A Prospective Study of Red Meat Consumption and Type 2 Diabetes in Middle-Aged and Elderly Women
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to prospectively assess the relation between red meat intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Over an average of 8.8 years, we evaluated 37,309 participants in the Women's Health Study aged >/=45 years who were free of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and type 2 diabetes and completed validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaires in 1993. RESULTS: During 326,876 person-years of follow-up, we documented 1,558 incident cases of type 2 diabetes. After adjusting for age, BMI, total energy intake, exercise, alcohol intake, cigarette smoking, and family history of diabetes, we found positive associations between intakes of red meat and processed meat and risk of type 2 diabetes. Comparing women in the highest quintile with those in the lowest quintile, the multivariate-adjusted relative risks (RRs) of type 2 diabetes were 1.28 for red meat (95% CI 1.07-1.53, P < 0.001 for trend) and 1.23 for processed meat intake (1.05-1.45, P = 0.001 for trend). Furthermore, the significantly increased diabetes risk appeared to be most pronounced for frequent consumption of total processed meat (RR 1.43, 95% CI 1.17-1.75 for >/=5/week vs. <1/month, P < 0.001 for trend) and two major subtypes, which were bacon (1.21, 1.06-1.39 for >/=2/week vs. <1/week, P = 0.004 for trend) and hot dogs (1.28, 1.09-1.50 for >/=2/week vs. <1/week, P = 0.003 for trend). These results remained significant after further adjustment for intakes of dietary fiber, magnesium, glycemic load, and total fat. Intakes of total cholesterol, animal protein, and heme iron were also significantly associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that higher consumption of total red meat, especially various processed meats, may increase risk of developing type 2 diabetes in women.
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In large cohort studies, saturated fat is not associated with development of T2DM, after adjustment for BMI, total dietary fiber, or magnesium intake.
“in large cohort studies, saturated fat is not associated with development of T2DM, after adjustment for BMI, total dietary fiber, or magnesium intake (144–149).”
From Food Consumption and its Impact on Cardiovascular Disease: Importance of Solutions Focused on the Globalized Food System (2015) · cites this paper as [148]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Song, Y., Manson, J. E., Buring, J. E., & Liu, S.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2004-09-01
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 2108-2115
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- OpenAlex
- W2094558936
- Cited by
- 368
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 15.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5k08dk002767-03)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK02767)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Meat and Animal Product Quality
- Keywords
- red meat consumption, processed meat, type 2 diabetes, diabetes incidence, middle-aged women, older women, bacon, hot dogs, dietary risk factors, Women's Health Study
- MeSH terms
- Ascorbic Acid, Aspirin, Energy Intake, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Life Style, Male, Meat, Middle Aged, Neoplasms, Prospective Studies, Risk Assessment
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