013e3283218299 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Processed meat intake and incidence of Type 2 diabetes in younger and middle-aged women
Schulze, M. B., Manson, J. E., Willett, W. C., & Hu, F. B. (2003) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-003-1220-7 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, fish intake, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Kaushik, M., Mozaffarian, D., Spiegelman, D. L., Manson, J. E., Willett, W. C., & Hu, F. B. (2009) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.27424 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Dietary omega-3 fatty acids and fish consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes
Djoussé, L., Gaziano, J. M., Buring, J. E., & Lee, I.-M. M. (2010) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.005603 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Effects of n−3 fatty acids in subjects with type 2 diabetes: reduction of insulin sensitivity and time-dependent alteration from carbohydrate to fat oxidation
Mostad, I. L., Bjerve, K. S., Bjorgaas, M. R., Lydersen, S., & Grill, V. (2006) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/84.3.540 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Lower Prevalence of Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Diabetes Associated With Daily Seal Oil or Salmon Consumption among Alaska Natives
Adler, A., Boyko, E. J., Schraer, C. D., & Murphy, N. J. (1994) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.17.12.1498 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Association Between Type of Dietary Fish and Seafood Intake and the Risk of Incident Type 2 Diabetes
Patel, P. S., Sharp, S. J., Luben, R. N., Khaw, K.-T., Bingham, S. A., Wareham, N. J., & Forouhi, N. G. (2009) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-0116 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
The Role of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase/Akt Signaling in Low-Dose Mercury–Induced Mouse Pancreatic β-Cell Dysfunction In Vitro and In Vivo
Chen, Y., Huang, C. F., Tsai, K., Yang, R., Yen, C. C., Yang, C., Lin‐Shiau, S. Y., & Liu, S. (2006) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db06-0029 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Plasma omega-3 fatty acids and incident diabetes in older adults
Djoussé, L., Biggs, M. L., Lemaître, R. N., King, I. B., Song, X., Ix, J. H., Mukamal, K. J., Siscovick, D. S., & Mozaffarian, D. (2011) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.013334 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Fish-seafood consumption, obesity, and risk of type 2 diabetes: an ecological study
Nkondjock, A., & Receveur, O. (2003) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s1262-3636(07)70080-0 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Eating Fish and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes
Woudenbergh, G. J. G.-V., van Ballegooijen, A. J., Kuijsten, A., Sijbrands, E. J. G., van Rooij, F. J. A., Geleijnse, J. M., Albert Hofman, D., Witteman, J. C. M., & Feskens, E. J. M. (2009) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-1042 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Fish, shellfish, and long-chain n−3 fatty acid consumption and risk of incident type 2 diabetes in middle-aged Chinese men and women
Villegas, R., Xiang, Y.-B., Elasy, T. A., Li, H. L., Yang, G., Cai, H., Ye, F., Gao, Y.-T., Shyr, Y., Zheng, W., et al. (2011) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.013193 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
High consumptions of grain, fish, dairy products and combinations of these are associated with a low prevalence of metabolic syndrome
Ruidavets, J., Bongard, V., Dallongeville, J., Arveiler, D., Ducimetière, P., Perret, B., Simon, C., Amouyel, P., & Ferrières, J. (2007) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2006.052126 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Omega-3 fatty acids and incident type 2 diabetes: the Singapore Chinese Health Study
Brostow, D. P., Odegaard, A., Koh, W., Duval, S., Gross, M. D., Yuan, J., & Pereira, M. A. (2011) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.009357 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
The associations of a marine diet with plasma lipids, blood glucose, blood pressure and obesity among the Inuit in Greenland
Bjerregaard, P., Pedersen, H. S., & Mulvad, G. (2000) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601088 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Consumption of restaurant foods and incidence of type 2 diabetes in African American women
Krishnan, S., Coogan, P. F., Boggs, D. A., Rosenberg, L. A., & Palmer, J. R. (2009) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28682 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Long-term fish intake is associated with better lipid profile, arterial blood pressure, and blood glucose levels in elderly people from Mediterranean islands (MEDIS epidemiological study).
Panagiotakos, D. B., Zeimbekis, A., Boutziouka, V., Economou, M., Kourlaba, G., TOUTOUZAS, P. K., & Polychronopoulos, E. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Dietary supplementation with n−3 fatty acids increases gluconeogenesis from glycerol but not hepatic glucose production in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
Puhakainen, I., Ahola, I., & Yki‐Järvinen, H. (1995) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/61.1.121 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids May Impair Blood Glucose Control in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Vessby, B., Karlström, B., Boberg, M., Lithell, H., & Berne, C. (1992) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.1992.tb01748.x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Habitual fish consumption and glycated haemoglobin: The EPIC-Norfolk Study
Harding, A.-H., Day, N. E., Khaw, K., Bingham, S. A., Luben, R., Welsh, A., & Wareham, N. J. (2004) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601779 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Dietary omega-3 fatty acids and risk of type 2 diabetes: lack of antioxidants?
Østerud, B., & Elvevoll, E. O. (2011) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.017855 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review
Mozaffarian, D. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.115.018585 · Cited by 2,216 · see citing works
Application of Seaweeds to Develop New Food Products with Enhanced Shelf-Life, Quality and Health-Related Beneficial Properties
Roohinejad, S., Koubaa, M., Barba, F. J., Saljoughian, S., Amid, M., & Greiner, R. (2017) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2016.08.016 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Omega-3, omega-6, and total dietary polyunsaturated fat for prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Brown, T. J., Brainard, J., Song, F., Wang, X., Abdelhamid, A., & Hooper, L. (2019) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.l4697 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Red meat, diseases, and healthy alternatives: A critical review
Ekmekcioglu, C., Wallner, P., Kundi, M., Weisz, U., Haas, W., & Hutter, H.-P. (2018) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2016.1158148 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Glucose Control and Lipid Levels in Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis
Chen, C., Yu, X., & Shao, S. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139565 · Cited by 133 · see citing works

