The effect of macronutrients on glycaemic control: a systematic review of dietary randomised controlled trials in overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes in which there was no difference in weight loss between treatment groups
Open accessAbstract
Weight loss is crucial for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It remains unclear which dietary intervention is best for optimising glycaemic control, or whether weight loss itself is the main reason behind observed improvements. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of various dietary interventions on glycaemic control in overweight and obese adults with T2DM when controlling for weight loss between dietary interventions. A systematic review of randomised controlled trials (RCT) was conducted. Electronic searches of Medline, Embase, Cinahl and Web of Science databases were conducted. Inclusion criteria included RCT with minimum 6 months duration, with participants having BMI≥25·0 kg/m 2, a diagnosis of T2DM using HbA1c, and no statistically significant difference in mean weight loss at the end point of intervention between dietary arms. Results showed that eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. Only four RCT indicated the benefit of a particular dietary intervention over another in improving HbA1c levels, including the Mediterranean, vegan and low glycaemic index (GI) diets. However the findings from one of the four studies showing a significant benefit are questionable because of failure to control for diabetes medications and poor adherence to the prescribed diets. In conclusion there is currently insufficient evidence to suggest that any particular diet is superior in treating overweight and obese patients with T2DM. Although the Mediterranean, vegan and low-GI diets appear to be promising, further research that controls for weight loss and the effects of diabetes medications in larger samples is needed.
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The association between the use of GLP-1 receptor agonists and the risk of acute pancreatitis is negative.
“The association between the use of GLP‐1 receptor agonists and the risk of acute pancreatitis has been shown to be negative 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 .”
From Japanese clinical practice guideline for diabetes 2019 (2020) · cites this paper as [26]
The use of fibrates reduces the risk of non-fatal cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes and dyslipidemia.
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Coffee or tea intake is a preventive factor against type 2 diabetes.
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No single eating plan approach has been proven to be consistently superior for weight loss in people with diabetes.
“However, no single approach has been proven to be consistently superior (70,(123)(124)(125), and more data are needed to identify and validate those meal plans that are optimal with respect to long-term outcomes and acceptability.”
From 5. Facilitating Positive Health Behaviors and Well-being to Improve Health Outcomes:<i>Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023</i> (2023) · cites this paper as [123]
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- Authors
- Emadian, A., Andrews, R. C., England, C. Y., Wallace, V., & Thompson, J. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Birmingham (GB)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Emadian, Amir
- Venue
- British Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2015-09-28
- Volume
- 114
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1656-1666
- ISSN
- 0007-1145 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2662
- PMC
- PMC4657029
- OpenAlex
- W2120418386
- Cited by
- 61
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 0.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal Of Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (CAT CDRF 10-017)
- University of Cambridge
- Medical Research Council (MR/K00414X/1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, glycemic control, macronutrients, dietary intervention, Mediterranean diet, vegan diet, low glycemic index diet, weight loss, overweight, obesity, HbA1c, antidiabetic drugs, dietary adherence
- MeSH terms
- Diet, Vegan, Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diet, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Obesity, Weight Loss, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, MEDLINE, Glycemic Index, Diet, Mediterranean, Overweight
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