Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of depression: accumulative evidence from an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies
Open accessAbstract
Findings from observational studies investigating the association between fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of depression were inconsistent. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to summarise available data on the association between fruit and vegetable intake and depression. A systematic literature search of relevant reports published in Medline/PubMed, ISI (Web of Science), SCOPUS and Google Scholar until Oct 2017 was conducted. Data from 27 publications (sixteen cross-sectional, nine cohort and two case–control studies) on fruit, vegetables and/or total fruit and vegetable consumption in relation to depression were included in the systematic review. A total of eighteen studies that reported relative risks (RR), hazard ratios or OR for the relationship were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled RR for depression in the highest v. the lowest category of fruit intake was 0·83 (95 % CI 0·71, 0·98) in cohort studies and 0·76 (95 % CI 0·63, 0·92) in cross-sectional studies. Consumption of vegetables was also associated with a 14 % lower risk of depression (overall RR=0·86; 95 % CI 0·75, 0·98) in cohort studies and a 25 % lower risk of depression (overall RR=0·75; 95 % CI 0·62, 0·91) in cross-sectional studies. Moreover, an inverse significant association was observed between intake of total fruit and vegetables and risk of depression (overall RR=0·80; 95 % CI 0·65, 0·98) in cross-sectional studies. In a non-linear dose–response association, we failed to find any significant association between fruit or vegetable intake and risk of depression (fruit (cross-sectional studies): Pnon-linearty=0·12; vegetables (cross-sectional studies): Pnon-linearty<0·001; (cohort studies) Pnon-linearty=0·97). Meta-regression of included observational studies revealed an inverse linear association between fruit or vegetable intake and risk of depression, such that every 100-g increased intake of fruit was associated with a 3 % reduced risk of depression in cohort studies (RR=0·97; 95 % CI 0·95, 0·99). With regard to vegetable consumption, every 100-g increase in intake was associated with a 3 % reduced risk of depression in cohort studies (RR=0·97; 95 % CI 0·95, 0·98) and 5 % reduced odds in cross-sectional studies (RR=0·95; 95 % CI 0·91, 0·98). This meta-analysis of observational studies provides further evidence that fruit and vegetable intake was protectively associated with depression. This finding supports the current recommendation of increasing fruit and vegetable intake to improve mental health.
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Greater fruit intake is associated with reduced risk of depression (RR=0.83, 95% CI 0.71-0.98).
“Although greater fruit intake was prospectively associated with reduced risk (n=6, RR=0.83, 95% CI: 0.71-0.98, I²=84.5%) 64”
From A meta-review of "lifestyle psychiatry": the role of exercise, smoking, diet and sleep in the prevention and treatment of mental disorders (2020) · cites this paper as [64]
Greater vegetable intake is associated with significantly lower prospective risk of depression (RR=0.86, 95% CI 0.75-0.98).
“Prospective risk of depression (including self-reported depressive symptoms) was significantly lower for those with greater intakes of vegetables (n=7, RR=0.86, 95% CI: 0.750.98, I²=68.1%) 64”
From A meta-review of "lifestyle psychiatry": the role of exercise, smoking, diet and sleep in the prevention and treatment of mental disorders (2020) · cites this paper as [64]
Approximately 100 g increase in intake of fruit or vegetables reduces risk of depression by about 3%.
“An approximately 100 g increase in intake of fruit or vegetables reduces the risk of depression by about 3% (Saghafian et al. 2018).”
From Reactive Oxygen Species, Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Chronic Diseases and Aging (2023) · cites this paper as Saghafian et al. 2018
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- Authors
- Saghafian, F., Malmir, H., Saneei, P., Milajerdi, A., Larijani, B., & Esmaillzadeh, A.
- Affiliations
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute (IR)
- Corresponding author
- Esmaillzadeh, Ahmad
- Venue
- British Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2018-05-15
- Volume
- 119
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1087-1101
- ISSN
- 0007-1145 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2662
- OpenAlex
- W2804395016
- Cited by
- 215
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 10
- FWCI
- 3.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal Of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Iran National Science Foundation
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- fruit consumption, vegetable consumption, depression, depression risk, dietary intake, dose-response relationship, nonlinear relationship, meta-regression, observational studies, pooled relative risk, mental health
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Diet, Female, Fruit, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Vegetables, Cohort Studies, Odds Ratio, Case-Control Studies, MEDLINE
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