Review for "The effect of vitamin D supplementation on mortality and Intensive Care Unit admission of COVID‐19 patients. A systematic review, meta‐analysis and meta‐regression"
(2021) · doi:10.1002/dmrr.3517/v1/review1
Review for "In search of a dose‐response relationship in SSRIs – a systematic review, meta‐analysis and network meta‐analysis"
(2020) · doi:10.1111/acps.13235/v1/review2
Interventions for ADHD in childhood and adolescence: A systematic umbrella review and meta-meta-analysis
Türk, S., Korfmacher, A.-K., Gerger, H., der Oord, S. V., & Christiansen, H. (2023) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102271 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Review for "Dropout and adherence of obstructive sleep apnea patients to mandibular advancement device therapy: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials with meta‐analysis and meta‐regression"
(2021) · doi:10.1111/joor.13290/v1/review2
Peer Review #2 of "The effectiveness of the Peyton’s 4-step teaching approach on skill acquisition of procedures in health professions education: A systematic review and meta-analysis with integrated meta-regression (v0.1)"
(2020) · PeerJ · doi:10.7287/peerj.10129v0.1/reviews/2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Authors: Zhou, Y., Tian, C., & Jia, C.
Affiliations: Shandong University (CN)
Corresponding author: Jia, Chongqi
ORCID: Zhou, Yunping
Tian, Changwei
Venue: British Journal of Nutrition
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2012-07-04
Volume: 108
Issue: 3
Pages: 408-417
ISSN: 0007-1145 (ISSN-L)
1475-2662
DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512002036
OpenAlex: W2167562840
Cited by: 78
References: 42
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 0.74
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified)
Locations: British Journal Of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
Keywords: fish consumption, omega-3 fatty acids, type 2 diabetes, diabetes risk, dietary fat, dose-response relationship, nonlinear dose-response relationship, prospective cohort
MeSH terms: Animals, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diet, Fishes, Food Analysis, Humans, Meat, Cohort Studies, Fatty Acids, Omega-3

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Association of fish and n-3 fatty acid intake with the risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective studies

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks