Fruit and vegetable consumption and prevalence and incidence of depressive symptoms in mid-age women results from the Australian longitudinal study on women’s health
Abstract
Background/objectives There is continued interest in the associations between diet and depression and several studies have focused on individual dietary factors or diet patterns to investigate the relationship. We investigated the association between fruit and vegetables and symptoms of depression in the mid-age cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health.Subjects/methods A total of 6271 women with a mean age of 55.45 (1.45 s.d.) years were followed up at three surveys over 6 years. A score of ⩾ 10 on the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression-10 scale indicated depressive symptoms. Fruit and vegetable intake was assessed using short questions.Results A total of 381 women (6.1%) were depressed at all three surveys over the 6-year survey period. Cross-sectional logistic regression analysis using general estimating equations showed a reduced odds of depressive symptoms (odds ratio (OR) 0.86 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.79-0.95, P=0.001)) among women who ate ⩾ 2 of fruit/day even after adjustment for several factors including smoking, alcohol, body mass index, physical activity, marital status, education, energy, fish intake and comorbidities. The predictive model also showed a reduced odds of depressive symptoms (OR 0.82 (95% CI 0.70-0.96, P=0.012)) among women who ate ⩾ 2 pieces of fruit/day. There was also an association between vegetable intake and prevalence of depressive symptoms at higher levels of intake.Conclusions Increasing fruit consumption may be one important factor for reducing both the prevalence and incidence of depressive symptoms in mid-age women.
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High flavonoid intake through vegetables and fruits helps lower the risk of depression.
“Epidemiological studies [12,13] and clinical studies [14,15] have also reported that high flavonoid intake through vegetables and fruits helps lower the risk of depression.”
From Flavonoid-rich orange juice intake and altered gut microbiome in young adults with depressive symptom: a randomized controlled study (2020) · cites this paper as [13]
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Interaction Between Depression, Obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes: A Complex Picture
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Diet quality and depression risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies
Molero, P., Lorenzi, F. D., Gędek, A., Strater, C., Popescu, E., Ortuño, F., van der Does, W. A. J., Martínez‐González, M. Á., & Molendijk, M. L. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.03.162 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
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“Similar to our study, there was no observed association with fish consumption (Supplementary Table 4) [28].”
ResultInfluentialDietary consumption and happiness and depression among university students: A cross-national survey
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“Moreover, various epidemiological evidence support that a diet containing an adequate amount of flavonoids helps in augmenting depression [97-101].”
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Cheng, H.-Y., Shi, Y.-X., Yu, F.-N., Zhao, H.-Z., Zhang, J., & Song, M. L. (2019) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000015374 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
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Association of habitual intake of fruits and vegetables with depressive symptoms: the AusDiab study
Radavelli‐Bagatini, S., Anokye, R., Bondonno, N. P., Sim, M., Bondonno, C. P., Stanley, M. J., Harms, C. A., Woodman, R. J., Magliano, D. J., Shaw, J. E., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-021-02532-0 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Particular nutrients and phytochemicals found in FV, such as vitamin E, vitamin C, carotenoids, and nitrate, can reduce oxidative stress [61] and mitigate inflammation [62, 63], both which are associated with depression [64], thereby potentially reducing the risk of depression [65, 66] or reducing depressive symptoms…”
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“However, although a few studies have investigated the relationship between dietary patterns and depressive symptoms in middle-aged women(15,16), only one Chinese Hong Kong study has investigated the relationship between dietary patterns and depressive symptoms in postmenopausal women(17).”
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Is there a role of gut microbiota in mental health?
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“Furthermore, several studies have revealed significant inverse associations between metrics of diet quality and disturbances of mental health (Flórez et al., 2015; Huddy et al., 2016; Mihrshahi et al., 2015; Rienks et al., 2013).”
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“Although studies have begun to explore fruit and vegetable consumption as separate predictors of psychological health(11,12), few have evaluated the impact of frequency.”
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“Nevertheless, a couple of studies have reported that fruit consumption is more inversely associated with depressive symptoms than vegetable consumption, which is consistent with the current results [6,8].”
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Impact of citrus fruit intake on the mental health of patients with chronic heart failure
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The effects of flavonoid supplementation on the mental health of postpartum parents
Colombage, R. L., Holden, S., Lamport, D. J., & Barfoot, K. L. (2024) · Frontiers in Global Women s Health · doi:10.3389/fgwh.2024.1345353 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The Role of Kiwifruit in Supporting Psychological Well-Being: A Rapid Review of the Literature
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Collins, S., Lotfalian, M., Marx, W., Lane, M. M., Allender, S. E., Jacka, F. N., & Hoare, E. (2021) · Mental Health & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.mhp.2021.200220 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Combined healthy lifestyles and risk of depressive symptoms: A baseline survey in China
Qie, R., Huang, H., Sun, P., Bi, X., Chen, Y., Liu, Z., Chen, Q., Zhang, S., Liu, Y., Wei, J., et al. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.07.134 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Pengpid, S., & Peltzer, K. (2022) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-022-00960-z · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Nonsignificant longitudinal results were also found for fruit, vegetable, and fruit and vegetable consumption among middle-aged and older adults in Thailand [10], for fruit and vegetable consumption among older adults in Taiwan [11], for vegetable intake among older adults in Korea [9] and middle-aged women in Austral…”
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“However, our results regarding preferences for vegetables is not found a significant association with the PWB score, which is similar to the results of another cohort study in Australia (Mihrshahi et al., 2015).”
(Re)Focussing on behavioural change: an examination of the utility of hidden Markov modelling
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“[9–11] Due to the increasing prevalence of vegetarian diets around the world, there has recently been an increasing interest in studying the relationship between vegetarianism and depression.”
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“Other research has identified a significant negative correlation between depressive symptoms and fruit consumption, but not vegetable consumption [25].”
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“Antioxidants such as carotenoids, vitamin C, and vitamin E might prevent depressive symptoms [50].”
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KAITAN ANTARA DEPRESI DAN STATUS GIZI PADA LANSIA DI UPT PELAYANAN SOSIAL TRESNA WERDHA JEMBER
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Combined healthy lifestyles and risk of depressive symptoms: a cross-sectional study in ChinaPreprint
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- Authors
- Mihrshahi, S., Dobson, A. J., & Mishra, G. D.
- Affiliations
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Mishra, G D
- Venue
- European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Published
- 2014-10-29
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 585-591
- ISSN
- 0954-3007 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5640
- OpenAlex
- W2037487148
- Cited by
- 96
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 5.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Australian Government
- Australian Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- fruit consumption, vegetable consumption, depressive symptoms, middle-aged women, diet and depression, depression incidence, depression prevalence, Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Alcohol Drinking, Australia, Depression, Feeding Behavior, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Fruit, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Middle Aged, Motor Activity, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Risk Factors, Smoking, Vegetables, Women, Body Mass Index, Incidence, Prevalence, Logistic Models, Marital Status
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